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1. Foundations of plasma standards

Author: Luís L Alves, Markus M Becker, Jan van Dijk, Timo Gans, David B Go, Katharina Stapelmann, Jonathan Tennyson, Miles M Turner, and Mark J Kushner
Subjects: data and reaction mechanisms, standard plasma sources, plasma diagnostics, verification and validation, plasma dose, Condensed Matter Physics, open source codes, standards and best practice
Abstract: The field of low-temperature plasmas (LTPs) excels by virtue of its broad intellectual diversity, interdisciplinarity and range of applications. This great diversity also challenges researchers in communicating the outcomes of their investigations, as common practices and expectations for reporting vary widely in the many disciplines that either fall under the LTP umbrella or interact closely with LTP topics. These challenges encompass comparing measurements made in different laboratories, exchanging and sharing computer models, enabling reproducibility in experiments and computations using traceable and transparent methods and data, establishing metrics for reliability, and in translating fundamental findings to practice. In this paper, we address these challenges from the perspective of LTP standards for measurements, diagnostics, computations, reporting and plasma sources. This discussion on standards, or recommended best practices, and in some cases suggestions for standards or best practices, has the goal of improving communication, reproducibility and transparency within the LTP field and fields allied with LTPs. This discussion also acknowledges that standards and best practices, either recommended or at some point enforced, are ultimately a matter of judgment. These standards and recommended practices should not limit innovation nor prevent research breakthroughs from having real-time impact. Ultimately, the goal of our research community is to advance the entire LTP field and the many applications it touches through a shared set of expectations.
Published: 2023
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2. Spatial Temperature Profile in a Magnetised Capacitively Coupled Discharge

Author: Shikha BINWAL, Jay K JOSHI, Shantanu Kumar KARKARI, Predhiman Krishan KAW, Lekha NAIR, Huw LEGGATE, Aoife SOMERS, and Miles M TURNER
Subjects: Emissive probe, electron temperature, transverse magnetic field, capacitive coupled discharge, Technology (General), T1-995, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: A floating emissive probe has been used to obtain the spatial electron temperature (Te) profile in a 13.56 MHz parallel plate capacitive coupled plasma. The effect of an external transverse magnetic field and pressure on the electron temperature profile has been discussed. In the un-magnetised case, the bulk region of the plasma has a uniform Te. Upon application of the magnetic field, the Te profile becomes non-uniform and skewed. With increase in pressure, there is an overall reduction in electron temperature. The regions adjacent to the electrodes witnessed a higher temperature than the bulk for both cases. The emissive probe results have also been compared with particle-in-cell simulation results for the un-magnetised case.
Published: 2018
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3. Precise definition of a ‘monolayer point’ in polymer brush films for fabricating highly coherent TiO2 thin films by vapor phase Infiltration

Author: Ross Lundy, Stephen Daniels, Jim Conway, Andrew Selkirk, Michael A. Morris, J. Bogan, Cian Cummins, P.G. Mani-Gonzalez, Matthew Snelgrove, G. Hughes, Caitlin McFeely, Robert O'Connor, Enda McGlynn, Eleanor Mullen, Miles M. Turner, Nadezda Prochukhan, Elsa C. Giraud, Tom F. O'Mahony, and Pravind K. Yadav
Subjects: Materials science, Plasma processing, Vapor phase, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Polymer brush, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monolayer, Electrochemistry, Nanotechnology, General Materials Science, Thin film, Materials, Spectroscopy, Polymer, Film, Vapor, Phase, Infiltration, chemistry.chemical_classification, business.industry, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Spectrum analysis, 0104 chemical sciences, Semiconductor, chemistry, Semiconductors, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: In this work, we show that in order to fabricate coherent titania (TiO2) films with precise thickness control, it is critical to generate a complete polymer brush monolayer. To date, demonstrations of such dense polymer monolayer formation that can be utilized for inorganic infiltration have been elusive. We describe a versatile bottom-up approach to covalently and rapidly (60 s processing) graft hydroxyl-terminated poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP-OH) polymers on silicon substrates. P2VP-OH monolayer films of varying thicknesses can subsequently be used to fabricate high-quality TiO2 films. Our innovative strategy is based upon room-temperature titanium vapor-phase infiltration of the grafted P2VP-OH polymer brushes that can produce TiO2 nanofilms of 2–4 nm thicknesses. Crucial parameters are explored, including molecular weight and solution concentration for grafting dense P2VP-OH monolayers from the liquid phase with high coverage and uniformity across wafer-scale areas (>2 cm2). Additionally, we compare the P2VP-OH polymer systems with another reactive polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate)-OH, and a relatively nonreactive polymer, poly(styrene)-OH. Furthermore, we prove the latter to be effective for surface blocking and deactivation. We show a simple process to graft monolayers for polymers that are weakly interacting with one another but more challenging for reactive systems. Our methodology provides new insight into the rapid grafting of polymer brushes and their ability to form TiO2 films. We believe that the results described herein are important for further expanding the use of reactive and unreactive polymers for fields including area-selective deposition, solar cell absorber layers, and antimicrobial surface coatings.
Published: 2020

4. High frequency sheath modulation and higher harmonic generation in a low pressure very high frequency capacitively coupled plasma excited by sawtooth waveform

Author: Nishant Sirse, Sarveshwar Sharma, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Sawtooth wave, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Plasmas, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Ionization, Harmonics, 0103 physical sciences, Harmonic, High harmonic generation, Capacitively coupled plasma, Atomic physics, Electron cooling
Abstract: A particle-in-cell simulation study is performed to investigate the discharge asymmetry, higher harmonic generations and electron heating mechanism in a low pressure capacitively coupled plasma excited by a saw-tooth like current waveform for different driving frequencies; 13.56 MHz, 27.12 MHz, and 54.24 MHz. Two current densities, 50 A m−2 and 100 A m−2 are chosen for a constant gas pressure of 5 mTorr in argon plasma. At a lower driving frequency, high frequency modulations on the instantaneous sheath electric field near to the grounded electrode are observed. These high frequency oscillations create multiple ionization beam like structures near to the sheath edge that drives the plasma density in the discharge and responsible for discharge/ionization asymmetry at lower driving frequency. Conversely, the electrode voltage shows higher harmonics generation at higher driving frequencies and corresponding electric field transients are observed into the bulk plasma. At lower driving frequency, the electron heating is maximum near to the sheath edge followed by electron cooling within plasma bulk, however, alternate heating and cooling i.e. burst like structures are obtained at higher driving frequencies. These results suggest that electron heating in these discharges will not be described accurately by simple analytical models.
Published: 2020

5. Driving frequency effect on discharge parameters and higher harmonic generation in capacitive discharges at constant power densities

Author: Miles M. Turner, Animesh Kuley, Sarveshwar Sharma, Nishant Sirse, and Abhijit Sen
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Electron density, education.field_of_study, Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Distribution function, Plasmas, Physics::Plasma Physics, Harmonics, 0103 physical sciences, Electron temperature, High harmonic generation, Atomic physics, education, Power density
Abstract: Very high frequency (VHF) driven capacitive discharges are now being increasingly adopted for plasma-based materials processing due to their high processing rates and lower substrate damage. Past studies related to complex plasma dynamics and higher harmonics generation in such systems were limited to constant voltage/current conditions, whereas, industrial systems are mostly driven by constant power density sources. In the present study, using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, we explore the dynamics of collisionless symmetric capacitive discharges that is operated at constant power densities. Our focus is on the effect of the driving frequency on the discharge parameters like the electron density/temperature, the electron energy distribution function (EEDF), the ion energy distribution function (IEDF), and the generation of higher harmonics in the device. The simulations are performed for a driving frequency from 27.12 to 100 MHz in argon plasma at a gas pressure of 1 Pa and for two values of the power density, namely, 2 kW m−3 and 20 kW m−3. It is observed that the required discharge voltage for maintaining constant power density decreases and discharge current increases with an increase in the driving frequency. A transition frequency is observed at both power densities. The density decreases (electron temperature increases) before the transition frequency and the trend is reversed after crossing the transition frequency. The EEDF shows an enhancement in the population of the mid-energy range of electrons as the driving frequency increases up to the transition frequency thereby changing the shape of EEDF from bi-Maxwellian to nearly Maxwellian, and then transforms into a nearly bi-Maxwellian at higher driving frequencies. The IEDF at the electrode surface shows bimodal behaviour at a lower driving frequency, becoming more pronounced at a power density of 20 kW m−3, and then turning into a single energy peak. The corresponding maximum ion energy is found to decrease with driving frequency.
Published: 2020

6. Dynamics of scrape-off layer filaments in detached conditions

Author: H. J. Leggate, Miles M. Turner, Fulvio Militello, Nick Walkden, Benjamin Daniel Dudson, and D. Schworer
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Dynamics (mechanics), FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Mechanics, macromolecular substances, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Radial velocity, Protein filament, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Layer (electronics)
Abstract: The here presented work studies the dynamics of filaments using 3D fluid simulations in the presence of detached background profiles. It was found that evolving the neutrals on the time-scale of the filament did not have a significant impact on the dynamics of the filament. In general a decreasing filament velocity with increasing plasma background density has been observed, with the exception of detachment onset, where a temporarily increase in radial velocity occurs. The decreasing trend with temporary increase was found for filaments around the critical size and larger, while smaller filaments where less affected by detachment. With detachment the critical filament size increased, as larger filaments were faster in detached conditions. This breaks the trend of attached conditions, where the critical size decreases with increasing density.
Published: 2019

7. Ion energy distribution function in very high frequency capacitive discharges excited by saw-tooth waveform

Author: Nishant Sirse, Sarveshwar Sharma, Animesh Kuley, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Amplitude, Plasmas, Physics::Plasma Physics, Excited state, Waveform, Capacitively coupled plasma, Atomic physics, Current density, Plasma processing, Excitation
Abstract: Tailoring the ion energy distribution function (IEDF) is vital for advanced plasma processing applications. Capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) discharges excited using a non-sinusoidal waveform have shown its capability to control IEDF through the generation of plasma asymmetry and DC self-bias. In this paper, we performed a particle-in-cell simulation study to investigate the IEDF in a symmetric capacitive discharge excited by a saw-tooth-like current waveform at a very high frequency. At a constant driving frequency of 27.12 MHz, the simulation results predict that the ion energy asymmetry in the discharge scales with the discharge current amplitude. A transition from a single narrow ion energy peak to a bi-modal type IEDF is observed with an increase in the current density amplitude. Further studies at a constant current density and varying the fundamental excitation frequency show that the ion energy asymmetry enhances with a reduction in the driving frequency. Increase in the plasma asymmetry and significant DC self-bias at a lower driving frequency is observed to be one of the principal factors responsible for the observed asymmetry in the ion energy peaks. An investigation of DC self-bias and plasma potential confirms that the powered electrode energy peak corresponds to the DC self-bias with respect to the plasma potential, and the grounded electrode peak corresponds to the plasma potential. These results suggest that although lower driving frequency is beneficial for generating the discharge asymmetry and large DC self-bias, a narrow low energy IEDF is plausible in very high frequency driven CCP systems.
Published: 2021

8. Influence of select discharge parameters on electric field transients triggered in collisionless very high frequency capacitive discharges

Author: Sarveshwar Sharma, Miles M. Turner, Abhijit Sen, Albert R. Ellingboe, and Nishant Sirse
Subjects: Physics, Range (particle radiation), Capacitive sensing, Very high frequency, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Space (mathematics), collisionless, capacitive discharges, very high frequency, electric field transients, particle-in-cel, Computational physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Plasmas, Electric field, Physics::Space Physics, Electrode, Voltage
Abstract: Self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of discharge voltage, driving frequency, and the extent of the electrode gap on the formation of electric field transients. The shape of the electron energy distribution function into the bulk plasma and the nature of the mode transition in plasma density are presented for the driving frequency range of 27.12 MHz to 80 MHz. The present results, taken in conjunction with our previous study [Sharma et al., Phys. Plasmas 23, 110701 (2016)] that only looked at the driving frequency dependence in collisionless capacitive Ar discharges, provide a comprehensive and detailed account of the dynamics of such discharges over a multiparameter operational space.Self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of discharge voltage, driving frequency, and the extent of the electrode gap on the formation of electric field transients. The shape of the electron energy distribution function into the bulk plasma and the nature of the mode transition in plasma density are presented for the driving frequency range of 27.12 MHz to 80 MHz. The present results, taken in conjunction with our previous study [Sharma et al., Phys. Plasmas 23, 110701 (2016)] that only looked at the driving frequency dependence in collisionless capacitive Ar discharges, provide a comprehensive and detailed account of the dynamics of such discharges over a multiparameter operational space.
Published: 2019

9. Electric field non-linearity in very high frequency capacitive discharges at constant electron plasma frequency

Author: Sarveshwar Sharma, Nishant Sirse, Animesh Kuley, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Materials science, Capacitive sensing, FOS: Physical sciences, Very high frequency, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma oscillation, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nonlinear system, Plasmas, Physics::Plasma Physics, Electric field, Particle-in-cell, Atomic physics, Constant (mathematics)
Abstract: A self-consistent particle-in-cell simulation study is performed to investigate the effect of driving frequency on the electric field non-linearity, electron heating mechanism and electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in a low pressure symmetric capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) discharge at a constant electron plasma frequency. The driving frequency is varied from 27.12 MHz to 100 MHz for a discharge gap of 3.2 cm in argon at a gas pressure of 1 Pa. The simulation results provide insight of higher harmonic generations in a CCP system for a constant electron response time. The spatio-temporal evolution and spatial time averaged electron heating is presented for different driving frequencies. The simulation results predict that the electric field non-linearity increases with a rise in driving frequency along with a concurrent increase in higher harmonic contents. In addition to the electron heating and cooling near to the sheath edge a positive is observed in to the bulk plasma at higher driving frequencies. The EEDF illustrate enhancement in the population of mid-energy range electrons as driving frequency increases thereby changing the shape of EEDF from bi-Maxwellian to nearly Maxwellian. For the constant ion flux on the electrode surface, a decrease in the ion energy by more than half is observed with an increase in driving frequency., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2019

