Search

Consideration of multiperiod archaeological sites to understand the mechanisms of large-scale cultural changes is still a very rare research topic in Croatia. Technological traditions are of great importance, especially in the context of considering continuity, innovation, and change. In this paper, we used an archaeometric approach to investigate pottery technology. Therefore, this article presents an analysis of petrography and mineralogy of archaeological ceramics and potential raw materials collected in the vicinity of the multi-period archaeological site (the Neolithic through the Medieval period) Jagodnjak-Krčevine located in eastern Croatia, i.e. the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin. The primary goal is to determine what kind of clay recipe (clay and temper) potters used to make vessels in order to better understand their variability in the context of techno-functional features. The additional objective is to examine the availability and quality of clays for pottery production and to study their distribution in the local landscape. The analytical methods applied in the research are optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and grain size analysis. The comparison of archaeological ceramics with clayey materials established that ancient potters used locally available clays, and the selection of temper material added to the clay represents a strong element of techno-tradition, which is more pronounced for prehistoric communities. Furthermore, these results represent the first research in Croatia focused on a discussion about distances that potters travelled to obtain their resources in the different periods of the past, which can contribute to the study of a regional system of production and landscape use., Razmatranje višeperiodnih arheoloških nalazišta s ciljem razumijevanja mehanizama kulturnih promjena velikih razmjera još je uvijek vrlo rijetka tema istraživanja u Hrvatskoj. Tehnološke tradicije od velike su važnosti, posebice u kontekstu razmatranja kontinuiteta, inovacija i promjena. U ovom radu upotrijebili smo arheometrijski pristup za istraživanje lončarske tehnologije. Stoga ovaj članak predstavlja analizu petrografije i mineralogije arheološke keramike i potencijalnih sirovina prikupljenih u blizini višeperiodnog arheološkog nalazišta (od neolitika do srednjeg vijeka) Jagodnjak-Krčevine smještenog u istočnoj Slavoniji, tj. jugozapadnom dijelu Panonskog bazena. Primarni cilj je utvrditi kakvu su recepturu lončarske smjese (glina i primjese) koristili lončari za izradu posuda, radi boljeg razumijevanja njihove varijabilnosti u kontekstu tehno-funkcionalnih značajki. Dodatni cilj je ispitati dostupnost i kvalitetu gline za proizvodnju posuda te proučiti njihovu rasprostranjenost u lokalnom krajoliku. Analitičke metode primijenjene u istraživanju su optička mikroskopija, rendgenska difrakcija i granulometrijska analiza. Usporedbom arheološke keramike s glinama utvrđeno je da su drevni lončari vjerojatno koristili lokalno dostupne gline, a odabir primjesa koja se glini dodavala predstavlja snažan element tehno-tradicije, koji je izraženiji kod prapovijesnih zajednica. Nadalje, ovi rezultati predstavljaju prvo istraživanje u Hrvatskoj usmjereno na raspravu o udaljenostima koje su lončari prelazili kako bi došli do svojih resursa u različitim razdobljima prošlosti, što općenito može pridonijeti proučavanju regionalnog sustava proizvodnje i korištenja krajolika.

The tradition of studying archaeological pottery in Croatia is deeply rooted in the cultural- historical approach, especially when it comes to prehistoric pottery. However, turning the approach by studying ceramics throughout its life cycle, from the selection of raw material, through the various stages of production, to distribution and use, can provide valuable research contributions to a topic that has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, a five-year project focusing on the study of prehistoric pottery traditions in Croatia was launched in 2021. A large-scale systematic archaeometric research programme will be combined with macroscopic physical forms of investigation of previously excavated pottery. The paper presents the preliminary results of a case study focused on the multi-period (Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman, Mediaeval) archaeological site of Jagodnjak – Krčevine. Ceramic petrography, X-ray diffraction analysis and field sampling is used to identify the characteristics of archaeological ceramics and to determine the provenance, availability, and types of raw material used for the production of ceramics in the different periods of the past. In order to obtain an optimal data set related to the provenance of raw materials, a field survey was conducted. Field sampling was established according to zones with different distances from the archaeological site and in accordance with the characteristics of the lowland landscape. Comparison between XRD data of clayey material and pottery, and data obtained by optical microscopy suggests the location of the raw material source. Preliminary results of the archaeometric analysis indicated that raw material was probably collected in the vicinity of the settlement, during all periods of the past recorded at the site. However, certain preferences were observed, concerning not only the tempering material used, but also the choice of raw material sources and clay processing, that match different communities. Such diversity in the choice of raw materials indicates not only technological but also different patterns of landscape use over time.

This booklet was created in the framework of the Project MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Booklet: no. 4, v. 12. Letak [i. e. brošura] je pripremljen u sklopu projekta MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Letak [i. e. brošura]: no. 4, v. 12.

In the NW part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP), in Istria region, during Late Albian diagenetic silicification occured. Silicification took place within the peritidal carbonate sequences comprising intertidal carbonate breccias and laminated cyanobacterial limestones, as well as subtidal mudstones peloidal wackstones/packstones. Three silicified layers can be traced, more or less continuously, along the 30km traverse. According to their position in the sedimentary column and to their geometry, they are interpreted as three possible events of aeolian input of silica (volcanic ash) to carbonate platform environment. Sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical analysis were performed on the samples from the silicified layers (ranging from 15cm to 2m in thickness), as well as from the related limestones and marls/clayey limestones. Silicification changed primary carbonate sediments in places almost completely and formed so-called "quartz diagenetic sediments" (up to 98% of SiO2), which contain several types of quartz (idiomorphic authigenic quartz, microcrystaline quartz aggregates, chert-like clusters). Distributions of microelements and REE indicate differences of the silicified layers from surrounding limestones. Insoluble residues of clayey limestones predominantly contain illite-smectite minerals, together with quartz, some feldspars and amorphous material. These results support assumption about the input of the source material for silicification to carbonate platform. Current investigations (SEM) should give additional informations about the source and mechanisms of silicification.

Historic mining sites represent a mining heritage that can be classified as a subset of industrial heritage, as well as historical heritage. Thus, they are a part of cultural heritage. On the other hand, they are interconnected with geodiversity. Although mining activities have negative impacts on geodiversity, they also bring to light inaccessible earth materials, geological forms and traces of geological processes. Consequently, historic mining sites are valuable places for geotourism and should be protected not only as cultural heritage but also as geological heritage. This presentation considers four existing/potential mine heritage sites in Croatia (Radoboj, Rude, Sovinjak and Trgovska gora), which are valuable both as cultural and geological heritage and discusses the exigency for their appropriate geoconservation.

