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Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a significant pathogen responsible for highly transmissible mastitis in cattle globally. It primarily spreads through colostrum, milk, and semen. Cows with persistent infections act as carriers, intermittently releasing the pathogen, making their milk a pivotal factor in infection transmission. Given the limited seroprevalence surveys in Serbia, this study aimed to detect M. bovis presence in bulk tank milk (BTM), determine route shedding, and evaluate infection risks. BTM samples were collected from 115 dairy farms across Serbia, with M. bovis DNA detected in 11 out of the 115 samples by real-time PCR. Additionally, M. bovis was detected in 1.30% of nasal swabs sampled from apparently healthy animals. A univariate analysis of the risk factors associated with M. bovis presence in the BTM samples revealed correlations with factors such as the breed, farm seropositivity, pre-milking and post-milking disinfection practices, farm type, cow population, milk yield, number of cows in the BTM samples, and parity. Seropositive farms exhibited the highest likelihood of M. bovis presence in milk. Moreover, pre- and post-milking disinfection practices and highly productive cows yielding over 8000 L of milk were identified as risk factors for PCR-positive BTM. In a multivariable mixed regression analysis, a risk factor for the presence of M. bovis infection in the BTM sample was the Holstein breed. These findings underscore a relatively high prevalence of M. bovis in BTM within Serbian dairy farms, suggesting a potential risk for M. bovis spreading through milk and oral route of calves’ infection.

Brucella ovis infects sheep and causes a clinical or subclinical disease characterized by genital lesions and reduced fertility in rams, placentitis and abortions in ewes, and increased perinatal mortality in lambs. As part of this study, analyses were conducted on a sheep farm near Belgrade (Serbia). Of the serological tests, indirect ELISA was performed. A total of 94 blood sera were analyzed, 33 from rams and 61 from ewes. The results showed 23 (69.7%) positive fi ndings in rams and 2 (3.3%) positive fi ndings in ewes, with an overall prevalence of 25.4% bounded by a 95% confi dence interval. Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR and Real time PCR were performed on 19 serologically positive rams and two serologically positive ewes. The results indicate a slightly higher sensitivity of Real time PCR compared to conventional PCR in diagnosing B. ovis from the reproductive tissues of rams. However, the differences in sensitivity between different nucleic acid extraction protocols were not signifi cant. Most rams showed a positive PCR result in only one sample of reproductive tissue, suggesting the recommendation to take multiple samples from each animal. Further research is needed to bring the sensitivity of molecular tests in diagnosing ram epididymitis closer to the sensitivity of serological tests., Brucella ovis infi cira ovce i uzrokuje kliničku ili subkliničku bolest koja se karakteriše genitalnim lezijama i smanjenom plodnošću kod ovnova, placentitisom i pobačajima kod ovaca te povećanom neonatalnom smrtnošću kod jaganjaca. U okviru ovog istraživanja, sprovedene su analize na farmi ovaca u blizini Beograda (Srbija). Od seroloških testova, rađena je indirektna ELISA. Ukupno je analizirano 94 krvna seruma, 33 od ovnova i 61 od ovaca. Rezultati su pokazali 23 (69,7%) pozitivna nalaza kod ovnova i 2 (3,3%) pozitivna nalaza kod ovaca, s ukupnom prevalencijom od 25,4% uz 95% interval pouzdanosti. Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR i Real time PCR su rađeni kod 19 serološki pozitivnih ovnova i dve serološki pozitivne ovce. Rezultati pokazuju da je Real time PCR pokazao nešto veću osetljivost u poređenju s konvencionalnim PCR-om u dijagnozi B. ovis iz reproduktivnih tkiva ovnova. Ipak, razlike u osetljivosti između različitih protokola ekstrakcije nukleinske kiseline nisu bile značajne. Većina ovnova je imala pozitivan PCR rezultat samo kod jednog zbirnog uzorka reproduktivnog tkiva, što ukazuje na preporuku uzimanja više uzoraka od svake životinje. Potrebna su dalja istraživanja kako bi se osetljivost molekularnih testova u dijagnozi epididimitisa ovnova približila osetljivosti seroloških testova.