10. Electric field filamentation and higher harmonic generation in a very high frequency capacitive discharges

Author: Jong-Shinn Wu, Miles M. Turner, A. B. Sen, Sarveshwar Sharma, and Nishant Sirse
Subjects: Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, business.industry, Capacitive sensing, capacitively coupled plasmas, electric field transients, stochastic heating, particle-in-cell simulation, FOS: Physical sciences, Very high frequency, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Filamentation, Physics::Plasma Physics, Plasmas, Electric field, High harmonic generation, Optoelectronics, business, Electron energy distribution function
Abstract: The effects of the discharge voltage on the formation and nature of electric field transients in a symmetric, collisionless, very high frequency, capacitively coupled plasma are studied using a self-consistent particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code. At a driving frequency of 60 MHz and 5 mTorr of argon gas pressure, the discharge voltage is varied from 10V to 150 V for a fixed discharge gap. It is observed that an increase in the discharge voltage causes filamentation in the electric field transients and to create multiple higher harmonics in the bulk plasma. Correspondingly, higher harmonics, up to 7th harmonic, in the discharge current are also observed. The power in the higher harmonics increases with a rise in the discharge voltage. The plasma density continues to increase with the discharge voltage but in a non-linear manner, whereas, the bulk electron temperature decreases. Meanwhile, the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) evolves from a Maxwellian at lower discharge voltages to a bi-Maxwellian at higher discharge voltages.
Published: 2019

11. Influence of plasma background on 3D scrape-off layer filaments

Author: Turlough P. Downes, Fulvio Militello, H. J. Leggate, Nick Walkden, Ben Dudson, D. Schworer, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Electron density, Materials science, Dynamics (mechanics), FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, macromolecular substances, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Protein filament, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes, Density dependence, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Filament propagation, Electron temperature, 010306 general physics, Layer (electronics)
Abstract: This paper presents the effect of self-consistent plasma backgrounds including plasma-neutral interactions, on the dynamics of filament propagation. The principle focus is on the influence of the neutrals on the filament through both direct interactions and through their influence on the plasma background. Both direct and indirect interactions influence the motion of filaments. A monotonic increase of filament peak velocity with upstream electron temperature is observed, while a decrease with increasing electron density is observed. If ordered by the target temperature, the density dependence disappears and the filament velocity is only a function of the target temperature. Smaller filaments keep a density dependence, as a result of the density dependence of the plasma viscosity. The critical size $\delta^*$, where filaments are fastest, is shifted to larger sizes for higher densities, due to the plasma viscosity. If the density dependence of the plasma viscosity is removed, $\delta^*$ has no temperature dependence, but rather a density dependence.
Published: 2018

12. Experimental investigation of electron heating modes in capacitively coupled radio-frequency oxygen discharge

Author: Sean Kelly, Stephen Daniels, S K Babu, Miles M. Turner, S Kechkar, and P Swift
Subjects: Imagination, Thesaurus (information retrieval), Materials science, Chemical substance, media_common.quotation_subject, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Oxygen, Search engine, symbols.namesake, chemistry, symbols, Langmuir probe, Radio frequency, Atomic physics, Science, technology and society, media_common
Published: 2019

13. Foundations of modelling of nonequilibrium low-temperature plasmas

Author: Miles M. Turner, Vasco Guerra, Annemie Bogaerts, and Luís L Alves
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Chemistry, Quantum electrodynamics, 0103 physical sciences, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Abstract: This work explains the need for plasma models, introduces arguments for choosing the type of model that better fits the purpose of each study, and presents the basics of the most common nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma models and the information available from each one, along with an extensive list of references for complementary in-depth reading. The paper presents the following models, organised according to the level of multi-dimensional description of the plasma: kinetic models, based on either a statistical particle-in-cell/Monte-Carlo approach or the solution to the Boltzmann equation (in the latter case, special focus is given to the description of the electron kinetics); multi-fluid models, based on the solution to the hydrodynamic equations; global (spatially-average) models, based on the solution to the particle and energy rate-balance equations for the main plasma species, usually including a very complete reaction chemistry; mesoscopic models for plasmasurface interaction, adopting either a deterministic approach or a stochastic dynamical Monte-Carlo approach. For each plasma model, the paper puts forward the physics context, introduces the fundamental equations, presents advantages and limitations, also from a numerical perspective, and illustrates its application with some examples. Whenever pertinent, the interconnection between models is also discussed, in view of multi-scale hybrid approaches.
Published: 2018

14. Plasma density and ion energy control via driving frequency and applied voltage in a low pressure capacitively coupled plasma discharge

Author: Albert R. Ellingboe, Sarveshwar Sharma, Nishant Sirse, Miles M. Turner, and Abhijit Sen
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Monte Carlo method, Mode (statistics), FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Capacitively coupled plasma, Atomic physics, Constant (mathematics), Plasma processing, Voltage, Parametric statistics
Abstract: The dynamical characteristics of a single frequency low pressure capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) device under varying applied RF voltages and driving frequencies are studied using particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision simulations. An operational regime is identified where for a given voltage the plasma density is found to remain constant over a range of driving frequencies and to then increase rapidly as a function of the driving frequency. The threshold frequency for this mode transition as well as the value of the constant density is found to increase with an increase in the applied voltage. Over the constant density range, for a given voltage, the sheath width is seen to increase as a function of the increasing driving frequency, thereby changing the ion energy without affecting the ion density. Our parametric study thus indicates that the twin knobs of the applied voltage and driving frequency offer a means of independently controlling the density and the ion energy in a low pressure CCP device that may be usefully exploited for plasma processing applications., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2018
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15. Investigations of Droplet-Plasma Interaction using Multi-Dimensional Coupled Model

Author: Miles M. Turner and Muhammad M. Iqbal
Subjects: Coalescence (physics), Materials science, technology, industry, and agriculture, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Surface coating, chemistry, Chemical physics, Penning ionization, Vaporization, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Two-phase flow, Helium
Abstract: Recently developed multi-dimensional coupled fluid-droplet model is used to investigate the behavior of complex interaction between the liquid precursor droplets and atmospheric pressure plasma (APP). The significance of this droplet-plasma interaction is not well understood under diverse realm of working conditions in two-phase flow. In this study, we explain the implication of vaporization of liquid droplets in APP which are subsequently responsible to control major characteristics of surface coating depositions. Coalescence of water droplets is more dominant than Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) droplets because of its sluggish rate of evaporation. A disparity in the performance of evaporation is identified in two independent mediums, such as gas mixture and discharge plasma using HMDSO precursor. The length of evaporation of droplets is amplified by an increment of gas flow rate indicating with a reduction in the gas temperature and electron mean energy. In particular, the spatio-temporal density distributions of charged particles show a clear pattern in which the typical nitrogen impurity ions are primarily effective as compared to other helium ionic species along the pulse of droplets in APP. Finally, we contrast the behavior of discharge species in the pure helium and He-N2 gas mixtures revealing the importance of stepwise and Penning ionization processes. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Published: 2015

16. Two-Dimensional Integrated Model for Interaction of Liquid Droplets with Atmospheric Pressure Plasma

Author: Muhammad M. Iqbal, Denis P. Dowling, Miles M. Turner, and Charlie P. Stallard
Subjects: Coalescence (physics), endocrine system, Hexamethyldisiloxane, Polymers and Plastics, Computer simulation, technology, industry, and agriculture, Analytical chemistry, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, complex mixtures, eye diseases, Tetraethyl orthosilicate, Volumetric flow rate, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Chemical physics, Two-phase flow
Abstract: Interaction between the liquid precursor droplets and non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) is identified as an important mechanism in two-phase flow. In this study, a two-dimensional integrated fluid-droplet model is developed to explore the behavior of this interaction under similar operating conditions of an experiment performed using PlasmaStream system. The evaporation of droplets is recognized as a primary mechanism in APP; however, the mutual interactions, such as grazing and coalescence between the droplets are dominant in the limit of higher precursor flow rates (>100 μL min−1). The spatio-temporal profiles of discharge plasma are contrasted by considering the effect of various liquid precursors, such as Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), nHexane, Tetraethyl orthosilicate and water in order to illustrate their significance during droplet-plasma interaction. In particular, we investigated the enhancement of evaporation of droplets by the increment of gas flow rates. Finally, the size distribution of HMDSO droplets measured with the experiment is compared with the results of the fluid-droplet model to provide the authenticity of numerical simulation outcomes.
Published: 2015

17. Three-Dimensional Fluid Model for Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma

Author: Muhammad M. Iqbal and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, Plasma cleaning, Atmospheric pressure, Filamentation, Chemistry, Phase (matter), Dielectric barrier discharge, Electron, Plasma, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Instability, Molecular physics
Abstract: We developed a three-dimensional fluid model to investigate the evolution of filamentation during the breakdown phase in an atmospheric pressure DBD plasma. Filamentation is a major source of instability in DBD plasma and it develops frequently under distinct conditions. In this study, we explore the dynamic behavior of filaments under the influence of overvoltage and driving frequency. The filamentary profile of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge is suppressed in the breakdown phase when the frequency varies in the specified domain (2.5–25 kHz) in He-N2 gas mixture. In particular, we contrast the spatial profiles of discharge parameters in the case of uniform and non-uniform discharge plasma. The trapping mechanism of electrons is identified only at higher frequencies (>50 kHz) than small frequencies in the uniform DBD plasma. This simulation study describes the importance of three-dimensional modeling for the understanding of the filamentary and uniform discharge plasmas in the breakdown phase.
Published: 2015

18. Influence of Gap Spacing between Dielectric Barriers in Atmospheric Pressure Discharges

Author: Miles M. Turner and Muhammad M. Iqbal
Subjects: Glow discharge, Materials science, chemistry, Plasma cleaning, Atmospheric pressure, Penning ionization, chemistry.chemical_element, Dielectric barrier discharge, Plasma, Dielectric, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Helium
Abstract: The breakdown activity in helium atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is strongly modified by introducing small impurities (nitrogen (N2) and air in ppm), although its precise implications for the behavior of discharge plasma is not evident under several constraints. In this simulation study, we investigate the influence of gap spacing between the dielectric barriers to explore the dynamic modification in the structure of discharge plasma in distinct phases of the discharge current pulse using a two-dimensional fluid model in He-air gas mixture. Specifically, the impact of nitrogen and air impurities is contrasted by exploring the spatial distributions of electrons in the breakdown phase under similar operating conditions. The filamentary mode of DBD plasma in He-N2 is transformed into uniform glow discharge in He-air gas mixture by the dominant effect of Penning ionization. Finally, the outcomes of two-dimensional fluid model are validated by comparing with three-dimensional fluid model to provide the reliability of numerical simulations. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Published: 2015

19. Effect of Mass and Charge of Ionic Species on Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Transient Electric Field in CCP Discharges

Author: Shantanu Karkari, Sarveshwar Sharma, S. K. Mishra, Miles M. Turner, and Predhiman Kaw
Subjects: Materials science, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Ionic potential, Physics::Plasma Physics, Electric field, Ionic bonding, Charge (physics), Plasma, Transient (oscillation), Condensed Matter Physics, Molecular physics, Excitation, Ion
Abstract: The formation of capacitive sheath and existence of the transition electric field between sheath edge and bulk plasma in RF-CCP discharge is predicted (PRL 89, 265006 2002); such structures are sensitive to the plasma composition. On the basis of semi-infinite particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation the effect of charge and mass of ionic species on the spatio-temporal evolution of the transient electric field and phase mixing phenomena in linear and weakly nonlinear regime has been explored. As an important feature, the simulation results predict that the maximum amplitude of the transient electric field decreases with increasing ionic mass and charge; further the sheath width increases with increasing ionic mass while follow opposite trend with increasing ionic charge. The excitation of wave like structures in the transition region and efficient energy transport to the bulk region of CCP discharges in a nonlinear regime has also been predicted. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Published: 2015

20. Influence of plasma background including neutrals on scrape-off layer filaments using 3D simulations

Author: D. Schworer, Turlough P. Downes, Nick Walkden, H. J. Leggate, Fulvio Militello, Miles M. Turner, and Benjamin Daniel Dudson
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fusion, Chemistry, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Plasma, macromolecular substances, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Quantitative Biology::Cell Behavior, Protein filament, Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Neutral density filter, Layer (electronics)
Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of the plasma background, including neutrals in a self-consistent way, on filaments in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of fusion devices. A strong dependency of filament motion on background density and temperature is observed. The radial filament motion shows an increase in velocity with decreasing background density and increasing background temperature. In the simulations presented here, three neutral-filament interaction models have been compared, one with a static neutral background, one with no interaction between filaments and neutrals, and one co-evolving the neutrals self consistently with the filaments. With the background conditions employed here, which do not show detachment, there are no significant effects of neutrals on filaments, as by the time the filament reaches maximum velocity, the neutral density has not changed significantly.
Published: 2017
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21. The 2017 Plasma Roadmap: Low temperature plasma science and technology

Author: M.C.M. van de Sanden, Vittorio Colombo, S. Mededovic Thagard, Brendan A. Niemira, Nigel J. Mason, Hans-Robert Metelmann, Mark A. Cappelli, Seiji Samukawa, David B. Graves, Leanne Pitchford, Pietro Favia, Osamu Sakai, Annemie Bogaerts, Satoshi Hamaguchi, Uwe Czarnetzki, Igor Kaganovich, Armelle Vardelle, Gary M. Hieftje, James Gary Eden, Jonathan Tennyson, Shahid Rauf, Uwe Kortshagen, Gottlieb S. Oehrlein, Igor Adamovich, Svetlana Starikovskaia, Anthony B. Murphy, Eric Moreau, Ute Ebert, Scott D. Baalrud, Mark J. Kushner, Stéphane Mazouffre, Masaru Hori, Kazuo Terashima, A. Mizuno, Peter Bruggeman, Miles M. Turner, Yi Kang Pu, Z. Lj. Petrović, Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], University College of London [London] (UCL), Axe 2 : procédés plasmas et lasers (SPCTS-AXE2), Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Adamovich, I., Baalrud, S.D., Bogaerts, A., Bruggeman, P.J., Cappelli, M., Colombo, V., Czarnetzki, U., Ebert, U., Eden, J.G., Favia, P., Graves, D.B., Hamaguchi, S., Hieftje, G., Hori, M., Kaganovich, I.D., Kortshagen, U., Kushner, M.J., Mason, N.J., Mazouffre, S., Thagard, S. Mededovic, Metelmann, H.-R., Mizuno, A., Moreau, E., Murphy, A.B., Niemira, B.A., Oehrlein, G.S., Petrovic, Z Lj, Pitchford, L.C., Pu, Y.-K., Rauf, S., Sakai, O., Samukawa, S., Starikovskaia, S., Tennyson, J., Terashima, K., Turner, M.M., Van De Sanden, M.C.M., Vardelle, A., Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Material, Low temperature plasma, Nanotechnology, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physic, Condensed Matter Physics, Acoustics and Ultrasonic, 01 natural sciences, Field (computer science), 010305 fluids & plasmas, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Chemistry, Mathematics::Probability, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Systems engineering, low-temperature plasma, roadmap, Science, technology and society, plasma
Abstract: I Adamovich et al 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 323001, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics published the first Plasma Roadmap in 2012 consisting of the individual perspectives of 16 leading experts in the various sub-fields of low temperature plasma science and technology. The 2017 Plasma Roadmap is the first update of a planned series of periodic updates of the Plasma Roadmap. The continuously growing interdisciplinary nature of the low temperature plasma field and its equally broad range of applications are making it increasingly difficult to identify major challenges that encompass all of the many sub-fields and applications. This intellectual diversity is ultimately a strength of the field. The current state of the art for the 19 sub-fields addressed in this roadmap demonstrates the enviable track record of the low temperature plasma field in the development of plasmas as an enabling technology for a vast range of technologies that underpin our modern society. At the same time, the many important scientific and technological challenges shared in this roadmap show that the path forward is not only scientifically rich but has the potential to make wide and far reaching contributions to many societal challenges.
Published: 2017