This study compares the differences between the distribution of trace elements and rare-earth elements (REEs) formed under reducing and oxidizing soil conditions during pedogenesis on carbonate bedrock. Terra rossa (TR) soils, representing pedogenesis under oxic conditions, and Cretaceous palaeosols (CP), representing pedogenesis under reducing conditions, were sampled on the Istrian peninsula. They were studied by ICP-MS, ICP-OES, XRF, XRD, sequential extraction and statistical analyses. The differences in trace-element behaviour between the TR and CP stem from different redox conditions, but the most remarkable difference was observed in the behaviour of the REEs. Statistical analyses revealed that in TR soils all the REEs showed a very positive correlation, while in CPs the light REEs and heavy REEs showed an internal, very positive correlation. TR soils have almost twice as much REEs as CPs. This difference is pedogenetic, as both materials have a very similar amount of REEs in the residual fraction. While TR soils have the same amount of REEs in fractions other than the residual fraction, CPs have almost no REEs in these fractions. Different REE patterns obtained from sequential extraction, such as a middle-REE enrichment and a positive Ce anomaly in TR soils and light-REE depletion, heavy-REE enrichment, positive Ce and Eu anomalies in CPs, contributed to an understanding of the redox and pedogenetic processes. This study successfully emphasized the influence of different redox conditions on the behaviour of trace and rare earth elements during pedogenesis on a carbonate bedrock and the ability of the REEs to track pedogenetic processes

Suvremeni razvoj raznih grana proizvodne djelatnosti kao i napredak tehnologije zahtijevaju odgovarajuću opskrbu mineralnim sirovinama. Pojedine sirovine posebno su tražene u proizvodnji i razvoju novih proizvoda, a njihova ograničena opskrba ili čak prekid dobave mogu ozbiljno ugroziti proizvodnju i daljnji razvoj, ugroziti sigurnost radnih mjesta te poljuljati lokalno gospodarstvo. Stoga je zadovoljavajuća i pravovremena opskrba ključnim sirovinama nužan preduvjet svakodnevnog funkcioniranja suvremenih gospodarskih tokova, a time i bitna odrednica strateškog planiranja svake države. Nedovoljna dostatnost pojedine sirovine na tržištu može biti posljedica nedostatne domaće proizvodnje i ovisnosti o uvozu s udaljenih tržišta, ali i prekida opskrbe uslijed ekonomskih, prirodnih i geopolitičkih faktora. Ti čimbenici također utječu na čestu fluktuaciju cijena sirovine, koja se dalje odražava na planiranje proizvodnje, cijenu konačnog proizvoda, kao i na poremećaje u proizvodnji ako volatilnost cijena ugrožava zacrtane proizvodne i razvojne ciljeve, a svakako može utjecati i na smanjenje konkurentnosti pojedinih industrija na tržištu. Sirovine nužne za proizvodnju, a nedostatne na domaćem tržištu, podložne čestim promjenama u dostupnosti i cijeni te povećanog rizika u opskrbi, smatraju se kritičnim sirovinama (European Commission Communication, 2011). Često se kod ove problematike naizmjence koristi izraz „kritične sirovine“ i „kritične mineralne sirovine“, budući da mineralne sirovine svojom brojnošću i obujmom proizvodnje čine najveći dio kritičnih sirovina.

Historic mining sites represent a mining heritage that can be classified as a subset of industrial heritage. The promotion of mining heritage is particularly important nowadays, as the EU economy depends on mineral resources, while the public perception of mining as an environmentally harmful industry affects the wide acceptance and approval of mining activities. Therefore, the ongoing European wider society learning project "MineHeritage" aims to inform the wider society about the importance of raw materials for the development of European society. As part of the project, a Croatian team investigated all important historical mining sites of ores and industrial minerals and filled the European database of ancient mining sites with all relevant data. From this database, four Croatian sites that are particularly valuable not only as industrial (mining) heritage, but also as cultural, historical and natural (geological) heritage have been selected for promotion. For each site, a 16-page brochure and a short educational video were prepared. The sulfur mine in Radoboj, which was in operation in the 19th century, is no longer available for restoration. However, thanks to the local community, the Radboa Museum has been opened, where, among other things, the world-famous Radoboj machine for purification of sulfur can be seen. The copper and iron mine in Rude has a long history, dating from Middle Ages (probably even from Roman times) to the 20th century. The local community made great efforts and opened a part of the mine to visitors. Now the mine is even officially protected as a cultural heritage site. The gray pyritized bauxite mine Minjera near Sovinjak is the first bauxite mine in the world. It was mined more than 400 years ago until the second half of the 19th century. Sulphuric acid, alum, vitriol and Berlin blue were produced. Descriptions and schemes from archives show that the factory was very modern and advanced at that time. Intensive silver mining, metallurgy and minting in Trogovska gora was introduced by the noble family Zrinski in Middle Ages during the constant treat of Ottoman Empire. Today, only the fortress and a blast furnace are preserved and represent an already protected heritage. The mining sites of Radoboj, Rude, Sovinjak and Trogvska gora are valuable examples of industrial heritage that raise awareness of the importance of mining and raw materials and offer great opportunities for tourism, education and popularization of science and technology.

Geological materials are significant part of archaeological findings. They can be found unchanged or slightly changed (eg. in the form of jewellery, simple tools, pigments). On the other hand, they can be significantly altered forming man-made materials (eg. glass, ceramics). The main goals of this presentation are: (1) to classify different geological materials such as minerals, rocks, soils, sediments and ores, and present their usage in ancient times; (2) to describe their occurrences and availability in the nature with emphasis on the area of today’s Croatia and south-eastern Europe; (3) to describe their characteristics which made them raw materials, as well as their changes during technological processes; and (4) to describe tools for provenance determinations. Purpose of the presentation is to acquaint archaeological audience with the possibilities and problems of provenance analysis.

Prikazani su rezultati istraživanja keramika na različitim lokalitetima. Opisana je nova metoda datiranja keramike rehidroksilacijom koja je još u optimiziranju.