Afrička kuga svinja (AKS) je virusno hemoragično oboljenje domaćih i divljih svinja visokog stepena letaliteta, koje uzrokuje enormne ekonomske gubitke u industriji svinja. Uzročnik afričke kuge je istoimeni virus, jedini pripadnik familije Asfarviride i roda Asfivirus (Alonso i sar., 2018). Bolest je prvi put zabeležena u Srbiji 2019. godine u populaciji domaćih svinja, a od 2020. godine i u populaciji divljih svinja. Od tada do danas broj svinja je smanjen za 7% što je više od prosečnog pada broja svinja u Evropi od 4%. Genom virusa AKS je dvolančana linearna DNK dužine 170-190 kbp u zavisnosti od genotipa, podgenotipa i broja ponavljajućih segmenata i kodira sintezu 170 virusnih proteina (Blome i sar., 2020). Održavanje virusa u prirodi zavisi od faktora sredine, prisustva prijemčivih jedinki (divljih svinja) i otpornosti virusa. Jedan od ključnih uslova za održavanje i cirkulaciju virusa je i visoka prevalencija infekcije kod domaćih svinja (>5%) jer se na taj način omogućava prelivanje infekcije na divlje svinje i zatvaranje kruga prenošenja (Aguilar-Vega i sar., 2023). Letalitet kod divljih svinja inficiranih visoko virulentnim sojem iznosi 100%. Virus ostaje infektivan 3 meseca u leševima divljih svinja koje, ukoliko nisu uklonjene, dugotrajno predstavljaju izvor infekcije. Brzina širenja infekcije u populaciji divljih svinja u Evropi iznosi 4-17 km godišnje (Anette i sar., 2020). Širenje AKS na veće razdaljine uslovljeno je antropogenim faktorom. Čovek kontaktom sa zaraženim ili uginulim divljim svinjama, hranjenjem svinja kontaminiranim proizvodima animalnog porekla, transportom zaraženih domaćih svinja iz jednog područija u drugo predstavlja mehanički vektor za širenje virusa. Na afričkom kontinentu zabeležena su 24 genotipa virusa koja cirkulišu između populacija bradavičastih svinja, mekih krpelja iz roda Ornithodorus spp. i domaćih svinja. Van Afrike zabeleženi su samo genotip I i genotip II virusa AKS. Za trenutnu epizootiju odgovoran je genotip II vir, African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, causing significant economic losses in the swine industry. The causative agent of ASF is a virus of the Asfarviridae family and Asfivirus genus (Alonso et al., 2018). The disease was first recorded in Serbia in 2019 in domestic pig populations, and since 2020, it has also been found in wild pig populations. Since then, the number of pigs has decreased by 7%, which is higher than the average decline in pig numbers in Europe (4%). The genome of the ASF virus is a double-stranded linear DNA, ranging from 170-190 kbp in length, depending on the genotype, subgenotype, and number of repetitive segments, encoding the synthesis of 170 viral proteins (Blome et al., 2020). The maintenance of the virus in the environment depends on environmental factors, the presence of susceptible individuals (wild pigs), and the virus's ability to survive in that environment. A key condition for the maintenance and circulation of the virus is a high prevalence of infection in domestic pigs (>5%), as it enables the spill-over of infection to wild pigs, completing the transmission cycle (Aguilar-Vega et al., 2023). The case fatality rate in wild pigs infected with highly virulent strains is 100%. The virus remains infectious for 3 months in carcasses of wild pigs, which, if not removed, serve as a long-term source of infection. The spread of infection in the wild pig population in Europe is estimated at 4-17 km per year, with anthropogenic factors playing a significant role in long-distance transmission (Anette et al., 2020). Human contact with infected or dead wild pigs, feeding pigs with contaminated animal-derived products, and the transport of infected domestic pigs from one area to another act as mechanical vectors for virus spread. In Africa, 24 genotypes of the virus have been recorded, circulating among populations of bush pigs, soft ticks of the Ornithodorus spp. genus, and domesti