22. Overview of the JET results in support to ITER

Author: Alfredo Pironti, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, Sean Conroy, J. Uljanovs, D. Middleton-Gear, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, R. McAdams, Nicholas Watkins, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, A. Garcia-Carrasco, K. Gałązka, D. Nodwell, Pasquale Gaudio, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, C. Boyd, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Igor Lengar, Jarrod Leddy, Hiroyasu Utoh, J. H. Ahn, A. Stevens, J. Lönnroth, U. Kruezi, C. Guillemaut, N. Fonnesu, W. Studholme, Marek Rubel, P. Cahyna, O. McCormack, A. S. Jacobsen, D. Mazon, Gunta Kizane, N. Ashikawa, William Tang, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, Thomas Giegerich, G. Petravich, Angela Busse, Corneliu Porosnicu, M. Bigi, M. Wheatley, Christopher N. Bowman, J. Zacks, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, B. Bauvir, Stanislas Pamela, Sylvain Brémond, M.F. Stamp, Scott W. McIntosh, A. Rakha, S. Glöggler, V. Braic, C. Bottereau, S. Murphy, S. Knott, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, N. Vora, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, Gabriele Croci, M. Nocente, A. Hollingsworth, S. Reynolds, D. J. Wilson, D. D. Brown, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, E. Nilsson, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, E. Cecil, V. Huber, J. B. Girardo, Stylianos Varoutis, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, E. Safi, Ch. Day, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, A. Meigs, S. Esquembri, P. Gohil, K. Purahoo, Torbjörn Hellsten, N. Tipton, R. Guirlet, E. Joffrin, V. Aldred, Calin Besliu, M. Valentinuzzi, G. T. Jones, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, Laurent Marot, N. Lam, F. Crisanti, G. Verona Rinati, R. Marshal, Michael L. Brown, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, Michaele Freisinger, R. Olney, Jari Varje, S. Whetham, F. Parra Diaz, M. R. Hough, P. Dinca, F. Salzedas, A. Goodyear, R. Gowland, J. A. Wilson, J. Horacek, D. King, K. Flinders, I. R. Merrigan, M. Ghate, R. Michling, F. Saint-Laurent, G. Kocsis, D. Van Eester, C. Young, R. O. Dendy, A. Meakins, N. Pace, C. L. Hunter, D. Alegre, S. Foster, V. Riccardo, M. Bulman, C. Jeong, Marek Szawlowski, B. D. Whitehead, Vasily Kiptily, James Harrison, Hiroshi Tojo, G. T. A. Huijsmans, J. W. Coenen, X. Litaudon, Justin Williams, C. Hidalgo, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, A. W. Morris, R. Mooney, Yann Corre, S. Brezinsek, B. Gonçalves, M. Kresina, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, J. L. Gardarein, W. Davis, Aqsa Shabbir, Kanti M. Aggarwal, L. Colas, A. B. Kukushkin, Seppo Sipilä, Elisabeth Rachlew, Leena Aho-Mantila, O. G. Pompilian, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, P. Blanchard, Patrick Tamain, P. Camp, T. Szabolics, C. Luna, Kalle Heinola, H. G. Esser, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Hajime Urano, Roberta Lima Gomes, J.P. Coad, Th. Pütterich, A. Sinha, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, G. D. Ewart, F. S. Griph, T. Kobuchi, X. Lefebvre, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, S. Peschanyi, B. Graham, Giuseppe Telesca, M. Kempenaars, J. Bernardo, M. Hughes, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, T. J. Smith, P. Hertout, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Matthew Sibbald, Grégoire Hornung, C. Tame, Matthew Carr, S. Wray, P. T. Doyle, A. Somers, Giuseppe Chitarin, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, I. Jepu, David A. Wood, J. Miettunen, A. Sopplesa, Raffaele Fresa, S. Saarelma, M. Bacharis, J. Pozzi, P. Vallejos Olivares, Teddy Craciunescu, Raffaele Albanese, S. Knipe, Jason P. Byrne, A. C. C. Sips, S. Hazel, V. Kazantzidis, G. Stankūnas, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, C. Guerard, Pramit Dutta, J. E. Boom, Eduardo Alves, P. Grazier, Saskia Mordijck, V.S. Neverov, Kazuo Hoshino, A. P. Vadgama, P. D. Brennan, P. Innocente, Piergiorgio Sonato, M. Irishkin, M. Berry, D. W. Robson, Dieter Leichtle, Fabio Pisano, P. McCullen, T. M. Huddleston, Kensaku Kamiya, D. Pacella, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, B. Magesh, A. Ash, J. Mlynář, C. Castaldo, C. Marchetto, D. L. Hillis, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, E. Andersson Sundén, G. Ramogida, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, Yannis Kominis, R. Proudfoot, C. Noble, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Hugo Bufferand, C. H. A. Hogben, B. Evans, R. Sartori, H. Greuner, M. G. Dunne, K. Schöpf, M. I. K. Santala, E. Giovannozzi, A. E. Shevelev, C. Gil, P. Boulting, P. Sagar, A.E. Shumack, P. A. Coates, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, J. C. Giacalone, S. Meshchaninov, A. Peackoc, G. De Temmerman, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, P. Santa, Sergey Popovichev, Ivan Lupelli, M. Valovic, Thomas Johnson, Y. Martynova, M. Rack, Olivier Sauter, J. Garcia, P. Siren, I. Balboa, S. Lee, Hans Nordman, R. Roccella, M. Faitsch, Julien Hillairet, Patrick J. McCarthy, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, V. Coccorese, Ye. O. Kazakov, R. El-Jorf, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Matthias Weiszflog, C. F. Maggi, Panagiotis Tolias, N. C. Hawkes, E. Clark, Bruno Santos, B. Sieglin, R. Rodionov, Roch Kwiatkowski, P. Denner, C. Woodley, Hugh Summers, Francesco Pizzo, G. Pucella, D. Croft, F. Di Maio, M. Tomes, D. Molina, A. Fernades, L. Amicucci, Marco Cecconello, A. Bisoffi, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Wilkinson, H. Maier, S. Rowe, M. Beckers, P.J. Knight, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, K. Deakin, M. Enachescu, A. Cobalt, D. Tskhakaya Jun, Michela Gelfusa, Rémy Nouailletas, R. Ragona, N. Bonanomi, D. A. Homfray, K. Riddle, Yann Camenen, J. D. Thomas, R.P. Doerner, Timothy P. Robinson, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, D. Pulley, A. Bécoulet, E. Tholerus, O. Bogar, M. Peterka, R. Crowe, C. Sommariva, A. R. Talbot, N. K. Butler, N. Reid, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, Juri Romazanov, Andre Neto, G. L. Ravera, Paolo Arena, A. Manning, F. Durodié, Maryna Chernyshova, D. Karkinsky, Štefan Matejčík, J. P. Thomas, A. Wilson, L. Joita, R. Naish, P. Strand, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, T. Powell, V. Schmidt, D. Barnes, José Vicente, S. Doswon, Daniel F. Valcarcel, Claudia Corradino, R. Warren, Annette M. Hynes, J. D. Strachan, A. M. Messiaen, M. Kovari, O. Omolayo, D. M. Witts, R. C. Felton, C. Fleming, C. A. Marren, Patrick Maget, J. Galdon-Quiroga, H. R. Koslowski, Bruce Lipschultz, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, Sara Moradi, K. J. Nicholls, M. Beldishevski, Benedikt Geiger, A. Jardin, A. Ekedahl, A. Lyssoivan, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, F. Jaulmes, A. Kirk, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Gabor Szepesi, R. C. Pereira, J. Juul Rasmussen, Nobuyuki Aiba, Michelle E. Walker, Gábor Cseh, Scott W. Mosher, R. Bastow, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, M. Curuia, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, J. Deane, João M. C. Sousa, Henrik Sjöstrand, T. O'Gorman, H. R. Wilson, P. Devynck, M. Price, C. A. Thompson, Daniele Marocco, A. Cullen, M. Clark, M. Lennholm, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Roland Sabot, I. Stepanov, N. Petrella, Filippo Sartori, L. W. Packer, P. Thomas, M. Lungu, A. V. Krasilnikov, R. Young, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, Duccio Testa, Pierre Dumortier, Paulo Carvalho, M. Gosk, Yong-Su Na, M. Buckley, Carlos A. Silva, V. Fuchs, K. Vasava, P. A. Tigwell, B. Wakeling, M. Medland, M. Bellinger, K. Gal, Petter Ström, E. Veshchev, F. Nabais, A. Wynn, L. Lauro Taroni, B. Beckett, L. Gil, M. Towndrow, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, V. Philipps, A. de Castro, D. Kinna, D. Conka, Göran Ericsson, L. Piron, J. Hawkins, D. Cooper, Kenneth Hammond, V.V. Parail, Cristian Ruset, G.J. van Rooij, M. N. A. Beurskens, N. Fawlk, G. Evison, M. Van De Mortel, N. Marcenko, B. Slade, Th. Franke, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, D. Baião, A. Martin de Aguilera, Frederic Imbeaux, Carlo Sozzi, J.L. de Pablos, J. Svensson, A. Withycombe, Ane Lasa, H. Sheikh, V.A. Yavorskij, Nick Walkden, E. Lerche, C. S. Gibson, Roberto Zanino, Y. Peysson, David Hatch, B. Bazylev, E. de la Cal, S. Hacquin, T. D. V. Haupt, S. A. Silburn, T.T.C. Jones, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, N. Teplova, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, W. W. Pires de Sa, T. C. Hender, J. K. Blackburn, I. Monakhov, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, J. Regana, Stefano Coda, Amanda J. Page, D. Fuller, António J.N. Batista, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, S. Cramp, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, A. Burckhart, M. Allinson, Larry R. Baylor, W. Leysen, D. B. Gin, P. Nielsen, A. Kantor, Yueqiang Liu, A.V. Stephen, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, B. C. Regan, Aleksander Drenik, A. Lukin, L. Thorne, G. Nemtsev, J. Denis, M. E. Graham, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, M. Tardocchi, M. Koubiti, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, A. Cufar, Giuseppe Prestopino, D. Kogut, N. Pomaro, J. Keep, Jochen Linke, Shimpei Futatani, Boris Breizman, A. Sirinelli, M. Chandler, M. Fortune, F. Degli Agostini, I. Jenkins, T. Spelzini, G. Calabrò, O. N. Kent, A. Lunniss, Etienne Hodille, Z. Vizvary, Volker Naulin, T. Eich, F. Mink, A. Alkseev, P. W. Haydon, Massimo Angelone, Norberto Catarino, J. Lapins, Roberto Pasqualotto, R. Lawless, T. Schlummer, F. Bonelli, M. Wischmeier, Stéphane Devaux, G. Saibene, Dirk Reiser, Y. R. Martin, H. Bergsåker, Jon Godwin, Alessia Santucci, C. Lane, Justyna Grzonka, Ph. Mertens, Claudio Verona, David Moulton, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, P. G. Smith, T. Bolzonella, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, M. A. Henderson, M. Marinucci, T. Suzuki, Jakub Bielecki, João Figueiredo, M. Afzal, J. Cane, Robert Hager, Luciano Bertalot, M. Firdaouss, G. Tvalashvili, D. Hepple, D. Esteve, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, R. D'Inca, G. De Tommasi, Ch. Linsmeier, T. Nicolas, I. J. Pearson, P. Finburg, Ireneusz Książek, S. Talebzadeh, A. Czarnecka, A. Botrugno, M. Gethins, Bohdan Bieg, R. Baughan, I. Borodkina, B. Kos, A. Muraro, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Hermon, S.J. Wukitch, Jari Likonen, D. P. Coster, Guglielmo Rubinacci, I. H. Coffey, Justine M. Kent, S. E. Dorling, J. Dankowski, Geert Verdoolaege, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, A. Lescinskis, P. Staniec, Karl Schmid, M. Mayer, Peter Lang, T. Franklin, M.I. Williams, C. G. Elsmore, F. Maviglia, C. Di Troia, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, Yu Gao, Philipp Drews, E. Letellier, A. S. Thompson, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, E. Khilkevich, A. Manzanares, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, J. Edmond, Sebastián Dormido-Canto, R. Dux, C. Appelbee, L. Moser, Angelo Cenedese, D. Fagan, N. Richardson, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Rohde, R. Paprok, João P. S. Bizarro, P. Aleynikov, M. Sertoli, Ł. Świderski, Simone Palazzo, O. W. Davies, D. Douai, N. Macdonald, M. Baruzzo, J. López-Razola, M. Lungaroni, D. Clatworthy, R. Bravanec, J. Lovell, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, M. E. Puiatti, P. Papp, G. Bodnar, V. Aslanyan, A. Weckmann, K. A. Taylor, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, Ewa Pawelec, Miles M. Turner, Steven J. Meitner, M. Bernert, Ph. Maquet, R. C. Meadows, A. Shaw, N. Vianello, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, A. Fil, A. S. Couchman, Inessa Bolshakova, J. Fyvie, Konstantina Mergia, J. Gallagher, R.V. Budny, Frank Leipold, C. J. Rapson, R. C. Lobel, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Gianluca Rubino, G. Withenshaw, S. Maruyama, S. P. Hallworth Cook, M. Newman, Jérôme Bucalossi, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, I. Nedzelski, T. Donne, P. Leichuer, R. Cesario, M. D. J. Bright, T. Boyce, N. Imazawa, Per Petersson, R. King, A. Loving, L. Garzotti, Jorge Ferreira, G. Corrigan, D. Sandiford, B. Tal, P. Puglia, Daniel Tegnered, J. Karhunen, James S. Wright, Tom Wauters, J. McKehon, K. Rathod, Olivier Février, Alessandro Formisano, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, F. Medina, S. Collins, H. J. Boyer, Elena Bruno, Horacio Fernandes, M. J. Stead, R. Paccagnella, J. Kaniewski, Ion E. Stamatelatos, F. Causa, M. F. F. Nave, A. Patel, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, Mariano Ruiz, K. Dylst, Raymond A. Shaw, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, P. P. Pereira Puglia, J. Ongena, N. A. Benterman, V. N. Amosov, Christian Grisolia, J. Simpson, C. Perez von Thun, Jan Weiland, P. Tonner, F. Belli, T. Odupitan, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, Taina Kurki-Suonio, I. Uytdenhouwen, Estelle Gauthier, M. Oberkofler, B. Alper, Iris D. Young, S. Soare, Yuji Hatano, D. Reece, D. Borodin, M. Moneti, W. Yanling, S. Mianowski, K. Fenton, Stephen J. Bailey, R. Coelho, Sandra C. Chapman, E. Łaszyńska, A. R. Field, F.J. Martínez, Anders Nielsen, M. Smithies, M. J. Mantsinen, A. J. Capel, N. D. Smith, A. Pires dos Reis, M.-L. Mayoral, T. Loarer, P. Carman, N. Grazier, S. Breton, J. M. A. Bradshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Fulvio Auriemma, Fulvio Militello, Barbara Cannas, D. Ulyatt, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, R. Scannell, B. I. Oswuigwe, Darren Price, Robert E. Grove, D. Guard, M. Leyland, G. Stubbs, J. W. Banks, V.V. Plyusnin, M. S. J. Rainford, Andrea Murari, Sanjeev Ranjan, A. Huber, V. Krasilnikov, C. Bower, H. Leggate, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, G. Giruzzi, K. Maczewa, Colin Roach, P. Beaumont, R. P. Johnson, Anna Widdowson, L. A. Kogan, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, J. Morris, Robert Skilton, Katarzyna Słabkowska, M. A. Barnard, Jean-Paul Booth, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, R. Bament, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, T. Vu, P. Huynh, S.N. Gerasimov, D. I. Refy, Yunfeng Liang, Anders Hjalmarsson, S. Dalley, Roberto Ambrosino, O. Hemming, T. R. Blackman, Y. Zhou, Vasile Zoita, P. Vincenzi, A. Loarte, C. Rayner, Martin Imrisek, M. Tripsky, C. Mazzotta, A. Uccello, V. Basiuk, Lide Yao, V. Goloborod'ko, S. Villari, B. P. Duval, N. Bulmer, W. Zhang, L. Hackett, D. N. Borba, M. Halitovs, Mario Pillon, H. Arnichand, Alberto Alfier, A. Lawson, A. Masiello, T. Makkonen, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, D. Paton, L. Avotina, A. Krivska, M. Maslov, Richard Verhoeven, Marc Goniche, A. Broslawski, Marica Rebai, E. de la Luna, E. Militello-Asp, V. Cocilovo, L. Carraro, Michael Fitzgerald, Bernardo B. Carvalho, D. Young, C.G. Lowry, F. J. Casson, L.