A multi-proxy analytical approach (MPAA) in the investigation of (palaeo)soils that involves a detailed analysis of soil micromorphology, soil physics and chemistry, geochemistry, and bulk and clay mineralogy is crucial for the determination of the palaeoenvironment in which they were formed. The determination of the soil mineral composition and their surface properties that control the formation of soils by aggregation processes is necessary to understand their response to environmental changes (BRONICK & LAL, 2005). Soil aggregation is a complex process, which involves rearrangement of submicron- and micronsized mineral particles into larger clusters by mutual physico-chemical and biological interactions between the mineral surfaces, various organic and inorganic compounds and microorganisms (SIX et al., 2004). Humic compounds are omnipresent in soils and they designate the most important compounds covering the surfaces of the minerals, particularly iron oxides and clay mineral particles (BALDOCK & BROOS, 2012). This lecture aims to demonstrate the significance of MPAA in three different cases, from profile description and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, to the role of iron oxides and soil organic matter on the formation of the surface physicochemical properties and the aggregation processes. It is based on our previous (DURN et al., 2015; DURN et al., 2017) and current research within the NanoMin project (grant 2504, Croatian Science Foundation).

Croatia has a long tradition of natural stone exploitation. On the poster the most important and famous natural stone varieties as Istrian yellow, Kirmenjak, Istranka, Veselje, Benkovac stone, Lithothamnium limestone, Romanovac and Rasotica are presented.

This booklet about history of mining in Trgovska gora was created in the framework of the Project MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Booklet: no. 1, v. 13. Letak [i. e. brošura] je pripremljen u sklopu projekta MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Letak [i. e. brošura]: no. 1, v. 13.

This booklet was created in the framework of the Project MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Booklet: no. 3, v. 12. Letak [i. e. brošura] je pripremljen u sklopu projekta MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Letak [i. e. brošura]: no. 3, v. 12.

The most important Croatian historical mining sites (Gvozdansko, Rude, Sovinjak, Radoboj) that represent geological and mining heritage are described. History of exploitation together with the most important facts about sites are mentioned.

This booklet about Radoboj historical mining of sulphur was created in the framework of the Project MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Booklet: no. 2, v. 13. Letak [i. e. brošura] je pripremljen u sklopu projekta MineHeritage: Historical Mining - Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology. Letak [i. e. brošura]: no. 2, v. 13.

U radu su prikazani rezultati preliminarne analize ulomaka keramike na osnovi kojih je provedena karakterizacija lončarskih smjesa korištenih za izradu posuda licenskih karakteristika i posuda Kisapostag kulture iz brončanog doba. Na manjem broju uzoraka napravljena je petrografsko-mineraloška analiza, a na većem broju makroskopska analiza dokumentirana makrofotografijom svježeg loma uzorka. Analiza je napravljena na keramičkom materijalu s nekoliko nalazišta na području Podravine i Posavine. Rezultati upućuju na korištenje lokalnih, lako dostupnih izvora sirovine te na praksu namjernog dodavanja čestica stijena veličine pijeska i šljunka u glinovitu smjesu vrlo dobre kvalitete., The paper presents the results of a preliminary analysis of pottery fragments based on which characterization of clay paste was done, which was used for making vessels of Litzen ceramic style and pottery of Kisapostag culture. The petrographic and mineralogical analysis was made on a small number of samples (4 samples), while the macroscopic analysis which is documented by macro-photography of the fresh breakage of ceramic was made on 22 samples. Ceramic material from several sites in the Podravina and Posavina region in north-west Croatia was analyzed (Tab. 1). The aim of the preliminary research is to determine the composition of the coarse and fine ceramic structure and to compare the clay paste used for making Litzen style pottery and the vessels of the Kisapostag culture. The aim is also to determine whether there are differences in the selection of the recipe for the clay paste preparation within two different pottery style. The results of macroscopic (Figs. 1–3; Tab. 2), petrographic and mineralogical (Tab. 3) analysis showed that ceramic samples are composed of subangular, very fine and fine, mainly quartz inclusions, very well-sorted and naturally-present. The clayey material was tempered with sparse to very common rock grains, medium to coarse and very coarse in size, with subrounded and rounded edges. Petrographic analysis on a thin section made on one sample (Figs. 4–6) showed the type of rock temper material present (quartzite, chert, sandstone and volcanic rock). In several samples rare to sparse presence of grog and/or clayey pellets are present. However, due to the small amount of such grains, it is impossible to determine with certainty whether they are deliberately added to the paste or are accidentally present. However, there are few, for now only macroscopic, indications that such grains appear more frequently in the ceramic structure of the Kisapostag culture pottery.

Mineral Raw Materials, representing a non-renewable natural resources, are natural aggregates of minerals which can be used for various economic purposes. The most important mineral raw materials as stone, industrial minerals and metallic ores are presented.

Service learning (or community-based learning) is an educational approach that combines learning objectives with community service in order to provide a pragmatic, progressive learning experience while meeting societal needs. Students apply the structured knowledge and skills acquired in the academic course while developing a project that deals with a specific social problem while working in a team. In this article, characteristics of a good service learning syllabus and methods for student evaluation are discussed, the roles of students, teachers as well as external partners are described, and the benefits and challenges of this teaching method are listed for the field of geoscience education. Although this approach is more common in social studies curriculum, geosciences have a broad range of suitable topics, some of which are given as examples., Le Service-Learning (ou apprentissage communautaire) est une approche éducative qui combine les objectifs d'apprentissage avec le service communautaire afin de fournir une expérience d'apprentissage pragmatique et progressive tout en répondant aux besoins de la société. Les étudiants utilisent les connaissances et les compétences structurées acquises dans le cours académique en développant un projet qui traite d'un problème sociétal spécifique et en travaillant en équipe. Les caractéristiques d'un programme de Service-Learning efficace et les méthodes d'évaluation des étudiants sont discutées dans cet article. Les rôles des étudiants, des enseignants ainsi que des partenaires externes sont également décrits et les avantages et défis de cette méthode d'enseignement sont répertoriés pour le domaine de l'enseignement des géosciences. Bien que cette approche soit plus courante dans les programmes d'études sociales, les géosciences ont un large éventail de sujets appropriés, dont certains sont donnés à titre d'exemple., El aprendizaje - servicio (o aprendizaje basado en la comunidad) es un enfoque educativo que combina los objetivos de aprendizaje con el servicio comunitario para proporcionar una experiencia de aprendizaje pragmática y progresiva al tiempo que satisface las necesidades de la sociedad. Los estudiantes aplican los conocimientos y habilidades estructurados adquiridos durante el curso académico mientras desarrollan un proyecto donde tratan un problema social específico mientras trabajan en equipo. En este artículo, se discuten las características de un buen plan de estudios de aprendizaje en servicio y métodos para la evaluación de los estudiantes, se describen los roles de los estudiantes, maestros y socios externos. Se enumeran los beneficios y desafíos de este método de enseñanza para el campo de la educación en geociencias. Aunque cuando este enfoque más común en el currículo de estudios sociales, las geociencias tienen una amplia gama de temas adecuados, algunos de los cuales se dan como ejemplos.