Caprine papillomaviruses (ChPVs, Capra hircus papillomaviruses) were detected and quantified for the first time using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) blood samples of 374 clinically healthy goats from farms located in in Italy, Romania, and Serbia. Overall, ddPCR revealed ChPV DNA in 78 of the 374 examined samples, indicating that ~21% of the goats harbored circulating papillomavirus DNA. In particular, in Italian goat farms, ChPV genotypes were detected and quantified in 58 of 157 blood samples (~37%), 11 of 117 samples from Serbian farms (~9.4%), and 9 of 100 from Romanian blood samples (9%). Blood samples fromItalian goat farms showed a high prevalence of ChPV1, which was detected in 45 samples (28.6%). The ChPV2 genotype was detected in 13 samples (~8.3%). Therefore, significant dierences in prevalence and genotype distributions were observed. On Serbian and Romanian farms, no significan dierences were observed in the genotype prevalence of ChPVs. Molecular findings are consistent with ChPV prevalence, characterized by a territorial distribution similar to that of papillomaviruses in other mammalian species. Furthermore, this study showed that ddPCR is a very sensitive and accurate assay for ChPV detection and quantification. The ddPCR may be the molecular diagnostic tool of choice, ultimately providing useful insights into the molecular epidemiology and field surveillance of ChPV.

Bolesti svinja koje se karakterišu pojavom vezikularnog sindroma su slinavka i šap, vezikularna bolest svinja, vezikularni stomatitis, vezikularni egzantem svinja i Seneka bolest svinja. Virus slinavke i šapa, virus vezikularne bolesti svinja i Senecavirus A pripadaju familiji Picornaviridae. Slinavka i šap je visoko kontagiozna virusna bolest različitih vrsta papkara koja se kod svinja karakteriše apatijom, febrom, pojavom vezikula u predelu rila, usne šupljine, papaka i mlečne žlezde. Klinička slika kod svinja uobičajeno nije teška, a u težim slučajevima može se javiti eksungulacija. Vrata infekcije su sluznica ždrela i tonzile gde se odvija primarna replikacija virusa, a potom sledi viremija sa sekundarnom replikacijom virusa na predilekcionim mestima. Poznato je da inficirana svinja može da proizvede 400 miliona infektivnih doza dnevno i da tako predstavlja značajan izvor infekcije za druge prijemčive vrste. Infekcija Senecavirusom A se karakteriše povišenim mortalitetom kod prsadi na sisi do sedmog dana starosti. Kod priplodnih kategorija svinja, postoji povišena telesna temperatura, anoreksija, letargija, pojava vezikula na rilu, sluznici usne šupljine i koronarnom rubu papaka. Pojava bolesti kod svinja koje se karakterišu vezikularnim sindromom uvek izaziva veliku zabrinutost imajući u vidu da je klinički nemoguće razlikovati lezije koje izaziva virus slinavke i šapa i drugi virusi. Konačnu dijagnozu je moguće jedino potvrditi u laboratoriji. Obzirom da su svinje prijemčive za više vrsta virusa koji dovode do vezikularnog sindroma kao i činjenicu da svinje pozitivne na slinavku i šap izlučuju veliku količinu virusa u spoljašnju sredinu putem aerosola, blagovremeno utvrđivanje dijagnoze je od prvorazrednog značaja. Ukoliko postoji sumnja na neku od bolesti koje se karakterišu vezikularnim sindromom potrebno je bez odlaganja obavestiti nadležnog veterinarskog inspektora i regionalni institut koji zajedno sa terenskom veterinarskom službom utvrđuju dalji postupa

The first case of African swine fever in domestic pigs in Serbia was in 2019. The following year, the disease was confirmed in wild boar. Thenceforth, ASF has been continuously reported in both wild and domestic pigs. The outbreaks in domestic pigs could not be linked directly to wild boars, even though wild boars were endemically infected, and reservoirs for ASF. This study aimed to investigate outbreaks and routes of transmission in domestic pigs in a region of central Serbia where no outbreaks in wild boar were reported. Fourteen outbreaks of ASF on backyard farms with low biosecurity were traced back, and no connection to wild boar was found. The epidemic investigation covered 2094 holdings, with 24,368 pigs, out of which 1882 were tested for ASF. In surrounding hunting grounds, field searches were conducted. Dead wild boars were found, and 138 hunted wild boars were negative for ASFV. It was concluded that outbreaks in 2021 were provoked by the illegal trade of live animals and pig products. Even though infective pressure from wild boars is assumed, no positive cases have been found, while the ASFV spreads within the domestic swine population evidenced in four recent outbreaks in 2022.