-G. Eriksson, T. M. Biewer, B. Esposito, F.G. Rimini, J. Fessey, G. Kaveney, S. Hall, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, N. Bekris, L. F. Ruchko, P. Batistoni, E. Alessi, M. G. O'Mullane, D. S. Darrow, C. N. Grundy, N. Hayter, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Brombin, Enrico Zilli, M. Valisa, M. Reich, S. Panja, C. Gurl, Charles Harrington, Emmanuele Peluso, M. Porton, Michael Walsh, D. Falie, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, J. M. Faustin, S. Cortes, S. Fietz, P. Piovesan, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, R. Neu, Bojiang Ding, G.A. Rattá, F. Reimold, R. Craven, M. Cox, J. Orszagh, Aaro Järvinen, A. S. Thrysøe, A. Shepherd, I. Ďuran, Andrew M. Edwards, A. Kinch, J. Beal, M. Gherendi, Martin Köppen, D. Samaddar, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, J. Jansons, Nengchao Wang, J. Wu, John Wright, S. Wiesen, C. King, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, K. Krieger, Václav Petržílka, D. Schworer, C. Watts, T. Keenan, Andrea Malizia, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, C. P. Lungu, V. Prajapati, Marco Ariola, C. Wellstood, S. Gilligan, Mirko Salewski, Michael Barnes, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, C. Kennedy, S. Jachmich, J. Caumont, Isabel L. Nunes, A. Petre, A. Kallenbach, M. Anghel, B. Lomanowski, Marco Riva, M. Romanelli, G. De Masi, T. May-Smith, T. Xu, A. Goussarov, S. Romanelli, M. Okabayashi, A. Baker, R. Salmon, T. Tala, Nicolas Fedorczak, S. Lanthaler, Giuliana Sias, J. Risner, Clarisse Bourdelle, M. E. Manso, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, M. Bassan, M. T. Ogawa, V. Thompson, A. M. Whitehead, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, Gennady Sergienko, E. Stefanikova, Mattia Frasca, H. Dabirikhah, Lorenzo Frassinetti, N. Dzysiuk, D. L. Keeling, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, Daniel Dunai, David Taylor, Arturo Buscarino, Carolina Björkas, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, M. Hill, Gwyndaf Evans, S. Minucci, Xiang Gao, A. V. Chankin, Francesco Romanelli, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, A. Owen, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, Petr Vondracek, Sehyun Kwak, P. Abreu, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, M. Cleverly, H.S. Kim, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, L. Fazendeiro, R. Cavazzana, P. J. Lomas, J. Hawes, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, S. P. Hotchin, N. R. Green, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, Linwei Li, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, N. Ben Ayed, Mario Cavinato, M. Goodliffe, C. Clements, D. Kenny, Axel Klix, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, Min-Gu Yoo, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, S. Potzel, D. Grist, K. Blackman, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, David Pfefferlé, W. Broeckx, D. Harting, S. G. J. Tyrrell, F. Binda, L. Horvath, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, Raul Moreno, G. M. D. Hogeweij, P. Card, A. Hagar, Ion Tiseanu, Rita Lorenzini, L. Appel, Jet Contributors, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, U. Samm, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, C. Taliercio, F. S. Zaitsev, G. F. Matthews, Tuomas Koskela, P. J. Howarth, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Amanda Hubbard, R. Otin, K. G. McClements, M. Park, R. McKean, C. Christopher Klepper, I. Karnowska, Peter J. Pool, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Association EURATOM-TEKES, Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), ITN, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITER organization (ITER), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), Institut d'ophtalmologie Hédi-Rais de Tunis, Service Cardiologie [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Cardiovasculaire et Métabolique [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Magnetic Sensor laboratory [Lviv] (MSL), National Polytechnic University of Lviv (LPNU), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute for Problems of Material Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie (3MI-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre G2I, Department of Hydraulics, Transportations and Roads, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department (MS 388), University of Nevada [Reno], AUTRES, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Mathematics [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS (LPP ERM KMS), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] (DIFFER), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Cadarache, Dipartimento di Energia [Milano], Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom research and training programme 633053, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides ( IMFS ), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Univ. Mediterranea RC, Culham Science Centre, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear ( ITN ), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies ( LPNHE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ITER Organization, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT ), Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique ( LNIO ), Institut Charles Delaunay ( ICD ), Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ( ICSN ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU ), Service de cardiologie [Toulouse], Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital de Rangueil, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), MSL, Lviv Polytechnic National University ( MSL ), Lviv Polytechnic National University, Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics ( IEK-4 ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( NASU ), Lille - Economie et Management ( LEM ), Université catholique de Lille ( UCL ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie ( 3MI-ENSMSE ), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne ( Mines Saint-Étienne MSE ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre G2I, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires ( LMGM ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Nevada, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] ( IPPLM ), UCL Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] ( ARC ), Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Cardiff School of Mathematics, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS ( LPP ERM KMS ), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School ( ERM KMS ), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, University of Basel ( Unibas ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] ( DIFFER ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano [Milan], Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, JET Contributors, Litaudon, X, Abduallev, S, Abhangi, M, Abreu, P, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, K, Ahlgren, T, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Albanese, R, Aldred, V, Alegre, D, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Alfier, A, Alkseev, A, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amicucci, L, Amosov, V, Andersson SundÃ©n, E, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Angioni, C, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Arena, P, Ariola, M, Arnichand, H, Arshad, S, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Bacharis, M, Baciero, A, Baiã¡o, D, Bailey, S, Baker, A, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, N, Bament, R, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barnard, M, Barnes, D, Barnes, M, Barnsley, R, Baron Wiechec, A, Barrera Orte, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bassan, M, Bastow, R, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baughan, R, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beal, J, Beaumont, P, Beckers, M, Beckett, B, Becoulet, A, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, K, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Belonohy, Ã, Ben Ayed, N, Benterman, N, Bergsã¥ker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Besliu, C, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bãlkovã¡, P, Binda, F, Bisoffi, A, Bizarro, J, Bjã¶rkas, C, Blackburn, J, Blackman, K, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bodnã¡r, G, Bogar, O, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonelli, F, Boom, J, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Botrugno, A, Bottereau, C, Boulting, P, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Bower, C, Bowman, C, Boyce, T, Boyd, C, Boyer, H, Bradshaw, J, Braic, V, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Breton, S, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Brix, M, Broeckx, W, Brombin, M, Broså‚awski, A, Brown, D, Brown, M, Bruno, E, Bucalossi, J, Buch, J, Buchanan, J, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Bufferand, H, Bulman, M, Bulmer, N, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butler, N, Bykov, I, Byrne, J, Cahyna, P, Calabrã², G, Calvo, I, Camenen, Y, Camp, P, Campling, D, Cane, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catarino, N, Caumont, J, Causa, F, Cavazzana, R, Cave Ayland, K, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cecil, E, Cenedese, A, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chandra, D, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Chapman, S, Chernyshova, M, Chitarin, G, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Citrin, J, Clairet, F, Clark, E, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clatworthy, D, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, D, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Couchman, A, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Craven, R, Crisanti, F, Croci, G, Croft, D, Crombã©, K, Crowe, R, Cruz, N, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarnecka, A, Dabirikhah, H, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, Darrow, D, Davies, O, Davis, W, Day, C, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Castro, A, De La Cal, E, De La Luna, E, De Masi, G, De Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, De Vries, P, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Degli Agostini, F, Dejarnac, R, Delabie, E, Den Harder, N, Dendy, R, Denis, J, Denner, P, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Maio, F, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dinca, P, D'Inca, R, Ding, B, Dittmar, T, Doerk, H, Doerner, R, Donnã©, T, Dorling, S, Dormido Canto, S, Doswon, S, Douai, D, Doyle, P, Drenik, A, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Duckworth, P, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunne, M, Äžuran, I, Durodiã©, F, Dutta, P, Duval, B, Dux, R, Dylst, K, Dzysiuk, N, Edappala, P, Edmond, J, Edwards, A, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, El Jorf, R, Elsmore, C, Enachescu, M, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Esposito, B, Esquembri, S, Esser, H, Esteve, D, Evans, B, Evans, G, Evison, G, Ewart, G, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falie, D, Fanni, A, Fasoli, A, Faustin, J, Fawlk, N, Fazendeiro, L, Fedorczak, N, Felton, R, Fenton, K, Fernades, A, Fernandes, H, Ferreira, J, Fessey, J, Fã©vrier, O, Ficker, O, Field, A, Fietz, S, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Finburg, P, Firdaouss, M, Fischer, U, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Fleming, C, Flinders, K, Fonnesu, N, Fontdecaba, J, Formisano, A, Forsythe, L, Fortuna, L, Fortuna Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Foster, S, Franke, T, Franklin, T, Frasca, M, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Frigione, D, Fuchs, V, Fuller, D, Futatani, S, Fyvie, J, Gã¡l, K, Galassi, D, Gaå‚azka, K, Galdon Quiroga, J, Gallagher, J, Gallart, D, Galvã¡o, R, Gao, X, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia Carrasco, A, GarcÃa MuÃ±oz, M, Gardarein, J, Garzotti, L, Gaudio, P, Gauthier, E, Gear, D, Gee, S, Geiger, B, Gelfusa, M, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Ghate, M, Gherendi, M, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, C, Giegerich, T, Gil, C, Gil, L, Gilligan, S, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Girardo, J, Giroud, C, Giruzzi, G, Glã¶ggler, S, Godwin, J, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborod'Ko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodliffe, M, Goodyear, A, Gorini, G, Gosk, M, Goulding, R, Goussarov, A, Gowland, R, Graham, B, Graham, M, Graves, J, Grazier, N, Grazier, P, Green, N, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griph, F, Grisolia, C, Grist, D, Groth, M, Grove, R, Grundy, C, Grzonka, J, Guard, D, Guã©rard, C, Guillemaut, C, Guirlet, R, Gurl, C, Utoh, H, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hagar, A, Hager, R, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth Cook, S, Hamlyn Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harrington, C, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hasenbeck, F, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hawkins, P, Haydon, P, Hayter, N, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heinola, K, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Hender, T, Henderson, M, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Hermon, G, Hertout, P, Hidalgo, C, Highcock, E, Hill, M, Hillairet, J, Hillesheim, J, Hillis, D, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Hobirk, J, Hodille, E, Hogben, C, Hogeweij, G, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Homfray, D, Horã¡ä ek, J, Hornung, G, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Hough, M, Howarth, P, Hubbard, A, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Hughes, M, Huijsmans, G, Hunter, C, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iglesias, D, Imazawa, N, Imbeaux, F, Imrãå¡ek, M, Incelli, M, Innocente, P, Irishkin, M, Ivanova Stanik, I, Jachmich, S, Jacobsen, A, Jacquet, P, Jansons, J, Jardin, A, Jã¤rvinen, A, Jaulmes, F, Jednorã³g, S, Jenkins, I, Jeong, C, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Joita, L, Jones, G, Jones, T, Hoshino, K, Kallenbach, A, Kamiya, K, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Karnowska, I, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Keenan, T, Keep, J, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kenny, D, Kent, J, Kent, O, Khilkevich, E, Kim, H, Kinch, A, King, C, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirk, A, Kirov, K, 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K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schöpf, K., Schwörer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilä, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankūnas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. 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W., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Energia [Milano] (DENG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Research Centre Julich (FZJ), Institute for Plasma Research, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Queen's University Belfast, University of Helsinki, CEA, Department of Applied Physics, School services, SCI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, VTT, University of Naples Federico II, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, CNR, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie L'energia e l'ambiente, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Uppsala University, National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, University of Catania, Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Fusion Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Latvia, Imperial College London, CIEMAT, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, University of York, Royal Institute of Technology, Maritime University of Szczecin, H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Trento, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Comenius University, University of Milan - Bicocca, National Institute for Optoelectronics, Fourth State Research, University of Texas at Austin, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Princeton University, CNRS, University of Cagliari, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, FOM Institute DIFFER, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Ghent University, J. Stefan Institute, Universite de Lorraine, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, University of California at San Diego, Koninklijke Militaire School - Ecole Royale Militaire, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, School services, ELEC, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Automaatio- ja systeemitekniik, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Second University of Naples, Warsaw University of Technology, Universita della Basilicata, Barcelona Supercomp. Center, Universidad de Sevilla, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Sähkötekniikan laitos, University of Rome Tor Vergata, RAS - Ioffe Physico Technical Institute, General Atomics, University of Innsbruck, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Toyama, University of Strathclyde, National Technical University of Athens, Universita della Tuscia, Technical University of Denmark, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, University College Cork, Vienna University of Technology, University of Opole, Daegu University, National Fusion Research Institute, Dublin City University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, PELIN LLC, Arizona State University, Universidad Complutense, University of Basel, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Consorzio CREATE, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Purdue University, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, School Services, ARTS, Department of Design, University of California Office of the President, Universidade de Sao Paulo, School Services, BIZ, Department of Information and Service Management, Lithuanian Energy Institute, HRS Fusion, Politecnico di Torino, University of Cassino, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Faculdade de Engenharia
Subjects: Technology, fusion, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, DIAGNOSTICS, 01 natural sciences, ILW, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ilw, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Plasma, H-Mode Plasmas, law, ITER, Disruption Prediction, COLLISIONALITY, EDGE LOCALIZED MODES, Diagnostics, Operation, JET, plasma, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), JET, plasma, fusion, ITER, Divertor, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, DENSITY PEAKING, Carbon Wall, H-MODE PLASMAS, [ SPI.MECA.MEFL ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Density Peaking, Neutron transport, Facing Components, Collisionality, 114 Physical sciences, Física, Física, Nuclear physics, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Pedestal, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, ddc:530, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Fusion, Physics, Physical sciences, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Edge Localized Modes, QC717, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Reactors de fusió, Física, FACING COMPONENTS, Fusion reactors, Jet, CARBON WALL, DISRUPTION PREDICTION, OPERATION, ddc:600