A multi-proxy analytical approach (MPAA) in the investigation of (palaeo)soils that involves a detailed analysis of soil micromorphology, soil physics and chemistry, geochemistry, and bulk and clay mineralogy is crucial for the determination of the palaeoenvironment in which they were formed. The determination of the soil mineral composition and their surface properties that control the formation of soils by aggregation processes is necessary to understand their response to environmental changes (BRONICK & LAL, 2005). Soil aggregation is a complex process, which involves rearrangement of submicron- and micronsized mineral particles into larger clusters by mutual physico-chemical and biological interactions between the mineral surfaces, various organic and inorganic compounds and microorganisms (SIX et al., 2004). Humic compounds are omnipresent in soils and they designate the most important compounds covering the surfaces of the minerals, particularly iron oxides and clay mineral particles (BALDOCK & BROOS, 2012). This lecture aims to demonstrate the significance of MPAA in three different cases, from profile description and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, to the role of iron oxides and soil organic matter on the formation of the surface physicochemical properties and the aggregation processes. It is based on our previous (DURN et al., 2015 ; DURN et al., 2017) and current research within the NanoMin project (grant 2504, Croatian Science Foundation).

The Kostanjek landslide is the largest landslide in the Republic of Croatia. It is a reactivated deep-seated translational landslide located in the urbanized area of the City of Zagreb at the base of the southwestern slopes of Medvednica Mt. (Fig. 4). The sliding surface is developed in Sarmatian laminated marl, characterized by alternation of very thin light and dark laminae known as varves (according to WEINHEIMER & BIONDI, 2003). Displaced mass above the Sarmatian sediments consist of Lower Pannonian clayey marls with thin limestone layers and Upper Pannonian massive clayey marls. The width of the displaced mass is 960 m, and the total length of the Kostanjek landslide is 1.26 km. The maximal depth of the sliding surface is 90 m, according to interpretation of ORTOLAN & PLEŠKO (1992). The total landslide area is approximately 1 km2, and the volume of the sliding mass is evaluated to be 32 × 106 m3 (STANIĆ & NONVEILLER, 1996). Since its activation in 1963, Kostanjek landslide has caused substantial damage to buildings and infrastructure in the residential (Fig. 5) and in industrial zones. The deep-seated landslide was caused by anthropogenic factors, mainly by excavations in a marl quarry placed in the toe part of the landslide (Fig. 6). Uncontrolled blasting during the 1960s and 1970s in the marl quarry and the limestone quarry, placed approximately 1 km to the north from the upper part of the landslide, were also important destabilizing factors. Surface deformations are mostly expressed as ductile deformations with rare opening of cracks, even at the landslide boundaries. Despite extremely slow to slow landslide movements for 52 years, the risk in the area of the Kostanjek landslide is very high for residential properties (approximately 300 single-family houses and infrastructure networks are placed on the moving landslide mass).

Exploitation of geo-resources has played an important role in the development of mankind. Hence, historical mining sites represent valuable industrial heritage. Unfortunately, it is not often recognised that outcrops opened by quarrying and mining, as well as ex situ collections of minerals, rocks or fossils found at such sites, represent precious geo-heritage. Historical mining sites in Croatia are not yet properly protected with the exception of two stone quarries. In this article, we present several mines and quarries recognised by locals as tourist sites which should be brought to the attention of the authorities responsible for geo-heritage protection. Preservation of geo-heritage in the frame of the mining heritage context is fundamental in promoting the proper protection, valorisation and utilisation of former mining sites as geo-tourism destinations., L'exploitation des ressources géologiques a joué un rôle important dans le développement de l’espèce humaine. C’est pourquoi les sites historiques miniers constituent un héritage industriel de valeur. Malheureusement, il n’est souvent pas fait cas des éléments affleurants mis à jour par les travaux de carrière ou miniers de même que les collections minéralogiques en musée, les roches ou fossiles sur place, qui représentent un précieux héritage géologique. Les sites miniers historiques en Croatie ne sont pas encore protégés, à l’exception de deux carrières de pierre. Dans cet article, nous décrivons plusieurs sites miniers et carrières, reconnus localement comme sites touristiques qui devraient éveiller l’attention des autorités en charge de la protection de l’héritage géologique. La préservation de cet héritage géologique dans le cadre du contexte d’un héritage minier est fondamentale en faisant la promotion d’une protection adaptée, de la valorisation et utilisation des anciens sites miniers en tant que destinations pour les touristes amateurs de géologie., La explotación de recursos geológicos ha jugado un importante papel en el desarrollo de la humanidad. Por tanto, los emplazamientos mineros históricos representan un valioso patrimonio industrial. Desgraciadamente, los afloramientos mineros y las colecciones de minerales y fósiles encontrados en dichos afloramientos no son normalmente reconocidos, sin embargo, representan un patrimonio geológico muy valioso. Los sitios mineros en Croacia no están adecuadamente protegidos a excepción de dos canteras de piedra. En este artículo, se presentan varias minas y canteras reconocidas por agentes locales como sitio turístico que debería ser tenido en consideración por las autoridades responsables del patrimonio geológico. La preservación del patrimonio geológico en el marco del patrimonio minero es fundamental para promover la protección, valorización y utilización de antiguos yacimientos mineros como destinos geo-turísticos.