Schmallenberg disease is an infectious disease of cattle, sheep, and goats of viral aetiology caused by the Schmallenberg virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Ortobunyavirus. Schmallenberg disease is a vector-borne disease transmitted by midges from the genus Culicoides but also by other hematophagous insects. The disease has a seasonal character and most often occurs in the warm months, from late spring to autumn. In this study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Schmallenberg disease in sheep in the epizootic area of Belgrade in the period from 2017 to 2022. A total of 600 sheep serums from the serum bank were tested, 100 serum samples from each year. Sera were tested by commercial ELISA test for the detection of specifi c antibodies against the Schmallenberg virus. The results showed an average annual seroprevalence of 24.5% in sheep in the Belgrade area in these six years with an increasing trend predicted for the next years.

Monitoring the health of swine herds is essential to ensure good manufacturing practices. Traditionally, active and passive surveillance on farms involved invasive sampling methods, where specific animals were selected, restrained, and sampled. However, with the increasing intensity of swine production, alternative methods for effective herd surveillance became necessary. Non-invasive sampling provides a convenient and cost-effective approach to monitor the entire herd without compromising animal welfare, while still obtaining suitable samples for testing. Oral fluids have been widely used in both human and livestock health surveillance for various viral pathogens, including significant diseases. Nasal wipes (NW) utilize different cloth materials soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or tissue culture medium with antibiotics and antimycotics to sample for swine influenza virus (SIV). Udder skin wipes (USW) offer an alternative method to assess the health status of piglets in a litter. During routine procedures such as tail docking and castration, a mixture of blood and serum can be collected, known as process fluids (PF), which has proven successful in monitoring herds for the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Furthermore, air sampling has emerged as a novel technique to detect pathogens in various farming systems and animal species. This method offers the advantage of obtaining diagnostic samples without direct animal contact. By employing these non-invasive sampling methods, swine producers can implement effective surveillance strategies while maintaining animal welfare standards and obtaining reliable diagnostic information.

Biosecurity ls of paramount Importance to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogens in pig farms. Applied biosecurity measures and efficient on-farm management protect pigs from different infectious diseases. African swine fever CASF) is a severe, viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. After the occurrence in 2007 in Georgia, the disease gradually spread throughout Europe. The first case of ASF in Serbia was confirmed on July 30, 2019.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus CPRRSV) is the causative agent of a devastating pig disease worldwide, which is endemic in many countries, including the Serbia. Only limited epidemiological or molecular studies has been published on circulating PRRS-viruses in the Serbia since the early nineties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of circulating PRRS-viruses in Serbia in the last ten years, by comparing the nucleotid€ sequences obtained for ORF5, wlth the ORF5 sequences of PRRSV 1 subtype 1.

While domestic and wild animals share the same pathogens, wildlife is recognized as the reservoir of many diseases. Considering their role as indicators, victims, bridge hosts, or maintenance hosts, the monitoring of wildlife should be an integrated part of country surveillance and disease control strategy. Thus, the main aim of this study was to determine the presence and the spread of selected infectious diseases in red deer population in Serbia through seroprevalence estimation. A random geographical collection of samples from 123 shot red deer was organized during the hunting season from August 2022 to February 2023. The blood was collected directly from the heart using a syringe and needle. For each sample, data on geolocation, species, age, and sex were collected. Sera samples were decanted after centrifugation at 2000 g for 10 minutes and tested for the presence of specific antibodies against Capripox virus (ELISA: ID Screen® Capripox Double Antigen Multi-species, IDvet), West Nile fever virus (ELISA: INgezim West Nile Compac, Ingenasa), Schmallenberg virus (ELISA: ID Screen® Schmallenberg virus Indirect Multi-species, IDvet), Bluetongue disease virus (ELISA: INgezim BTV DR, Ingenasa), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (ELISA: PrioCHECK™ Ruminant BVD p80 Ab Serum & Milk, Prionics), Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (ELISA: ID Screen® IBR gB Competition, IDvet), Q fever (ELISA: ID Screen® Q Fever Indirect Multi-species, IDvet), Brucella spp. (RBT; ELISA: INgezim® Brucella Compac 2.0 Ingenasa) and Leptospira spp. (MAT). Specific antibodies against Capripox virus, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Leptospira spp. were not detected in any of tested samples. Seroprevalence of Brucella spp. infection was 0.8%. Q fever infection was indirectly confirmed in 3 red deer (2.4%) from the same hunting ground. Seroprevalence of vector-borne diseases in the red deer population was 18.5% for Schmallenberg disease, 39% for Bluetongue disease, and 58.5% for West Nile fever. Bovine Herpesvirus-1 an