Abstract: The 2014–2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L–H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity (H = 1 at ßN ~ 1.8 and n/nGW ~ 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D–T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1.173 autors/es: X. Litaudon35, S. Abduallev39, M. Abhangi46, P. Abreu53, M. Afzal7, K.M. Aggarwal29, T. Ahlgren101, J.H. Ahn8, L. Aho-Mantila112, N. Aiba69, M. Airila112, R. Albanese105, V. Aldred7, D. Alegre93, E. Alessi45, P. Aleynikov55, A. Alfier12, A. Alkseev72, M. Allinson7, B. Alper7, E. Alves53, G. Ambrosino105, R. Ambrosino106, L. Amicucci90, V. Amosov88, E. Andersson Sundén22, M. Angelone90, M. Anghel85, C. Angioni62, L. Appel7, C. Appelbee7, P. Arena30, M. Ariola106, H. Arnichand8, S. Arshad41, A. Ash7, N. Ashikawa68, V. Aslanyan64, O. Asunta1, F. Auriemma12, Y. Austin7, L. Avotina103, M.D. Axton7, C. Ayres7, M. Bacharis24, A. Baciero57, D. Baião53, S. Bailey7, A. Baker7, I. Balboa7, M. Balden62, N. Balshaw7, R. Bament7, J.W. Banks7, Y.F. Baranov7, M.A. Barnard7, D. Barnes7, M. Barnes27, R. Barnsley55, A. Baron Wiechec7, L. Barrera Orte34, M. Baruzzo12, V. Basiuk8, M. Bassan55, R. Bastow7, A. Batista53, P. Batistoni90, R. Baughan7, B. Bauvir55, L. Baylor73, B. Bazylev56, J. Beal110, P.S. Beaumont7, M. Beckers39, B. Beckett7, A. Becoulet8, N. Bekris35, M. Beldishevski7, K. Bell7, F. Belli90, M. Bellinger7, É. Belonohy62, N. Ben Ayed7, N.A. Benterman7, H. Bergsåker42, J. Bernardo53, M. Bernert62, M. Berry7, L. Bertalot55, C. Besliu7, M. Beurskens63, B. Bieg61, J. Bielecki47, T. Biewer73, M. Bigi12, P. Bílková50, F. Binda22, A. Bisoffi31, J.P.S. Bizarro53, C. Björkas101, J. Blackburn7, K. Blackman7, T.R. Blackman7, P. Blanchard33, P. Blatchford7, V. Bobkov62, A. Boboc7, G. Bodnár113, O. Bogar18, I. Bolshakova60, T. Bolzonella12, N. Bonanomi97, F. Bonelli56, J. Boom62, J. Booth7, D. Borba35,53, D. Borodin39, I. Borodkina39, A. Botrugno90, C. Bottereau8, P. Boulting7, C. Bourdelle8, M. Bowden7, C. Bower7, C. Bowman110, T. Boyce7, C. Boyd7, H.J. Boyer7, J.M.A. Bradshaw7, V. Braic87, R. Bravanec40, B. Breizman107, S. Bremond8, P.D. Brennan7, S. Breton8, A. Brett7, S. Brezinsek39, M.D.J. Bright7, M. Brix7, W. Broeckx78, M. Brombin12, A. Brosławski65, D.P.D. Brown7, M. Brown7, E. Bruno55, J. Bucalossi8, J. Buch46, J. Buchanan7, M.A. Buckley7, R. Budny76, H. Bufferand8, M. Bulman7, N. Bulmer7, P. Bunting7, P. Buratti90, A. Burckhart62, A. Buscarino30, A. Busse7, N.K. Butler7, I. Bykov42, J. Byrne7, P. Cahyna50, G. Calabrò90, I. Calvo57, Y. Camenen4, P. Camp7, D.C. Campling7, J. Cane7, B. Cannas17, A.J. Capel7, P.J. Card7, A. Cardinali90, P. Carman7, M. Carr7, D. Carralero62, L. Carraro12, B.B. Carvalho53, I. 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Dalgliesh7, S. Dalley7, J. Dankowski47, D. Darrow76, O. Davies7, W. Davis55,76, C. Day56, I.E. Day7, M. De Bock55, A. de Castro57, E. de la Cal57, E. de la Luna57, G. De Masi12, J. L. de Pablos57, G. De Temmerman55, G. De Tommasi105, P. de Vries55, K. Deakin7, J. Deane7, F. Degli Agostini12, R. Dejarnac50, E. Delabie73, N. den Harder38, R.O. Dendy7, J. Denis8, P. Denner39, S. Devaux62,104, P. Devynck8, F. Di Maio55, A. Di Siena62, C. Di Troia90, P. Dinca86, R. D’Inca62, B. Ding51, T. Dittmar39, H. Doerk62, R.P. Doerner9, T. Donné34, S.E. Dorling7, S. Dormido-Canto93, S. Doswon7, D. Douai8, P.T. Doyle7, A. Drenik62,81, P. Drewelow63, P. Drews39, Ph. Duckworth55, R. Dumont8, P. Dumortier58, D. Dunai113, M. Dunne62, I. Ďuran50, F. Durodié58, P. Dutta46, B. P. Duval33, R. Dux62, K. Dylst78, N. Dzysiuk22, P.V. Edappala46, J. Edmond7, A.M. Edwards7, J. Edwards7, Th. Eich62, A. Ekedahl8, R. El-Jorf7, C.G. Elsmore7, M. Enachescu84, G. Ericsson22, F. Eriksson16, J. Eriksson22, L.G. Eriksson36, B. Esposito90, S. Esquembri94, H.G. Esser39, D. Esteve8, B. Evans7, G.E. Evans7, G. Evison7, G.D. Ewart7, D. Fagan7, M. Faitsch62, D. Falie86, A. Fanni17, A. Fasoli33, J. M. Faustin33, N. Fawlk7, L. Fazendeiro53, N. Fedorczak8, R.C. Felton7, K. Fenton7, A. Fernades53, H. Fernandes53, J. Ferreira53, J.A. Fessey7, O. Février8, O. Ficker50, A. Field7, S. Fietz62, A. Figueiredo53, J. Figueiredo53,35, A. Fil8, P. Finburg7, M. Firdaouss8, U. Fischer56, L. Fittill7, M. Fitzgerald7, D. Flammini90, J. Flanagan7, C. Fleming7, K. Flinders7, N. Fonnesu90, J. M. Fontdecaba57, A. Formisano79, L. Forsythe7, L. Fortuna30, E. Fortuna-Zalesna19, M. Fortune7, S. Foster7, T. Franke34, T. Franklin7, M. Frasca30, L. Frassinetti42, M. Freisinger39, R. Fresa98, D. Frigione90, V. Fuchs50, D. Fuller35, S. Futatani6, J. Fyvie7, K. Gál34,62, D. Galassi2, K. Gałązka49, J. Galdon-Quiroga92, J. Gallagher7, D. Gallart6, R. Galvão10, X. Gao51, Y. Gao39, J. Garcia8, A. Garcia-Carrasco42, M. García-Muñoz92, J.-L. Gardarein3, L. Garzotti7, P. Gaudio95, E. Gauthier8, D.F. Gear7, S.J. Gee7, B. Geiger62, M. Gelfusa95, S. Gerasimov7, G. Gervasini45, M. Gethins7, Z. Ghani7, M. Ghate46, M. Gherendi86, J.C. Giacalone8, L. Giacomelli45, C.S. Gibson7, T. Giegerich56, C. Gil8, L. Gil53, S. Gilligan7, D. Gin54, E. Giovannozzi90, J.B. Girardo8, C. Giroud7, G. Giruzzi8, S. Glöggler62, J. Godwin7, J. Goff7, P. Gohil43, V. Goloborod’ko102, R. Gomes53, B. Gonçalves53, M. Goniche8, M. Goodliffe7, A. Goodyear7, G. Gorini97, M. Gosk65, R. Goulding76, A. Goussarov78, R. Gowland7, B. Graham7, M.E. Graham7, J. P. Graves33, N. Grazier7, P. Grazier7, N.R. Green7, H. Greuner62, B. Grierson76, F.S. Griph7, C. Grisolia8, D. Grist7, M. Groth1, R. Grove73, C.N. Grundy7, J. Grzonka19, D. Guard7, C. Guérard34, C. Guillemaut8,53, R. Guirlet8, C. Gurl7, H.H. Utoh69, L.J. Hackett7, S. Hacquin8,35, A. Hagar7, R. Hager76, A. Hakola112, M. Halitovs103, S.J. Hall7, S.P. Hallworth Cook7, C. Hamlyn-Harris7, K. 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Rubino12, L. Ruchko52, M. Ruiz94, C. Ruset86, J. Rzadkiewicz65, S. Saarelma7, R. Sabot8, E. Safi101, P. Sagar7, G. Saibene41, F. Saint-Laurent8, M. Salewski83, A. Salmi112, R. Salmon7, F. Salzedas53, D. Samaddar7, U. Samm39, D. Sandiford7, P. Santa46, M.I.K. Santala1, B. Santos53, A. Santucci90, F. Sartori41, R. Sartori41, O. Sauter33, R. Scannell7, T. Schlummer39, K. Schmid62, V. Schmidt12, S. Schmuck7, M. Schneider8, K. Schöpf102, D. Schwörer32, S.D. Scott76, G. Sergienko39, M. Sertoli62, A. Shabbir15, S.E. Sharapov7, A. Shaw7, R. Shaw7, H. Sheikh7, A. Shepherd7, A. Shevelev54, A. Shumack38, G. Sias17, M. Sibbald7, B. Sieglin62, S. Silburn7, A. Silva53, C. Silva53, P.A. Simmons7, J. Simpson7, J. Simpson-Hutchinson7, A. Sinha46, S.K. Sipilä1, A.C.C. Sips36, P. Sirén112, A. Sirinelli55, H. Sjöstrand22, M. Skiba22, R. Skilton7, K. Slabkowska49, B. Slade7, N. Smith7, P.G. Smith7, R. Smith7, T.J. Smith7, M. Smithies110, L. Snoj81, S. Soare85, E. R. Solano35,57, A. Somers32, C. Sommariva8, P. Sonato12, A. Sopplesa12, J. Sousa53, C. Sozzi45, S. Spagnolo12, T. Spelzini7, F. Spineanu86, G. Stables7, I. Stamatelatos71, M.F. Stamp7, P. Staniec7, G. Stankūnas59, C. Stan-Sion84, M.J. Stead7, E. Stefanikova42, I. Stepanov58, A.V. Stephen7, M. Stephen46, A. Stevens7, B.D. Stevens7, J. Strachan76, P. Strand16, H.R. Strauss44, P. Ström42, G. Stubbs7, W. Studholme7, F. Subba75, H.P. Summers21, J. Svensson63, Ł. Świderski65, T. Szabolics113, M. Szawlowski49, G. Szepesi7, T.T. Suzuki69, B. Tál113, T. Tala112, A.R. Talbot7, S. Talebzadeh95, C. Taliercio12, P. Tamain8, C. Tame7, W. Tang76, M. Tardocchi45, L. Taroni12, D. Taylor7, K.A. Taylor7, D. Tegnered16, G. Telesca15, N. Teplova54, D. Terranova12, D. Testa33, E. Tholerus42, J. Thomas7, J.D. Thomas7, P. Thomas55, A. Thompson7, C.-A. Thompson7, V.K. Thompson7, L. Thorne7, A. Thornton7, A.S. Thrysøe83, P.A. Tigwell7, N. Tipton7, I. Tiseanu86, H. Tojo69, M. Tokitani67, P. Tolias82, M. Tomeš50, P. Tonner7, M. Towndrow7, P. Trimble7, M. Tripsky58, M. Tsalas38, P. Tsavalas71, D. Tskhakaya jun102, I. Turner7, M.M. Turner32, M. Turnyanskiy34, G. Tvalashvili7, S.G.J. Tyrrell7, A. Uccello45, Z. Ul-Abidin7, J. Uljanovs1, D. Ulyatt7, H. Urano69, I. Uytdenhouwen78, A.P. Vadgama7, D. Valcarcel7, M. Valentinuzzi8, M. Valisa12, P. Vallejos Olivares42, M. Valovic7, M. Van De Mortel7, D. Van Eester58, W. Van Renterghem78, G.J. van Rooij38, J. Varje1, S. Varoutis56, S. Vartanian8, K. Vasava46, T. Vasilopoulou71, J. Vega57, G. Verdoolaege58, R. Verhoeven7, C. Verona95, G. Verona Rinati95, E. Veshchev55, N. Vianello45, J. Vicente53, E. Viezzer62,92, S. Villari90, F. Villone100, P. Vincenzi12, I. Vinyar74, B. Viola90, A. Vitins103, Z. Vizvary7, M. Vlad86, I. Voitsekhovitch34, P. Vondráček50, N. Vora7, T. Vu8, W.W. Pires de Sa52, B. Wakeling7, C.W.F. Waldon7, N. Walkden7, M. Walker7, R. Walker7, M. Walsh55, E. Wang39, N. Wang39, S. Warder7, R.J. Warren7, J. Waterhouse7, N.W. Watkins28, C. Watts55, T. Wauters58, A. Weckmann42, J. Weiland23, H. Weisen33, M. Weiszflog22, C. Wellstood7, A.T. West7, M.R. Wheatley7, S. Whetham7, A.M. Whitehead7, B.D. Whitehead7, A.M. Widdowson7, S. Wiesen39, J. Wilkinson7, J. Williams7, M. Williams7, A.R. Wilson7, D.J. Wilson7, H.R. Wilson110, J. Wilson7, M. Wischmeier62, G. Withenshaw7, A. Withycombe7, D.M. Witts7, D. Wood7, R. Wood7, C. Woodley7, S. Wray7, J. Wright7, J.C. Wright64, J. Wu89, S. Wukitch64, A. Wynn110, T. Xu7, D. Yadikin16, W. Yanling39, L. Yao89, V. Yavorskij102, M.G. Yoo80, C. Young7, D. Young7, I.D. Young7, R. Young7, J. Zacks7, R. Zagorski49, F.S. Zaitsev18, R. Zanino75, A. Zarins103, K.D. Zastrow7, M. Zerbini90, W. Zhang62, Y. Zhou42, E. Zilli12, V. Zoita86, S. Zoletnik113, I. Zychor65 and JET Contributorsa // EUROfusion Consortium JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 1 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland / 2 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451, Marseille, France / 3 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France / 4 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France / 5 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America / 6 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain / 7 CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 8 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 9 Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America / 10 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud, 160, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-180, Brazil / 11 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 12 Consorzio RFX, corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy / 13 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea / 14 Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain / 15 Department of Applied Physics UG (Ghent University) St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium / 16 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 17 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123, Cagliari, Italy / 18 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia / 19 Department of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-01-152 Warsaw, Poland / 20 Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea / 21 Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, United Kingdom / 22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden / 23 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 24 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom / 25 Department of Physics, SCI, KTH, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden / 26 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland / 27 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom / 28 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom / 29 Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queens University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom / 30 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy / 31 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Trento, Trento, Italy / 32 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland / 33 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland / 34 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany / 35 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 36 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium / 37 Fluid and Plasma Dynamics, ULB—Campus Plaine—CP 231 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium / 38 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands / 39 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany / 40 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America / 41 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain / 42 Fusion Plasma Physics, EES, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden / 43 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America / 44 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America / 45 IFP-CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy / 46 Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, Gujarat State, India / 47 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland / 48 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland / 49 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland / 50 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czechia / 51 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China / 52 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187 CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brasil / 53 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal / 54 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation / 55 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 56 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany / 57 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain / 58 Laboratory for Plasma Physics Koninklijke Militaire School—Ecole Royale Militaire, Renaissancelaan 30 Avenue de la Renaissance B-1000, Brussels, Belgium / 59 Lithuanian energy institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania / 60 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine / 61 Maritime University of Szczecin, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland / 62 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany / 63 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany / 64 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Centre, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America / 65 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland / 66 National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI), 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea / 67 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan / 68 National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan / 69 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan / 70 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece / 71 NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece / 72 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation / 73 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6169, United States of America / 74 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russian Federation / 75 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy / 76 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America / 77 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America / 78 SCK-CEN, Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium / 79 Second University of Napoli, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 80 Seoul National University, Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Republic of Korea / 81 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia / 82 Space and Plasma Physics, EES, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden / 83 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark / 84 The ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 85 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania / 86 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 87 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 88 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russian Federation / 89 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China / 90 Unità Tecnica Fusione, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy / 91 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain / 92 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain / 93 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain / 94 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain / 95 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy / 96 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland / 97 University Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy / 98 University of Basilicata, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 99 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America / 100 University of Cassino, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 101 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland / 102 University of Innsbruck, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Innsbruck, Austria / 103 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia / 104 University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7198, YIJL, Nancy, France / 105 University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 106 University of Napoli Parthenope, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 107 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America / 108 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan / 109 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy / 110 University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom / 111 Vienna University of Technology, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria / 112 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland / 113 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
Published: 2017