Tekuća akademska godina 2018./19. je stota godina nastave za geologe Rudarsko-geološko-naftnog fakulteta. Sve je započelo 1919. godine s jednim profesorom i njegovim asistentom koji su držali nastavu iz mineraloških i geoloških predmeta studentima građevinarstva, geodezije, arhitekture i kemije, da bi danas kroz djelovanje na tri različita zavoda bilo 37 nastavnika i suradnika geologa koji drže nastavu na vlastitim studijskim programima i obrazuju geologe inženjere za stručne poslove u inženjerskoj geologiji i hidrogeologiji, istraživanju mineralnih sirovina te zaštiti okoliša. Smjestiti svu nastavnu, znanstvenu i stručnu djelatnost te spomenuti sve važne osobe u ovih 100 godina na nekoliko stranica Vijesti Hrvatskoga geološkog društva je nemoguće. S obzirom da je naše kolektivno sjećanje mnogo bolje za novije razdoblje od osnutka Rudarsko-geološko-naftnog fakulteta 1964. godine, u ovom osvrtu nesrazmjer informacija ide u korist prvih 45 turbulentnih godina. Uz prikaz promjena u ustrojstvu, dan je pregled gdje smo sve bili smješteni te kako smo brojčano rasli, a posebno je izdvojena jedna osoba, koja je obilježila to prvo razdoblje te utrla put daljnjem razvoju mnogih geoloških disciplina na našem fakultetu. Radi se o akademiku Luki Mariću, kojem ove godine obilježavamo 120. godišnjicu rođenja, te 40. godišnjicu smrti.

The remains of cape Stoba shipwreck lies on the seabed near Mljet island at the depth between 21 and 28 m. The wreck-site is evidenced by a cargo of amphorae and glass dated back to the 10th-11th century AD. Five amphoras, located in the cargo part of the ship, as well as the small ceramic vessel which had to be placed in the ship’s kitchen, were found filled with sand and closed with a wooden stopper and resin. The aim of this study is a characterization of the sand which could help in the determination of its purpose. Sand samples from amphorae and vessel, as well as from the sea bottom, were investigated. Mineralogical content was determined using X-ray diffraction and grain size distribution by wet sieving. From fine sand magnetic fraction is separated. All granulometric and magnetic fractions were examined by binocular magnifier. All sand samples are marine sediment of carbonate composition. Sand grains are mainly skeletons of the Mollusca, Corals, Foraminifera, Sponges and Echinoderms. This investigation has neglected the archaeological assumption that sand was used as a raw material for glass manufacture. One of the assumptions is that sand could serve as dishwash as it was found in a small ceramic vessel inside the kitchen as well. But, the composition of sand is not suitable for this purpose. It is not possible that sand from the sea bottom entered in amphorae through a small hole at the center of the cap as the coarser grain size were found. Additionally, the depth at which the amphorae were found is below the base of the waves, and the sea currents in this area are not strong enough to produce a significant suspension of seabed material. This sand could serve as a ballast, although archaeologists have not encountered such a case so far.

Geološka baština (ili „geobaština“) obuhvaća prirodne geološke ili geomorfološke značajke koje posjeduju estetsku, intrinzičnu, znanstvenu i obrazovnu vrijednost te pružaju jedinstven uvid u geološke procese koji utječu na formiranje ili evoluciju Zemlje. Često samo ljudskim djelovanjem te značajke dolaze na vidjelo. U tom slučaju možemo istodobno govoriti o prirodnoj (geološkoj), kao i o kulturnoj (povijesnoj, industrijskoj, rudarskoj) baštini, odnosno nasljeđu. Geo-baština se može podijeliti na „in situ“ (npr. izdanak određene stijene) i „ex situ“ (npr. zbirke minerala). U Hrvatskoj su isključivo zbog vrijedne geobaštine zaštićena 53 lokaliteta i to u kategorijama posebnog rezervata (paleontološkog i geografsko-botaničkog) i spomenika prirode (geološkog, paleontološkog, geološko-paleontološkog, geomorfološkog, geološko-geografskog i hidrološkog). Osim toga postoji i jedan slučaj u kategoriji zaštićenog minerala. Geobaština se nalazi i unutar većih zaštićenih područja kao što su strogi rezervati (npr. Hajdučki i Rožanski kukovi), nacionalni parkovi (npr. Paklenica), parkovi prirode (npr. Papuk koji je ujedno i geopark), regionalni parkovi (npr. Moslavačka gora) i značajni krajobrazi (npr. Baraćeve špilje). Eksploatacija geoloških resursa odigrala je važnu ulogu u razvoju čovječanstva od prapovijesti do danas. Stoga povijesne rudarske lokacije predstavljaju vrijednu industrijsku, kulturnu i znanstvenu baštinu za Hrvatsku koja ima dugu rudarsku tradiciju. Osim toga, mnogi površinski i podzemni izdanci stvoreni rudarenjem, kao i „ex situ“ zbirke minerala, stijena ili fosila pronađenih na tim mjestima, predstavljaju vrijednu geološku baštinu. U Hrvatskoj je kamen najvažniji resurs koji se iskorištava kroz povijest, s mnogo napuštenih kamenoloma koji bi potencijalno mogli predstavljati geološku baštinu. Među njima su samo dva zaštićena kao geološki spomenici prirode. Rupnica kod Voćina prvi je geološki spomenik u Hrvatskoj, a zaštićen je zbog stupastog lučenja albitnog riolita. Kamenolom Fantazija kod Rovinja jedinstven je primjer sedimentologije karbonatnih stijena. Iako u Hrvatskoj danas nema potencijalnih rudnih ležišta, u prošlosti je proizvodnja metala bila značajna. Iako nisu zaštićena kao geološka baština, dva su mjesta revitalizirana za potrebe geoturizma (rudnik bakra Rude i rudnik srebra Zrinski). Postoji i nekoliko važnih povijesnih nalazišta nemetalnih minerala. Nažalost, do sada nijedno nije dostupno široj zajednici. Međutim, Muzej Radboa je dobar primjer kako se takva nalazišta i rudarska tehnologija (rudnik sumpora i radobojski stroj) mogu predstaviti javnosti. Ugljen i bitumen su također rudareni u Hrvatskoj. Rudarska tradicija vezana uz ugljenokope očuvana je u obliku nematerijalne baštine (npr. Rudarska četa u Ivancu). Na temelju gore navedenog, postoji dovoljno prostora za rad na promociji geološke baštine vezane uz rudarstvo u Hrvatskoj. Očuvanje geološke baštine u kontekstu rudarskog naslijeđa od temeljne je važnosti za promicanje odgovarajuće zaštite, valorizacije i mogućeg budućeg korištenja kao geoturističkih lokaliteta. Stoga je tekući europski projekt cjeloživotnog učenja „MineHeritage: Historical Mining – Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology“ dobra osnova za dugoročno planiranje geokonzervacije. Cilj ovog projekta je podizanje svijesti društva o upotrebi i potrebi za sirovinama. Budući da je projekt u svojoj početnoj fazi, osim očekivanih rezultata, bit će predstavljeni unosi za europsku bazu podataka o starim rudarskim mjestima, napuštenim rudnicima, i klasificiranoj baštini vezanoj uz povijesno rudarstvo Hrvatske., The geological heritage (or ‘geo-heritage’) encompasses natural geological or geomorphological features possessing aesthetic, intrinsic, scientific and educational value, that provide unique insight into geological processes affecting the formation or evolution of the Earth. Often, only by human activity, these features come to light. In that case, we can talk at the same time of natural (geological), as well as cultural (historical, industrial, mine) heritage. Geo-heritage can be divided to “in situ” (e.g. outcrop of a specific rock) and “ex situ” (e.g. mineral collection). In Croatia, 53 localities are protected exclusively due to their geological value. Those localities have different level of protection, special reserves (paleontological and geographic-botanical)and nature monuments (geological, paleontological, geological-paleontological, geomorphological, geological-geographic and hydrological). In addition, there is one case of protected minerals. Geo-heritage in Croatia is located within the larger protected areas such as strict reserves (e.g. Hajdučki i Rožanski kukovi), national parks (e.g. Paklenica), nature parks (e.g. Papuk which is also Geopark), regional parks (e.g. Moslavačka gora) and significant landscapes (e.g. Barać caves etc.). Exploitation of geological resources has played an important role in the development of mankind since prehistory until the present days. Hence, historical mining sites represent valuable industrial, cultural and scientific heritage for Croatia which has a long mining tradition. In addition, many surface and underground outcrops that were opened by quarrying and mining, as well as ex situ collections of minerals, rocks or fossils found at such sites, represent valuable geological heritage. In Croatia, stone material has been the most important resource exploited throughout history, with many abandoned quarries that could potentially represent geological heritage sites. Among them, only two are already protected as geological monuments of nature, Rupnica near Voćin where columnar albite rhyolite became the first protected geological site in Croatia and quarry Fantazija near Rovinj as unique example of carbonate sedimentology. Although, in Croatia nowadays there is no potential ore deposits, there were times in the past when metal production was significant. Although not protected as geological heritage, two sites are revitalised for geotourism (copper mine Rude and silver mine Zrinski). There are also several important historical mining sites of non-metallic minerals. Unfortunately, so far, none of them are accessible to wider society. However, Radboa museum is good example how such sites and mining technology (sulphur mine and Radoboj machine) could be presented to public. Coal and bitumen were mined in Croatia as well. Mining tradition at some coal mining places is preserved in the form of non-material heritage (e.g. Rudarska četa in Ivanec). Based on the above, there is plenty of room for work on the promotion of geological heritage related to mining in Croatia. Preservation of geological heritage within the mining heritage context is fundamental to promote proper protection, valorisation and possible future utilization as geotouristic sites. Hence, running European wider society learning project “MineHeritage: Historical Mining – Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology” is a good basis for longer-term planning of geoconservation. The aim of this project is to raise society’s awareness of usage and need for raw materials. Since the project is in its initial phase, beside expected outcomes, entries for the European database on ancient mining sites, abandoned mines, classified heritage sites related to historical mining in Croatia will be presented.