Pojava povremenih pobačaja ne predstavlja razlog za zabrinutost. Dva glavna kriterijuma kada pojava pobačaja postaje problem u zapatu su: ako stopa pobačaja pređe 3% na 100 steonih krava ili 5% na 100 jagnjenih ovaca, ili ukoliko veći broj životinja pobaci u kratkom vremenskom intervalu. U bilo koja dva navedena slučaja neophodno je obavestiti ordinirajućeg veterinara i nadležnog veterinarskog inspektora. Pobačaji se mogu podeliti na infektivne i neinfektivne. Pobačaje infektivne prirode uzrokuju različiti virusi, bakterije (Brucella abortus, Brucella ovis, Chlamydia abortus), gljivice, protozoe (Neospora caninum) i rikecije (Coxiella burnetii). Uzročnici neinfektivne prirode mogu biti: otrovne biljke, metabolički i hormonalni poremećaji, nutritivni deficiti, traume i kongenitalne anomalije ploda. Etiološka dijagnoza pobačaja postavlja se u svega 30% slučajeva – kod 40 do 50% slučajeva nije moguće utvrditi uzrok. Podaci o zastupljenosti infektivnih agenasa kao uzročnika pobačaja variraju u zavisnosti od regiona, načina držanja i uzoraka koji se dostavljaju na laboratorijsko ispitivanje. Pored direktnog uticaja na zdravlje i dobrobit životinja, pobačaji dovode i do ekonomskih gubitaka. Pojedini infektivni uzročnici imaju zoonotski potencijal i predstavljaju opasnost po javno zdravlje. Zbog toga prevencija pobačaja predstavlja imperativ u procesu proizvodnje., The occurrence of periodical abortions is not a reason for concern. Two main criteria when the abortions represent a problem on farm are: abortion rate exceeds 3% per 100 pregnant cows or 5% per 100 pregnant ewes; certain number of animals abort in a short time interval (abortion storm). In many of two mentioned cases, it is necessary to inform the ordinating veterinarian and the regional veterinary inspector. Etiology of abortions can be divided into infectious and noninfectious. Infectious causes of abortions are viruses, bacteria (Brucella abortus, Brucella ovis, Chlamydia abortus), fungi, protozoan (Neospora caninum), rickettsias (Coxiella burnetii). Noninfectious abortions can be caused by: heat stress, poisonous plants, metabolic and hormonal disorders, nutritional deficits, trauma and congenital anomalies of fetus. The etiological diagnosis of abortions is determinated in 30% of cases. In 40 to 50% of cases, depending on the available laboratory diagnostics, it is not possible to establish the cause. Data about prevalence of infectious agents vary depending on the region, management and the samples that were submitted to diagnostic laboratory. A spite of direct influence on animal health and welfare, abortions lead to economic losses. Some infectious agents have zoonotic potential and represent a risk to public health. Therefore, abortion control represent imperative in the production process.

Ekstenzivan način uzgoja živine čini jedan od najvažnijih izvora hrane za domaćinstva u ruralnim sredinama. U urbanim sredinama savremeni način života doveo je do sve većeg interesovanja i potrebe ljudi da kupuju proizvode poreklom od živine koja se uzgaja na ovaj način. Ekstenzivan način uzgoja ima svoje prednosti, ali i mane. Mane ovog načina gajenja su povezane sa povećanim rizikom od unosa i širenja patogenih mikroorganizama koji mogu ugroziti zdravlje jedinki koje se tu uzgajaju, i zdravlje ljudi koji brinu o njima i ljudi koji konzumiraju njihove proizvode. U ekstenzivnom uzgoju mnoge zarazne bolesti su uobičajene i mogu se nekontrolisano širiti. Bolesti živine gajene u ekstenzivnom uzgoju mogu biti bakterijske, virusne, gljivične ili parazitske etiologije. „Dvorišna živina" može biti izvor antimikrobne rezistencije i nekoliko važnih zoonotskih patogena, uključujući Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., i Escherichia coli. Prva linija odbrane od patogenih mikroorganizama u svakoj proizvodnji životinja su biosigurnosne mere. U slučaju ekstenzivnog uzgoja, neophodno je pre svega razumeti postojeća znanja i navike farmera, a zatim ukazati na mere koje oni u svom domaćinstvu mogu preduzeti kako bi prevenirali pojavu različitih oboljenja. Da bi bile održive, te mere moraju biti fleksibilne i prilagodljive.