23. Three-Dimensional Coupled Fluid-Droplet Model for Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas

Author: Miles M. Turner, Muhammad M. Iqbal, Charlie P. Stallard, and Denis P. Dowling
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, Atmospheric pressure, Chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Volumetric flow rate, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Penning ionization, Ionization, Vaporization, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Two-phase flow
Abstract: A 3D coupled fluid–droplet model is developed specifically to characterize the significance of droplet-plasma interaction at atmospheric pressure. The liquid droplet introduces a perturbation in atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) and under many conditions, the behavior of this perturbation is not clear during transport in PlasmaStream system. In this study, we identify the importance of ionization mechanism in two-phase flow. The affect and spatial expansion of vaporization in discharge plasma depend on the flow rate of liquid precursors. Penning ionization is recognized as the leading process along the pulse of evaporating droplets as compared to other ionization processes that explain the relevance of small nitrogen impurities. The influence of different precursors, such as hexamethyldisiloxane, tetraethyl orthosilicate and water is described by contrasting the implication of the evaporation process. Finally, we validate the numerical simulation by comparison with the experimental observations of droplet size distributions using a laser diffraction particle size analysis technique as a part of APP jet deposition system.
Published: 2014

24. Spatial Uniformity of Atmospheric Pressure Discharges: A Simulation Study

Author: Miles M. Turner and Muhammad M. Iqbal
Subjects: Coalescence (physics), Glow discharge, Materials science, Atmospheric pressure, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Dielectric, Dielectric barrier discharge, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, Breakdown voltage, Helium
Abstract: Spatial uniformity is important in most applications of dielectric barrier discharges operating at atmospheric pressure. However, such uniformity is not easily achieved. Under many conditions, a filamentary structure usually develops. In this paper, we employ a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to explore the influence of several factors on the evolution of spatial structure of dielectric barrier discharges. In particular, we contrast the behavior of discharges in pure helium and He-N2 gas mixture, which represent the reduction in breakdown voltage of gas during the evolvement of uniform glow discharge plasma. The transformation from filamentary to uniform mode of discharge plasma is analyzed by the phenomenon of coalescence of filaments and we investigate the effect of several external discharge parameters, such as driving frequency and effect of overvoltage, and the dielectric constant of the barrier material for the uniform and filamentary discharge plasmas. This simulation study is useful to describe the spatio-temporal profiles of electron density in different phases of the filamentary, uniform Townsend and glow discharge regimes under various constraints. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Published: 2014

25. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in complex plasma chemistry models

Author: Miles M. Turner
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Chemistry, Scale (chemistry), Plasma processing, Nanotechnology, Context (language use), Computer simulation, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Small set, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Complex plasma, Plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Critical rate, Chemistry (relationship), Statistical physics, Sensitivity (control systems)
Abstract: The purpose of a plasma chemistry model is prediction of chemical species densities, including understanding the mechanisms by which such species are formed. These aims are compromised by an uncertain knowledge of the rate constants included in the model, which directly causes uncertainty in the model predictions. We recently showed that this predictive uncertainty can be large—a factor of ten or more in some cases. There is probably no context in which a plasma chemistry model might be used where the existence of uncertainty on this scale could not be a matter of concern. A question that at once follows is: which rate constants cause such uncertainty? In the present paper we show how this question can be answered by applying a systematic screening procedure—the so-called Morris method—to identify sensitive rate constants. We investigate the topical example of the helium–oxygen chemistry. Beginning with a model with almost four hundred reactions, and focussing on conditions relevant to biomedical applications, we show that only about fifty rate constants materially affect the model results, and as few as ten cause most of the uncertainty. This means that the model can be improved, and the uncertainty substantially reduced, by focussing attention on this tractably small set of critical rate constants. We discuss strategies that might be used to accomplish this refinement. The present results apply to a particular chemistry, but we suggest that possibly, and perhaps probably, investigations of other plasma chemistry models will arrive at similar results. In that case, an opportunity exists to systematically improve the quality of plasma chemistry modelling.
Published: 2016

26. Corrigendum: Concepts and characteristics of the ‘COST Reference Microplasma Jet’ (2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 084003)

Author: V Schulz-von der Gathen, M. Konkowski, Deborah O'Connell, A Ana Sobota, B. Redeker, N. St. J. Braithwaite, J Held, Miles M. Turner, Paul Arnold Christiaan Beijer, Timo Gans, Gmw Gerrit Kroesen, Judith Golda, and Stephan Reuter
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Applied physics, Microplasma, Mathematical analysis, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Oscilloscope, Resistor, Voltage drop, Voltage, Probe calibration
Abstract: There is an incorrect representation of the expression for resistances in parallel in equation (1) in section 4.1 'Voltage probe calibration' on page 6. The numerator and denominator in the equation are reversed and should read: I = Uc Rm + Rt/RmRt. Rm is the measuring resistor, Rt the terminating resistor at the oscilloscope and Uc is the voltage drop across Rm induced by the current I. None of the calculations and conclusions of the paper are affected. The authors apologise for any confusion that this transcription error may have caused.
Published: 2018

27. Investigation of the Formation Mechanism of Aligned Nano-Structured Siloxane Coatings Deposited Using an Atmospheric Plasma Jet

Author: Denis P. Dowling, Charlie P. Stallard, Muhammad M. Iqbal, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Nucleation, Nanotechnology, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Polymerization, Siloxane, 0103 physical sciences, Vaporization, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: In this study surfaces exhibiting a nano-structured morphology have been creating in a single step deposition process using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Plasma polymerized coatings were deposited from a HMDSO monomer which was introduced into a He/N2 plasma in the form of aerosolized droplets. By controlling the plasma discharge regime and monomer flow rate, the surface morphology was altered to create surfaces exhibiting an aligned fibrous morphology or a surface consisting of spherical agglomerates. Optical emission spectroscopy showed variation in photon emission energy depending on the He/N2 ratio. Both thermal imaging and numerical simulations indicate that vaporization of the monomer occurs, which facilitates monomer polymerization in the gas phase and subsequent particulate nucleation. XPS analysis identified a higher amount of carbon bound siloxy species at regions where greater particulate formation was observed on the substrate. Cross-sectional SEM and He-ion imaging indicate that the formation of fibrous structures is associated with localized surface charging, which gives rise to selective agglomeration of semi-amorphous particulates which become aligned on the substrate. Modeling of droplet behavior in the plasma indicates that under conditions of higher monomer flow rate, saturation within the plasma occurs which facilitates nucleation of particulates, while experimental and modeling results indicate surface driven growth mechanisms are more likely to occur at lower precursor flow rates.
Published: 2013

28. Preface: Bioplasmas and plasmas with liquids

Author: Vittorio Colombo, Matteo Gherardi, František Krčma, Miles M. Turner, Gherardi M., Colombo V., Krcma F., and Turner M.
Subjects: Biomedical Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, Atomic physics, Bioplasmas, Plasmas with liquids
Abstract: The Bioplasma and Plasmas with Liquids joint conference of the COST Actions TD1208 Electrical discharges with liquids for future applications and MP1101 Biomedical applications of atmospheric pressure plasma technology was held in Bertinoro (Italy) on September 13-16, 2015. The purpose of the Bioplasma and Plasmas with Liquids joint conference was to bring together researchers of different fields, and to establish an open forum for presentation and discussion of the latest advances in the fields of electrical discharges with liquids and plasma medicine, by bridging the scientific communities associated with the COST Actions TD1208 Electrical discharges with liquids for future applications and MP1101 Biomedical applications of atmospheric pressure plasma technology.
Published: 2016

29. Performance of a Floating Hairpin Probe in Strongly Magnetized Plasma

Author: G. S. Gogna, A. Simonin, Shantanu Karkari, Miles M. Turner, and D. Boilson
Subjects: Electron density, Materials science, Electron, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic field, Ion, symbols.namesake, Physics::Plasma Physics, symbols, Langmuir probe, Plasma diagnostics, Electromagnetic electron wave, Atomic physics
Abstract: This paper investigates the application of a floating hairpin probe for measuring the electron density in magnetized plasma. The magnetic field is systematically varied over a wide range (0.01 – 0.15 T) and its influence on the probes resonance frequency is studied. The resonance frequency in plasma displays a negative shift when the electron cyclotron frequency becomes comparable with the resonance frequency in vacuum. A general formula for calculating the electron number density in magnetized plasma is hence obtained and the formula is experimentally validated. Comparison of the electron density using the improved formula shows very good agreement with the positive ion density measured by a planar Langmuir probe in the Kamaboko-III negative ion source (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Published: 2010

30. Influence of excitation frequency on the metastable atoms and electron energy distribution function in a capacitively coupled argon discharge