MineHeritage – “Tracing and learning from ancient materials and mining technology” is a running Wider Society Learning project with the main goal to raise society’s awareness of usage and need for raw materials. Duration of the project is three years (1.1.2019 – 31.12.2021) with total budget of 974, 245.00 € founded by European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) in the frame of Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC) Raw Materials. Project consortium consists of 13 partners from eleven European countries, with Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering as one of them. Leading partner is New University of Lisbon - Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT NOVA) from Portugal. The scope of the MineHeritage project is wider understanding of the mining technologies and raw materials uses and trades in different regions of Europe during specific historical periods (since prehistory) with the resulting impact on development of European society. The objectives of the projects are following: (1) to engage dissemination approaches to cross-generational target audiences on mining and raw materials as a unifying common ground for Europe through an historical perspective ; (2) to promote synergies with other actors such as schools, museums, local administration and mining companies ; (3) to involve society in raw materials and mining through knowledge, (4) to build multicultural bridges between different regions in Europe ; (5) to stimulate the debate on environmental sustainability in mining and raw materials sector ; (6) to develop popular science materials and organise popular science events ; and (7) to raise awareness of own cultural heritage and history of a region. End users of the project are school age children (13-19 years) and young adults (20-45 years). Expected project outcomes are: (1) database with information on ancient mining sites, abandoned mines, classified heritage sites related to mining from different EU countries participating in the project ; (2) popular science materials (booklets and videos on specific mining sites) ; (3) interactive multilevel game with historical and regional perspective of mining and raw materials in Europe ; (4) mobile application for cultural tourism involving historical mining sites ; (5) social media accounts (Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and YouTube) dedicated to the dissemination of historical mining sites, events and news ; (6) promotion of popular science materials (talks, lectures, discussion events, excursions) ; (7) collaboration with local administration, tourist offices, schools, museums, as well as with other KIC running programs. The emphasis of the presentation will be on up-to-date information related to Croatian historical mining sites collected for the database, promotional activities of the Croatian team as well as established collaborations. Croatia has a long mining tradition and heritage. Exploitation of natural and crushed stone together with sand and gravel for civil engineering purposes has represented the most important raw material exploited in Croatia throughout our history to the present days. Although, there is no potential in Croatian ore deposits nowadays, there were times in the past when metal production (Ag, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe) was significant (e.g. Trgovska gora ; Rude). There are also several distinct historical mining sites of non-metallic minerals (e.g. sulphur in Radoboj ; bauxite in the Mirna valley in Istria). Notwithstanding out of interest for KIC Raw Material, we will present several coal mines, especially when they were related to mining of other commodities (e.g. coal and zinc in Ivanec). Historical examples of technologies related to mining in Croatia will also perfectly contribute to the overall project (e.g. Radoboj machine for sulphur refinement shown on Figure 1 ; blast furnace from Bešlinec). Alongside traditional promotional materials as brochures and videos, important localities will be promoted using geocaches (traditional and EarthCaches).

U dokumentu je navedeno područje djelovanja i ustroj RGN fakulteta, prikazana je SWOT analiza, definirane su misija i vizija fakulteta te opći i specifični ciljevi razvoja fakulteta u nastavi, znanstveno-istraživačkom i razvojno-stručnom radu te izdavačkoj djelatnosti fakulteta.