Parvoviruses are among the major animal pathogens that can cause considerable health disorders ranging from subclinical to lethal in domestic and wild animals. Golden jackal (Canis aureus), an expanding European species, is a reservoir of many pathogens, including vector-borne diseases and zoonoses. Given the importance of parvovirus infections in dogs and cats, this study aimed to unfold the virus prevalence and molecular characterisation in the golden jackal population in Serbia. The spleen samples from 68 hunted jackals during 2022/2023 were tested for the VP2-specific genome region of Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 by PCR. BLAST analysis of partial VP2 sequences obtained from three animals (4.4%) revealed the highest similarity to Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1, genogroup Feline panleukopenia virus, which is the second report on FPV infection in jackals. Based on specific amino acid residues within partial VP2, the jackals’ Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 was also classified as FPV. One jackal’s strain showed two synonymous mutations at positions 699 and 1167. Although species cross-transmission could not be established, jackals’ health should be maintained by preventing the transmission of viruses to native species and vice versa. Although jackals are considered pests, their role as natural cleaners is of greater importance. Therefore, further monitoring of their health is needed to understand the influence of infectious diseases on population dynamics and to determine the relationship between domestic predators and jackals and the direction of crossspecies transmission.

Contrary to pig farming in developedWestern countries, in a large part of the world, pigs are still traditionally kept in small backyard farms, usually for family needs. Their main characteristics are low biosecurity, swill feeding, natural breeding and uncontrolled trade. Given the high number of backyard farms in Serbia and the risk they are thought to pose to intensive pig farming, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of major viral diseases of swine among traditionally kept pigs in small holdings with low biosecurity. For this investigation, 222 serum samples from 69 backyard holdings were randomly selected and tested for antibodies to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV), Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Swine influenza Virus (SIV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The herd-level seroprevalence of PRRS, Aujeszky’s disease and PPV was 2.9%, 27.5% and 37.7%, respectively. Swine influenza seroconversion was not confirmed in any of the tested holdings. Despite widely distributed PPV and AD in backyard farms in Serbia, almost 50% of them are still negative for all the tested diseases. The backyard farms must be monitored, and owners must be educated as their role in eradication programs and obtaining country-free status may be crucial.