Author: Albert R. Ellingboe, Nishant Sirse, Sarveshwar Sharma, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Argon, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, Metastability, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Atom, Electron temperature, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Excitation
Abstract: One-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation is used to simulate the capacitively coupled argon plasma for a range of excitation frequency from 13.56 MHz to 100 MHz. The argon chemistry set can, selectively, include two metastable levels enabling multi-step ionization and metastable pooling. The results show that the plasma density decreases when metastable atoms are included with higher discrepancy at a higher excitation frequency. The contribution of multistep ionization to the overall density increases with the excitation frequency. The electron temperature increases with the inclusion of metastable atoms and decreases with the excitation frequency. At a lower excitation frequency, the density of Ar** (3p5 4p, 13.1 eV) is higher than that of Ar* (3p5 4s, 11.6 eV), whereas at higher excitation frequencies, the Ar* (3p5 4s, 11.6 eV) is the dominant metastable atom. The metastable and electron temperature profile evolve from a parabolic profile at a lower excitation frequency to a saddle type profile at a higher excitation frequency. With metastable, the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) changes its shape from Druyvesteyn type, at a low excitation frequency, to bi-Maxwellian, at a high frequency plasma excitation; however, a three-temperature EEDF is observed without metastable atoms.
Published: 2018

31. Displacement of Charge and Conduction Current in Collisionless Planar Sheaths During Voltage Transients

Author: F. A. Haas, Miles M. Turner, Laura Lauro-Taroni, and N. St. J. Braithwaite
Subjects: Physics, Planar, Physics::Plasma Physics, Dynamics (mechanics), Relaxation (physics), Charge (physics), Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Displacement (fluid), Space charge, Ion, Voltage
Abstract: The relaxation of a planar space charge sheath has been modelled numerically to elucidate the dynamics of the process. A numerical model has been used to show that ion dynamics need to be included if the space charge in the sheath exceeds the amount of charge stored in the external circuit.
Published: 2008

32. Electron heating mechanisms in dual-frequency capacitive discharges

Author: Pascal Chabert and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Superposition principle, Chemistry, Capacitive sensing, Excited state, Dual frequency, Electron heating, Electron, Atomic physics, Current (fluid), Condensed Matter Physics, Ohmic contact
Abstract: We discuss electron heating mechanisms in the sheath regions of dual-frequency capacitive discharges, with the twin aims of identifying the dominant mechanisms and supplying closed-form expressions from which the heating power can be estimated. We show that the heating effect produced by either Ohmic or collisionless heating is much larger when the discharge is excited by a superposition of currents at two frequencies than if either current had acted alone. This coupling effect occurs because the lower frequency current, while not directly heating the electrons to any great extent, strongly affects the spatial structure of the discharge in the sheath regions.
Published: 2007

33. Plasma boundary sheath in the afterglow of a pulsed inductively coupled RF plasma

Author: Miles M. Turner, Thomas Schwarz-Selinger, M. Osiac, B G Heil, Timo Gans, Uwe Czarnetzki, Deborah O'Connell, and Z. Lj. Petrović
Subjects: Chemistry, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion, Afterglow, symbols.namesake, Physics::Plasma Physics, Excited state, symbols, Langmuir probe, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Inductively coupled plasma, Atomic physics
Abstract: The sheath dynamics in the afterglow of a pulsed inductively coupled plasma, operated in hydrogen, is investigated. It is found that the sheath potential does not fully collapse in the early post-discharge. Time resolved measurements of the positive ion flux in a hydrogen plasma, using a mass resolved ion energy analyser, reveal that a constant 2 eV mean ion energy persists for several hundred micro-seconds in the afterglow. The presence of a finite sheath potential is explained by super-elastic collisions between vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules and electrons in the afterglow, leading to an electron temperature of about 0.5 eV. Plasma density decay times measured using both the mass resolved energy analyser and a Langmuir probe are in good agreement. Vibrational temperatures measured using optical emission spectroscopy support the theory of electron heating through super-elastic collisions with vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules. Measurements are also supported by numerical simulations and modelling results.
Published: 2007

34. Errors and uncertainty in complex plasma chemistry models

Author: Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Work (thermodynamics), Chemical species, Monte Carlo method, Range (statistics), Probability distribution, Statistical physics, Function (mathematics), Set (psychology), Data modeling
Abstract: Many, perhaps even most, applications of low-temperature plasmas involve mixtures of molecular gases that give rise to complex chemistry. Often, an important task in developing, optimizing and perhaps controlling such applications is understanding which chemical species are important, and by what mechanisms these important species are created and destroyed. Developing a model can be an important step in articulating an understanding of the application. However, such chemistry models can frequently become complex, with tens of species and hundreds or even thousands of reactions. Each of the reactions in a chemistry model is characterized by a rate constant (or equivalently a cross section), and of course the predictions of the model are a function of the values assigned to these rate constants. The set of rate constants is in principle obtained from antecedent work, incorporating a wide variety of experimental and theoretical approaches. These however have a common characteristic, which is that none of them is exact. As a consequence, the predictions of the chemistry model cannot be exact either. The main aim of the present work is to investigate the relationship between the uncertainty in these rate constants and the uncertainty in the model predictions of, for instance, species densities. This is done by assigning a probability distribution to each rate constant, and then using a Monte Carlo procedure to propagate the uncertainty into model predictions. We find that the uncertainty in the model predictions is unequally distributed over the product species densities, and varies appreciably in time. In extreme cases, the range of uncertainty is as much as a factor of ten in species that are thought important in applications. This is likely at least comparable with the uncertainty in measured species densities, so that comparisons between models and experiments may be significant only if the uncertainty in both is considered. A further conclusion of the present work is that the quality of transmission of data from primary sources to modern plasma chemistry models is often poor, so that in addition to irreducible uncertainty, most models contain avoidable errors that also affect the resulting predictions.
Published: 2015

35. Verification of particle-in-cell simulations with Monte Carlo collisions against exact solutions of the Boltzmann-Poisson equations

Author: Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Hybrid Monte Carlo, Computer science, Quantum Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo method, Dynamic Monte Carlo method, Applied mathematics, Monte Carlo integration, Monte Carlo method in statistical physics, Quasi-Monte Carlo method, Statistical physics, Monte Carlo molecular modeling
Abstract: In recent years, the integrity of scientific computation has been called into question by demonstrations that errors in computer codes are common, even when those codes are professionally maintained. This has led to an interest in techniques for demonstrating the correctness of codes. The most powerful of these so-called verification techniques involves showing that the solutions calculated by the computer code under test converge to an exact solution of the physical model in question, at the rate anticipated from theoretical understanding of the solution procedure employed. Of course, this method assumes that a relevant exact solution is known, which is normally not the case. For some categories of problem, the so-called method of manufactured solutions permits a (not necessarily physical) exact solution to be constructed. However, at the present time, this method appears, for various reasons, unsuitable for testing codes with Monte Carlo elements, such as particle-in cell simulations with Monte Carlo collisions. In the present work, we show that the applied mathematics literature contains a number of exact solutions of the Boltzmann-Poisson system that are useful for code verification. No single one of these solutions is of a sufficiently general character to provide a comprehensive test of all the features of particle-in-cell code with Monte Carlo collisions, but each combines some features in a nontrivial way, and together they cover a large proportion of the functionality of the code under test. Thus one might call these “mezzanine solutions” in the sense that they are more than elementary unit tests, but less than fully comprehensive solutions. The solutions in question include the Child-Langmuir diode problem, the neutron criticality problem, and various other transport problems. No doubt the literature contains further such solutions not yet identified. We will discuss salient features of these solutions in the context of their use as verification test problems, and show how they may be used to verify elements of a particle-in-cell code with Monte Carlo collisions. This procedure increases confidence in the correctness of previously published benchmark solutions.
Published: 2015

36. Electron heating in multiple-frequency capacitive discharges

Author: Michael A. Lieberman, P. Levif, Pascal Chabert, J. M. Rax, Miles M. Turner, and Jean-Luc Raimbault
Subjects: Wavelength, Materials science, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Field (physics), Physics::Plasma Physics, Capacitive sensing, Electrode, Flux, Electron heating, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Excitation, Ion
Abstract: Contemporary capacitive discharges are often driven by a combination of at least two frequencies to achieve independent control of the ion flux and the ion energy impacting the electrodes. This multiple frequency excitation leads to new electron heating mechanisms that are discussed in this paper. Firstly, we show that electron heating in the sheath is greatly enhanced by the combination of two frequencies, i.e. the heating produced is much larger than the sum of the two single contributions. Secondly, we show that when the higher frequency is such that the corresponding wavelength becomes comparable to the electrode size, electromagnetic effects become important and a significant amount of heating is provided by the inductive field. The discharge experiences a capacitive-to-inductive transition when the high frequency voltage amplitude is raised.
Published: 2006

37. Behaviour of a planar Langmuir probe in a laser ablation plasma

Author: Miles M. Turner, B. Doggett, James G. Lunney, C. Budtz-Joergensen, and P. Sheerin
Subjects: Laser ablation, Excimer laser, Chemistry, medicine.medical_treatment, General Physics and Astronomy, Ion current, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma-immersion ion implantation, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, symbols.namesake, Ion implantation, medicine, symbols, Langmuir probe, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics
Abstract: We have investigated some aspects of the behaviour of planar Langmuir probes in the supersonic plasma flow produced by laser ablation of solid materials in vacuum. The ablation was done using a 26 ns, 248 nm excimer laser, irradiating a silver target at 1 J cm −2 . We have compared the behaviour of the probe when it is orientated perpendicular and parallel to the plasma flow. In particular, we have shown that it is possible to adapt an analytical model, developed for plasma immersion ion implantation, to quantitatively describe the variation of the ion current with probe bias for the case when the plasma flow is along the probe surface. The electron temperature was also measured.
Published: 2005

38. Analysis of the excited argon atoms in the GEC RF reference cell by means of one-dimensional PIC simulations

Author: Miles M. Turner, Laura Lauro-Taroni, and N. St. J. Braithwaite
Subjects: Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Chemistry, Molar ionization energies of the elements, Condensed Matter Physics, Secondary electrons, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Secondary emission, Excited state, Ionization, Capacitively coupled plasma, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Ground state, Electron ionization
Abstract: We examine the question of whether the excited states in argon contribute significantly to ionization in a capacitively coupled plasma through metastable pooling and step-ionization processes. We look at this issue by means of a one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code, with collisions treated by a Monte Carlo collision package. In the range explored, 50–1000 mTorr, the main source of ionization, in the absence of secondary emission, is direct ionization from the ground state with a contribution from excited states that is negligible at lower pressures, but increases in importance at higher pressures. When secondary electrons are included, their interaction with ground state neutrals dominates the ionization. At higher pressures the metastable profiles can reveal useful information on the non-uniform mean electron energy across the discharge, even though these states do not necessarily play a significant role in ionization.
Published: 2004

39. Electrostatic modelling of dual frequency rf plasma discharges

Author: Albert R. Ellingboe, P C Boyle, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: Physics::Plasma Physics, Chemistry, Electrode, Analytical chemistry, Electron temperature, Ion current, Plasma, Low frequency, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Electrostatics, Ion, Voltage
Abstract: Particle-in-cell simulations have been used to study the nature of dual frequency plasma discharges. It is observed that both the ion flux on to the electrodes and the ion bombardment energy on to the electrodes can be controlled independently. There are two separate regimes in which this occurs. At large electrode separation, the ion current is controlled by varying the total discharge current, Jlf + Jhf. At small electrode separations, the ion flux can be controlled by varying the high frequency power source. In both regimes, the energy of the ions bombarding the electrodes is then determined by the low frequency voltage. A consequence of using dual frequencies to power the device is that the sheath width increases linearly as the low frequency power source is increased. This results in the dimensions of the bulk plasma decreasing, causing the electron temperature to increase for devices with electrode separations that are of comparable size to the electrode separation. In order to better understand the underlying physics involved within these devices an analytical global model has been developed which can explain many of the characteristics observed in the simulations.
Published: 2004

40. Modelling of the dual frequency capacitive sheath in the intermediate pressure range

Author: Miles M. Turner, J Robiche, and P C Boyle
Subjects: Capacitive coupling, Debye sheath, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Chemistry, Capacitive sensing, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Mechanics, Collisionality, Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma oscillation, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Ion, symbols.namesake, Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Space Physics, symbols, Atomic physics, Plasma processing
Abstract: The nonlinearity of the plasma sheath in dual frequency capacitively coupled reactors is investigated for frequencies well above the ion plasma frequency. This work focuses on the behaviour of the voltage and the sheath width with respect to the driving current source and the collisionality regime. For typical plasma processing applications, the gas pressure ranges from a few milliTorrs to hundreds of milliTorrs, and the ion dynamics span different collisional regimes. To describe these different ion dynamics, we have used a collisionless model and a variable mobility model. The sheath widths and the voltages obtained from these two models have then been compared.
Published: 2004

41. Independent control of ion current and ion impact energy onto electrodes in dual frequency plasma devices

Author: Miles M. Turner, Albert R. Ellingboe, and P C Boyle
Subjects: Coupling, Plasma etching, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, business.industry, Chemistry, Capacitive sensing, Analytical chemistry, Ion current, Plasma, Low frequency, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Ion, Physics::Plasma Physics, Microelectronics, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract: Dual frequency capacitive discharges are designed to offer independent control of the flux and energy of ions impacting on an object immersed in a plasma. This is desirable in applications such as the processing of silicon wafers for microelectronics manufacturing. In such discharges, a low frequency component couples predominantly to the ions, while a high frequency component couples predominantly to electrons. Thus, the low frequency component controls the ion energy, while the high frequency component controls the plasma density. Clearly, this desired behaviour is not achieved for arbitrary configurations of the discharge, and in general one expects some unwanted coupling of ion flux and energy. In this paper we use computer simulations with the particle-in-cell method to show that the most important governing parameter is the ratio of the driving frequencies. If the ratio of the high and low frequencies is great enough, essentially independent control of the ion energy and flux is possible by manipulation of the high and low frequency power sources. Other operating parameters, such as pressure, discharge geometry, and absolute power, are of much less significance.
Published: 2004