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) are factory- manufactured hydraulic barriers consisting of a mineral (bentonite) and geosynthetic component (geotextile or geomembrane). Over the last several decades, their application has increased intensively in various engineering projects for environmental protection purposes, including landfills. In Croatia, there is also a significant number of landfills with GCL incorporated as an integral part of protective systems, most often as the landfill final cover. Since protective systems have to fulfil their designated function over a longer period of time, usually, laboratory tests of the GCL durability and landfill monitoring are being implemented in order to identify long-term functionality of GCL. This study presents laboratory tests carried out on samples of bentonite clay and GCL that were installed at one real landfill near Zagreb between three and nine years ago. The sampling was carried out at 23 locations in the landfill final cover. Following analyses were performed on collected samples, as well as on reference sample (manufactured bentonite in its original state): pH, electrical conductivity, moisture, colour, index properties (free swell index, water absorption capacity by Enslin-Neff test, fluid loss). Mineralogical and chemical analyses were carried out on 13 samples. Mineralogical analyses of bentonite included detailed XRD clay analysis and cation exchange capacity using the Cu-trien method. Hydraulic conductivity was tested on ten GCL samples. Mineralogical analyses proved that montmorillonite is predominate mineral followed by quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, goethite, anatase and micaceous material. CEC ranged from 51.96 meq/100g to 75.47 meq/100g. Index properties for all samples are summarized in table 1. It can be concluded that the properties of all samples were deteriorated with time in comparison to the reference sample test results. Moreover, none of them fulfills the required values according to some recommendations nowadays. However, final conclusions about the influence of the cover layer thickness and the time passed since the installation date cannot be precisely divided yet. Therefore, some additional investigations will be carried out.

The objective of this work was to build a prognostic water flow model and potentially toxic elements (lead, cadmium, zinc) transport model in the unsaturated zone. Research was conducted in the catchment area of Kosnica regional wellfield, where the unsaturated zone is characterised by Fluvisol. Lower sorption capacities were determined in the first horizons for all three potentially toxic elements. Correlation coefficient of the measured and simulated values of tracer concentration is 0.58 for the AC horizon and 0.84 for the 2C/C1 horizon. Based on calibrated water flow and transport parameters, a prognostic water flow model and potentially toxic elements (lead, cadmium, zinc) transport model in the unsaturated zone was built. In case of an accidental spill of potentially toxic elements with concentrations of 1000 mg/L, the risk of contamination of the aquifer is present.

The mineral composition of recent marine clayey sediment from different sedimentological environments of the southeastern Adriatic was investigated. The main objective was to determine the structural and morphological properties of submicron-sized mineral particles that occur in the investigated sediment. The mineral particles ware examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and electron microprobe energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX). The results obtained for the first time identify the presence of unusual mineral forms, nanotubes, which have not been determined in modern sediments of the Adriatic. The occurrence, origin and structural and morphological properties of these solids will be discussed.

A Bronze Age pottery technology in the area of Turopolje and Podravina in northwest Croatia has been studied. The main goal of this study is to determine the availability and types of raw materials, as well as to reconstruct the technological processes (preparation of raw material and firing technique) of pottery making at archaeological sites: Kurilovec-Belinščica and Selnica in Turopolje and Podvratnec, Podgorica and Močvar in Podravina. These sites belong to the broader cultural horizon of the Urnfield culture (Virovitica cultural group dating from 15-12 century BC, (i.e. the end of the Middle Bronze Age and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age). For this reason samples of clayey materials, outcropping in the vicinity of the archaeological sites, were collected. Detailed mineralogical/petrographic, as well as chemical, analyses were performed on samples of potential raw material, samples of experimental ceramics made from these materials, as well as on samples of pottery fragments. Results of the study showed that raw materials were collected in the vicinity of the settlements and that the grog is the most commonly used temper in the analysed samples. The vessels were built by combining different techniques (coiling, slab building and pinching) and were fired under the reduction and incomplete oxidation atmosphere at great span of temperatures. Possible archaeological implications, such as the extent of environmental influence on technological processes (availability of raw materials) and socio economic factors (matter of choice), will be discussed as well.

Analysis of ceramics artefacts may disclose a social, economic and political context of the specific area and period being studied. The subject of this study is ceramic material, found in Stari Mikanovci, which belonged to different prehistoric cultures that lived and rebuilt on the same spot forming a mound (tell Damića gradina). This multi-layered tell site represents a very good example of settling continuity from the Neolithic to the beginning of the Roman period. It was occupied during Sopot, Baden, Vučedol, Vinkovci and Bosut culture, and ends with fortified settlement in the last phase of the middle La Tène period (second half of the first century). The main goal of the study is reconstruction of technological processes of pottery production in different cultures that lived in the same place during approx. 6000 years and used the same raw material. Technology of pottery production considers: (1) preparation of clay paste (mixing of clay with different temper material) ; (2) modelling techniques ; (3) firing methods ; and (4) styles of decoration. The purpose of investigation is to define to which extent technological processes were conditioned by economic, social or traditional factor, i.e. to which extent they were matter of choice. Different archaeometric analyses (mineralogical, petrographic and chemical) of pottery fragments were essential step in the reconstruction of the technological process and their results indicate recipes for the clay mixture and the firing regime.