The implementation of biosecurity measures as the first line of defense is an essential prerequisite for preventing the occurrence and spread of infectious agents in flocks. Assessment of biosecurity measures on the farms was carried out during farm visits based on the application of an appropriate questionnaire whereby the farmer answered a number of questions regarding the implemented biosecurity measures. The study was performed via Biocheck.UGent online survey on 16 broiler farms in the region of the city of Belgrade. The capacity of farms was 25,000-100,000 broilers, placed in 2-4 houses, depending on the farm. Farm visits were made by the authors to confirm the correct answers to the online survey. Results showed that external biosecurity scores ranged from 57% to 93%, averaging 83.6%. Internal biosecurity score ranged from 48% to 98%, with an average score of 85.7%. The total score for the biosecurity assessment ranged from 56% to 93%, with an average score of 84.3%. The scores for subcategories varied between the farms. Removing manure and carcasses, a subcategory within the category of external biosecurity, had the lowest mean score (farms 9 and 10 had a score of 12%). Relatively low scores were also obtained for the number of steps of broilers depopulation (farm 9 had a score of 44%) and for the location of the farm (farms 2 and 3 had a score of 44%). Concerning internal biosecurity, the lowest score was obtained for the subcategory material and measures that they apply between compartments (farm 10 had a score of 29%). These findings should be useful for decision-makers and flock veterinarians and farmers to set feasible targets and sustainable biosecurity programs to improve biosecurity, the health status of the flock, and farm profitability., Sprovođenje biosigurnosnih mera, kao prve linije odbrane, suštinski je preduslov za sprečavanje pojave i širenja infektivnih oboljenja kod živine. Procena biosigurnosnih mera na farmama izvršena je primenom odgovarajućeg upitnika, gde je farmer odgovorio na brojna pitanja u vezi sa sprovedenim biosigurnosnim merama. Istraživanje je sprovedeno putem onlajn ankete Biocheck.Ugent na 16 farmi brojlera u regionu grada Beograda. Kapacitet farmi je bio 25000-100000 brojlera, smeštenih u 2 - 4 objekta, u zavisnosti od farme. Rezultati su pokazali da se eksterna biosigurnost kretala od 57 % do 93 %, sa prosečnom ocenom od 83.6 %. Rezultat interne biosigurnosti se kretao od 48 % do 98 %, sa prosečnom ocenom od 85.7 %. Krajnji rezultat procene biosigurnosti kretao se od 56 % do 93 %, sa prosečnom ocenom od 84.3%. Rezultati za potkategorije su varirali između farmi. Uklanjanje stajnjaka i leševa, potkategorija u okviru kategorije eksterne biobezbednosti, imala je najnižu srednju ocenu (farme 9 i 10 su imale ocenu od 12 %). Niže ocene takođe su dobijene za potkategorije broj koraka depopulacije brojlera (farma 9 je imala ocenu 44 %) i za lokaciju farme (farme 2 i 3 su imale ocenu od 44 %). Što se tiče interne biosigurnosti, najniža ocena je dobijena za potkategoriju materijal i mere koje se primenjuju između odeljaka (farma 10 imala je ocenu od 29 %). Ovi nalazi trebalo bi da budu korisni donosiocima odluka i veterinarima i farmerima u postavljanju izvodljivih ciljeva i održivih biosigurnosnih programa, za poboljšanje biobezbednosti, zdravstvenog statusa jata i profitabilnosti farme.

Non-invasive sampling is increasingly used in domestic and wild animals. Traditional sampling methods are labour, time-consuming, and require trained personnel. Oral fluid is an alternative sample that can replace nasal swabs. Air sampling with special device and testing represents the newest method of non-invasive sampling, which is particularly useful and validated when testing pigs. Udder skin sampling is a new sampling approach that provides insight into litters of pigs before weaning, containing their nasal and oral secretions.

Kliničko oboljenje uzrokovano sa porcine citomegalovirus (PCMV) se javlja samo kod svinja, iako se infekcije srodnim virusima pojavljuju i kod drugih životinjskih vrsta uključujući i ljude. Citomegalovirus kod svinja uzrokuje rinitis sa inkluzionim telašcima (IBR), PCMV pripada podfamiliji Betaherpesvirinae i familiji Herpesviridae, ali nije svrstan ni u jedan rod, a genetska istraživanja su pokazala da je PCMV genetski srodniji humanim herpes virusima 6 i 7. Infekcija sa PCMV je prisutna širom sveta, dominantno u zemljama sa intenzivnom proizvodnjom svinja i uglavnom je klinički inaparentna zbog stečenog imuniteta zapata. Virus se prenosi horizontalno (oronazalnim putem), a moguća je i kongenitalna transmisija, pa inficirani fetusi mogu biti, mumificirani, mrtvorođeni ili rođeni živi kao slabo vitalna prasad. Kliničko oboljenje se pojavljuje u akutnoj ili subakutnoj formi kod prasadi starosti do 4 nedelje, a može se pojaviti i kod drugih starosnih kategorija u neimunim zapatima. Svinje koje su prebolele infekciju ostaju doživotne kliconoše. Suide predstavljaju jedini rezervoar virusa u prirodi. Rinitis sa inkluzionim telašcima je visoko prevalentna infekcija i pretpostavlja se da je prevalencija oboljenja preko 90% na globalnom nivou, odnosno 98% u Evropi. U našoj zemlji još uvek nisu rađena opsežna istraživanja na utvrđivanju prevalence oboljenja zbog čega su prevalenca infekcije i incidenca oboljenja još uvek nepoznate. Zbog cirkulacije drugih respiratornih virusa u farmskim uslovima uzgoja svinja, PCMV je često zapostavljen. Na poziv veterinarske službe, na farmi koja je imala učestale probleme sa respiratornim oboljenjima, izvršili smo uzorkovanje oralnog fluida i analizirali prikupljene uzorke primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze na prisustvo sledećih virusnih agenasa: Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), PCMV, Porcine circovirus tip 2 (PCV2). Virus reproduktivnog i respiratornog sindroma svinja (PRRSV) i Virus influence svinja (SIV), sa ciljem uvida u prisustv