Vertikalna raspodjela elemenata u tragovima u tlu na zagrebačkom području opsežno je istraživana u okviru više projekata (ROMIĆ & ROMIĆ, 2003 ; ROMIĆ et al., 2007) kako bi se pokušala definirati njihova mobilnost kroz tlo u podzemnu vodu. Rezultati navedenih istraživanja pokazala su da koncentracije olova, cinka, kroma i bakra variraju s dubinom. Većina istraživanja kakvoće podzemne vode u okviru zagrebačkog vodonosnog sustava, obuhvaćalo je istraživanje utjecaja odlagališta Jakuševec na podzemne vode (NAKIĆ et al., 2007) te istraživanja na području budućeg crpilišta Črnkovec i Kosnica (NAKIĆ, 2003). Na području Jakuševca, NAKIĆ et al. (2007) su utvrdili da visoke koncentracije elemenata u tragovima pokazuju da se u reduktivnim uvjetima aluvija metali snažno otpuštaju. DAS et al. (2013) napravili su sorpcijski eksperiment kako bi uz pomoć aluvijalnog tla rijeke Bhagirathi uklonili bakar iz otopine. Zaključili su kako se najveća sorpcija bakra odvija pri uvjetima pH od 2 do 6. Za modeliranje transporta onečišćivala u nesaturiranoj zoni bitni su procesi sorpcije (adsorpcija, apsorpcija i ionska zamjena). U svrhu određivanja sorpcije elemenata u tragovima u ovom slučaju bakra napravljen je eksperiment na uzorcima tla u laboratoriju. Ovim eksperimentom dobili su se linearni Freundlich-ovi sorpcijski koeficijenti distribucije (Kd). Najveći Freundlich-ov koeficijent distribucije određen je u prvom horizontu što je u podudarnosti sa sorpcijom bakra. Efekt sorpcije potencijalno toksičnih elemenata pod utjecajem je kapaciteta kationske zamjene (CEC), pH tla, redoks potencijala, sadržaja glinovite komponente, tipa minerala glina, sadržaja organske tvari, željezno manganskih oksihidroksida i karbonata (BRADL, 2004). IRHA et al. (2009) su izvršili eksperiment sorpcijskog kapaciteta određenih elemenata (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr) na pet vrsta Estonskih tla. Njihovi rezultati pokazuju dobru korelaciju s linearnim Freundlich-ovim izotermama. Iz sorpcijskog eksperimenta može se zaključiti da bakar u aluvijalnom tlu na lokaciji Kosnica ima linearan trend rasta s povećanjem koncentracije. Od svih šest horizonata najbrže rastući trend ima najplići horizont, koji je ujedno i najmanje gustoće te prahovito-ilovaste teksture. Postepeno svaki dublji horizont ima sve blaži trend rasta. Zadnji horizont pokazuje veći trend zbog toga što je ilovasto-pjeskovite teksture dok su ostali horizonti prahovito-ilovasti, pa je sorpcija veća u horizontu s manjim zrnima. S određenim parametrima transporta onečišćivala napravljen je prognozni model korištenjem HYDRUS 1D softvera. Prognozni numerički model transporta bakra u tlu na istraživanom području simuliran je za 2005. godinu. S obzirom na pretpostavljene početne koncentracije elemenata (1 mg/cm3) na vrhu profila, na dnu profila modelom se dobila koncentracija od oko 0, 01 mg/cm3 kroz godinu dana. Propisana granična vrijednost prema Pravilniku o parametrima sukladnosti i metodama analize vode za ljudsku potrošnju (NN125/13) za bakar iznosi 2 mg/l, odnosno 0, 002 mg/cm3. Ukoliko se usporedi dobivena koncentracija bakra prognoznim modelom transporta na dnu profila tla, odnosno na granici s otvorenim vodonosnikom, sa MDK granicom iz pravilnika onda se može zaključiti da postoji velika opasnost od onečišćenja bakrom na istraživanoj lokaciji. Kod interpretacije rezultata modela transporta bakra kroz nesaturiranu zonu potrebno je imati na umu pretpostavke koje su definirane da bi se mogli ostvariti postavljeni ciljevi prognoznog numeričkog modela. Temeljem rezultata sorpcijskog eksperimenta u laboratoriju utvrđene su linearne sorpcijske izoterme sa izuzetno dobrim faktorima korelacije preko 0, 99 za svaki horizont. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate iz prognoznog modela transporta bakra sa površine profila, može se zaključiti da će se oko 1% od početne koncentracije bakra transportirati do podzemne vode. Uspoređujući MDK granice pravilnika za bakar s dobivenim podacima, može se zaključiti da postoji velika opasnost od onečišćenja podzemne vode na istraživanoj lokaciji. U slučaju potencijalnih akcidentnih situacija izlijevanja otopine bakra koncentracije 1000 mg/l, rizik onečišćenja vodonosnika je visok. Laboratorijska istraživanja unutar ovog rada obuhvatila su samo absorpcijski dio sorpcijskog eksperimenta. U nekim budućim istraživanjima trebalo bi napraviti i desorpciju, te usporediti sa ovim dobivenim rezultatima.

Geological materials are significant part of archaeological findings. They can be found unchanged or slightly changed (eg. in the form of jewellery, simple tools, pigments). On the other hand, they can be significantly altered forming man-made materials (eg. glass, ceramics). The main goals of this presentation are: (1) to classify different geological materials such as minerals, rocks, soils, sediments and ores, and present their usage in ancient times ; (2) to describe their occurrences and availability in the nature with emphasis on the area of today’s Croatia and south-eastern Europe ; (3) to describe their characteristics which made them raw materials, as well as their changes during technological processes ; and (4) to describe tools for provenance determinations. Purpose of the presentation is to acquaint archaeological audience with the possibilities and problems of provenance analysis.

Analysis of ceramics artefacts may disclose a social, economic and political context of the specific area and period being studied. The subject of this study is ceramic material, found in Stari Mikanovci, which belonged to different prehistoric cultures that lived and rebuilt on the same spot forming a mound (tell Damića gradina). This multi- layered tell site represents a very good example of settling continuity from the Neolithic to the beginning of the Roman period. It was occupied during Sopot, Baden, Vučedol, Vinkovci and Bosut culture, and ends with fortified settlement in the last phase of the middle La Tène period (second half of the first century). The main goal of the study is reconstruction of technological processes of pottery production in different cultures that lived in the same place during approx. 6000 years and used the same raw material. Technology of pottery production considers: (1) preparation of clay paste (mixing of clay with different temper material) ; (2) modelling techniques ; (3) firing methods ; and (4) styles of decoration. The purpose of investigation is to define to which extent technological processes were conditioned by economic, social or traditional factor, i.e. to which extent they were matter of choice. Different archaeometric analyses (mineralogical, petrographic and chemical) of pottery fragments were essential step in the reconstruction of the technological process and their results indicate recipes for the clay mixture and the firing regime.

An urban geochemical research was carried out in the Sisak city and its surroundings to determine the concentration, spatial distribution and sources of the elements in the soil. Composite samples were taken in the topsoil layer (0 -10 cm). Multivariate statistics was performed for clarifying the element sources in this layer. Factor analysis yielded 8 factors: 4 anthropogenic, 2 geogenic and 2 mixed ones. The main influence at the urban and rural soils composition was by parent material and anthropogenic input in the old part of the city, along roads and railways and in the industrial areas. The results pointed out that soils are very good sink for collecting and accumulating trace elements in the long-lasting urban and industrial areas.