This study aimed to describe the clinical course of SA-MCF and the duration of viremia in surviving cattle and to perform the phylogenetic analysis of the tegument protein gene of OvHV-2 in cattle in the Central Balkan. A farm housing two heifers and 7 sheep with a confirmed SA-MCF case were selected for the investigation. For the estimation of the length of viremia and the virus shedding, the animals were sampled repeatedly, weekly for two months. For the phylogenetic analysis, a retrospective study was performed on 21 samples from cattle, and 7 samples from sheep, from the Central Balkan. In the blood samples of the survived heifer, the OvHV-2 genome was detected until week 7, in corneal swabs, the OvHV-2 genome was detected until week 6, and in nasal swabs until week two of the study. A retrospective study revealed that out of 21 tested cattle, OvHV–2 was detected in 15 (71.4%), and out of 7 tested sheep, three (42.9%) were positive. The sequenced samples show the highest percentage of similarity with the strains from Brasil KJ658293.1 (100%) and Germany HM216475.1 (100%).. Since there is a variety of different clinical signs similar to other notifiable diseases such as BVD, IBR, and FMD, there is a clear benefit in including SA-MCF in the differential diagnosis in cattle. As mixed farming in the Central Balkan is practiced, implementing SA-MCF monitoring in passive surveillance would allow a better understanding of the disease, ascertaining its prevalence and could provide new information regarding SA-MCF epidemiology.

U ovom radu je prikazana analiza ocene biosigurnosnih mera sprovedenih na deset seoskih gazdinstava u kojima je utvrđena AKS kod domaćih svinja na epizootiološkom području VSI Jagodina. Za ocenu primene biosigurnosnih mera na seoskim gazdinstvima koja drže svinje, koristili smo online obrazac kreiran na Univerzitetu u Gentu (BiocheckUGent). Ukupna ocena uključuje procenu primene spoljašnjih mera (eksterna biosigurnost) i mera primenjenih na samoj farmi/gazdinstvu (interna biosigurnost). Ukupna ocena biosigurnosti je bila 27,2 ± 2,07. Rezultati procene eksterne biosigurnosti pokazali su srednju vrednost od 20,2%. Eksterna procena biosigurnosti pokazala je najniže ocene za transport životinja, neškodljivo uklanjanje leševa, i odlaganje stajnjaka (8,1%). Procena unutrašnje biosigurnosti pokazala je ocenu od 34,2% sa najnižim procentom (0%) za izvršeno čišćenje i dezinfekciju. U sprovedenim anketama, pokazalo se da je stanovništvo svesno postojećih slučajeva AKS-a u susednim opštinama, ali da nisu sigurni kakva bi njihova uloga u upravljanju bolestima trebalo da bude, šta se od njih očekuje, a postoji i uverenje da je potreban sistemski pristup problemu na državnom nivou. Osim toga, zbog nedostatka jedinstvenog pristupa, određeni broj ljudi je izrazio sumnju u samo postojanje bolesti, odbacujući je kao obmanu., In this paper we present biosecurity scores on ten pig-producing households positive for African swine fever in the epizootical area overseesed by Institute of Veterinary Medicine “Jagodina”. Biosecurity scores were calculated by use of on-line form designed in the University of Gent (BiocheckUGent). Total score was calculated from external biosecurity measures (external biosecurity) and measures conveyed on the farm itself (internal biosecurity). The overall biosecurity score was 27,2 ± 2,07. The results of the external biosecurity assessment showed a mean score of 20,2%. External biosecurity assessment showed the lowest scores for the transport of animals, carcasses, and manure disposal (8,1%). The assessment of internal biosecurity revealed a score of 30,2% with the lowest percentage score (0%) for cleaning and disinfection performed. In surveys taken, it was found that the general populous was aware of existing ASF cases in neighboring municipalities, but that they were not sure what their role in disease management should be, what was expected of them, and there was a belief that a systemic strategic state-wide approach is necessary. Furthermore, with a lack of a unified approach, a certain number of people have expressed doubt about the very existence of the disease, dismissing it as a hoax.