42. Standing wave and skin effects in large-area, high-frequency capacitive discharges

Author: Miles M. Turner, Michael A. Lieberman, Pascal Chabert, J. M. Rax, and Jean-Paul Booth
Subjects: Standing wave, Optics, business.industry, Chemistry, Capacitive sensing, Skin effect, Plasma, Radius, Thin film, Condensed Matter Physics, business, Plasma oscillation, Plasma processing
Abstract: Large-area capacitive discharges driven at frequencies higher than the usual industrial frequency of 13.56 MHz have attracted recent interest for materials etching and thin film deposition on large-area substrates. Standing wave and skin effects can be important limitations for plasma processing uniformity, which cannot be described by conventional electrostatic theory. An electromagnetic theory is developed for a discharge having two plates of radius R and separation 2l, which accounts for the propagation of surface and evanescent waves from the discharge edge into the centre and the role of capacitive and inductive fields in driving the power absorption. Examples of discharge fields are given having substantial standing wave and/or skin effects. The conditions for a uniform discharge without significant standing wave and skin effects are found to be, respectively, λ0>>2.6(l/s)1/2R and δ>>0.45(dR)1/2, where λ0 is the free space wavelength, s is the sheath width, δ = c/ωp is the collisionless skin depth, with c the speed of light and ωp the plasma frequency, and d = l-s is the plasma half-width. Taking the equality for these conditions for a discharge radius of 50 cm, plate separation of 4 cm, and sheath width of 2 mm, there is a substantial skin effect for plasma densities 1010 cm-3, and there is a substantial standing wave effect for frequencies f70 MHz.
Published: 2002

43. A model for tailored-waveform radiofrequency sheaths

Author: Pascal Chabert, Miles M. Turner, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Saclay-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École polytechnique (X)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Plasma processing, Analytical chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Microelectronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Physics::Plasma Physics, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Waveform, 010302 applied physics, Analytical expressions, business.industry, Chemistry, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, Plasmas, Excited state, Physics::Space Physics, Electric potential, business
Abstract: International audience; The sheath physics of radiofrequency plasmas excited by a sinusoidal waveform is reasonably well understood, but the existing models are complicated and are not easily extended to the more complex waveforms recently introduced in applications. Turner and Chabert (2014 Appl. Phys. Lett . 104 164102) proposed a model for collisionless sheaths that can easily be solved for arbitrary waveforms. In this paper we extend this model to the case of collisional sheaths in the intermediate pressure regime. Analytical expressions are derived for the electric field, the electric potential and the density profiles in the sheath region. The collisionless and collisional models are compared for a pulsed-voltage waveform.
Published: 2017

44. Investigation of the electron kinetics in O2capacitively coupled plasma with the use of a Langmuir probe

Author: P Swift, S Kechkar, S Kumar, Sean Kelly, Miles M. Turner, and Stephen Daniels
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Electron density, Chemistry, Plasma parameters, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, Plasma, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Langmuir probe, Electron temperature, Capacitively coupled plasma, Electric current, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: A Langmuir probe was used to measure various electron plasma parameters in O2 capacitively coupled plasma. It was shown that the variation in these plasma parameters was due to changes in the electron heating mechanisms as the discharge conditions varied. The so called 'α–γ' mode transition in O2 plasma (100 mTorr) was identified from the power evolution (30–600 W) of the electron energy probability function (EEPF), electron density (n e) and effective electron temperature (T eff). The EEPF evolved from Druyvesteyn to bi-Maxwellian with increasing applied power which resulted in a rapid decrease and an abrupt increase in T eff and n e respectively. Comparisons were made to the same mode transition for similar conditions in Ar plasma. The EEPFs were Druyvesteyn in the α mode and evolved into a Maxwellian like EEPF in the γ mode of an Ar plasma. Two distinct trends of n e versus power was observed, it was shown that the measured rf current and rf voltage had a similar behavior. The pressure evolution of the EEPF, n e, and T eff was also investigated in O2 plasma operated at both 30 and 200 W. At 30 W the number of high energy electrons decreased and flattening of the low energy portion of the EEPF occurred with increasing gas pressure (10–100 mTorr) which indicates a collisionless to collisional heating transition. However, at 200 W the right combination of rf voltage and pressure was met for the discharge to evolve into the γ mode as the pressure increased. This was evident from significant narrowing of the EEPF as the pressure increased.
Published: 2017

45. The effect of intermediate frequency on sheath dynamics in collisionless current driven triple frequency capacitive plasmas

Author: Sarveshwar Sharma, S. K. Mishra, Miles M. Turner, and Predhiman Kaw
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Capacitive sensing, Plasma, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Signal, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Amplitude, Distribution function, Intermediate frequency, Plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Capacitively coupled plasma, Atomic physics
Abstract: The CCP (Capacitively Coupled Plasma) discharge featuring operation in current driven triple frequency configuration has analytically been investigated and the outcome is verified by utilising 1D3V particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code. In this analysis the role of middle frequency component of the applied signal has precisely been explored. The discharge parameters are seen to be sensitive to the ratio of the chosen middle frequency to lower and higher frequencies for fixed amplitudes of the three frequency components. On the basis of analysis and PIC simulation results, the middle frequency component is demonstrated to act as additional control over sheath potential, electron sheath heating and ion energy distribution function (iedf) of the plasma discharge. For the electron sheath heating, effect of the middle frequency is seen to be pronounced as it approaches to the lower frequency component. On the other hand for the iedf, the control is more sensitive as the middle frequency approaches towards higher frequency. The PIC estimate for the electron sheath heating is found to be in reasonably good agreement with the analytical prediction based on Kaganovich formulation.
Published: 2017

46. Investigation of absolute atomic fluorine density in a capacitively coupled SF 6 /O 2 /Ar and SF 6 /Ar discharge

Author: S Kechkar, Stephen Daniels, P.D. Swift, S K Babu, C. Gaman, and Miles M. Turner
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Actinometer, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Concentration ratio, Dissociation (chemistry), law.invention, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Fluorine, 0210 nano-technology, Spectroscopy, Dimensionless quantity
Abstract: Detection of fluorine atoms in a capacitively coupled SF6/O2/Ar discharge has been achieved using appearance potential mass spectrometry (APMS). Atomic fluorine density, [F], variation with power in the range of 50–300 W was found to saturate. The dissociation fraction for a fixed gas pressure of 40 mTorr and a feedstock mix of SF6/O2/Ar (85/10/5%) ranged from 3.0 × 10−4–2.4 × 10−3. The addition of O2 to SF6 plasma was shown to have a significant effect on [F]. The dissociation fraction in SF6/Ar (95/5%) plasma at 20 mTorr was over a factor of 22 lower than SF6/O2/Ar (85/10/5%) plasma. For a fixed gas pressure and power of 60 mTorr and 500 W the F+ signal showed a variation of up to a factor of 60 depending if O2 was in the feedstock gas which indicates a marked enhancement of [F] with O2 addition. Fluorine actinometry was also used to monitor relative fluorine atom concentrations. A comparison of actinometry with APMS showed that a classical actinometric approach for measuring fluorine atoms was unreliable for the conditions examined in this work. Over the power range investigated the absolute fluorine concentration increased by a factor of 10 whereas the actinometric signal only showed a two fold increase.
Published: 2014
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47. Probing color coherence effects in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=7\,\text {TeV} $$ s = 7 TeV

Author: Ben Bylsma, A. Barker, Jing Wang, Ulla Gebbert, J. Karancsi, Lorenzo Foà, J. Smith, Matthew Chadwick, M. W. Arenton, R. Horisberger, Andrew Levin, C. Goetzmann, L. M. Cremaldi, D. Carlsmith, Jose M Hernandez, R. Stringer, M. Konecki, K. Theofilatos, M. Sharma, P. Jindal, R. Rahmat, B. Kreis, I. Golutvin, A. Montanari, S. Khalid, Hans J. Vogel, Sridhara Dasu, Emilio Meschi, Evangelos Paradas, R. E. Hughes, Pierre Piroué, N. De Filippis, Jean-Louis Faure, M. Choi, S. Albergo, C. Amsler, Dooyeon Gyun, S. Kailas, H. K. Wöhri, D. Ferencek, S. Costantini, A. York, P. Ronchese, Anastasia Grebenyuk, An Vorobyev, S. Bitioukov, A. Léonard, Hyangkyu Park, Douglas Wright, Giacomo Fedi, K. Harder, Daniele Pedrini, J. Pela, C. Dozen, L. Teodorescu, D. Krücker, Valerie Halyo, N. Eggert, A. Mestvirishvili, D. Pitzl, Caroline Collard, I. Marfin, G. Schott, T. Scarborough, M. Grimes, R. Khurana, Carsten Heidemann, Costas Foudas, A. Y. Rodríguez-Marrero, Philippe Gras, S. Nourbakhsh, A. A. Abdelalim, Melody A. Swartz, V. Karimäki, Devdatta Majumder, Benjamin Michlin, B. Snook, B. Dahmes, D. Hits, Anna Cimmino, J. Yelton, M. Chamizo Llatas, Mauro Emanuele Dinardo, I. C. Park, Stephen Mrenna, A. Ruiz-Jimeno, N. Cripps, F. J.M. Geurts, P. Zotto, F. Blekman, V. Zhukov, Christof Roland, T. Du Pree, W. De Boer, Anita Topkar, Y. Kuessel, B. Rahbaran, Alberto Potenza, S. Rappoccio, James John Brooke, A. Spiridonov, T. Tuuva, Raffaello D'Alessandro, B. Casal, Y. Guo, Slawek Tkaczyk, K. Hoepfner, S. Liang, D. J. A. Cockerill, J. Lazo-Flores, F. Glege, Wolfgang Treberer-Treberspurg, J. Alimena, David Cutts, D. Cline, P. Maksimovic, H. Wolfe, Eric Clément, Achim Stahl, Myriam Grunewald, A. Uzunian, Fabrizio Gasparini, S. Cihangir, J. Santaolalla, D. Duggan, Ignazio Lazzizzera, Marco Zanetti, Gulsen Onengut, Viktor Matveev, Gian Mario Bilei, Meenakshi Narain, Gonzalo Gomez, M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, A. Petrukhin, J. Marrouche, Alessandro Thea, Sunil Somalwar, Marc Dejardin, V. Stolin, E. Karavakis, M. S. Soares, F. Meijers, Mohamed Mahmoud, E. Calvo, P. Fabbricatore, Robyn Lucas, J. E. Ramirez Vargas, Philippe Miné, Santiago Folgueras, George Alverson, Polina Otiougova, M. Chasco, G. A. Pierro, W. Andrews, Nazar Bartosik, N. Wardle, Manfred Paulini, Victor Krychkine, Pierluigi Bortignon, C. O'Brien, W. Kiesenhofer, S. K. Nam, Yu Andreev, Antony Adair, P. Siegrist, S. Sumowidagdo, L. Perrozzi, Andrey Belyaev, S. Bilmis, K. Petridis, K. Kadija, Pedro Silva, M. Bellato, Willi Bertl, A. Rosowsky, Nicola Cavallo, N. Almeida, Gui Nyun Kim, P. Kreuzer, P. Luukka, M. Zielinski, Marco Meschini, Ashok Kumar, S. Malvezzi, S. Kesisoglou, M. Maggi, A. Juodagalvis, Stefano Mersi, Regina Demina, F. Nguyen, M. Besancon, J. Fernandez Menendez, T. Khurshid, Stephen Wimpenny, Yanjun Tu, D. M. Morse, Atul Gurtu, P. Turner, Sara Fiorendi, C. Albajar, J. R. Komaragiri, A. Calamba, Clara Jorda, M. Abbrescia, J. Sammet, I. Asin, Lorenzo Uplegger, William T. Ford, T. Tabarelli de Fatis, C.W. Fabjan, B. P. Padley, Ilina Vasileva Akin, L. Lusito, C. H. Jiang, Marvin Johnson, D. Treille, V. Rekovic, Z. L. Trocsanyi, D. Lazic, J. Velkovska, J. Piedra Gomez, Wolfram Erdmann, Nicolo Cartiglia, Stefano Colafranceschi, Harold Nguyen, D. Eckstein, Nasuf Sonmez, Hannsjoerg Artur Weber, Gordon H. Hanson, J. R. Vlimant, J. Sibille, Maciej Górski, P. Lobelle Pardo, Andreas Kornmayer, N. Leonardo, L. Gouskos, S. Ozkorucuklu, Gail Davies, P. Checchia, A. Kayis Topaksu, V. Perelygin, Venkatesh Veeraraghavan, M. Kadastik, Th Muller, E. Kwon, S. Vavilov, K. Hatakeyama, Dimitri Bourilkov, S. Carrillo Moreno, D. Hidas, K. Klapoetke, M. Vidal Marono, H. Flacher, S. Jabeen, Atanu Modak, J. Hugon, Junghwan Goh, Livio Fanò, M. Aldaya Martin, Lucie Gauthier, A. C. Le Bihan, S. Semenov, G. Eckerlin, Zhenwei Yang, F. M. Stober, Andrei Gritsan, G. Zito, T. Christiansen, P. Lawson, Paolo Gunnellini, Michael Walker, P. Markowitz, T. Dorigo, I. Vorobiev, S. Linn, James Alexander, Vasundhara Chetluru, Lukasz Kreczko, Claudio Campagnari, A. Quintario Olmeda, M. Vergili, B. Gomber, W. Dominik, Thomas Kress, J. Chasserat, Christopher Neu, Z. Staykova, Batool Safarzadeh, Yongsun Kim, Lev Dudko, Y. Roh, P. Raics, J. Haas, M. Rodenburg, L. Quertenmont, Wei Xie, G. Breto, A. Branca, Y. D. Oh, Hasan Ogul, Emine Gurpinar, Klaus Freudenreich, D. Marlow, W. Lohmann, Sergio Cittolin, Julien Caudron, Jared Sturdy, D. Mason, M. A. Buchmann, E. Friis, D. Toback, Emanuele Usai, C. Park, Rajat Gupta, A. F. Barfuss, G. Georgiou, Silvia Taroni, N. Heracleous, Michal Bluj, P. Vischia, Andrey Marinov, Karl Gill, V. Azzolini, W. To, Filip Moortgat, C. Willmott, Joshua Bendavid, Manuel Patrice Geisler, N. Mirman, H. Snoek, F. Romeo, M. Marone, N. Wickramage, A. Sakharov, Guofan Hu, Alexander Toropin, Hwi Dong Yoo, M. Selvaggi, K. Ocalan, D. Horton, V. Knünz, L. Perchalla, Aram Apyan, E. Avdeeva, F. Thyssen, Yuan Chao, John Perry Cumalat, E. Berry, Valentin Sulimov, B. Bilin, Oliver Pooth, R. Schmidt, A. De Cosa, Jan Steggemann, Fiorenza Micheli, Thomas Weiler, Paolo Vitulo, Jay Roberts, Cristina Ferro, A. Zhokin, Alain Martelli, P. Spagnolo, Andrew R. Tapper, P. Paganini, M. Park, A. Nowack, Yuri Gershtein, Debarun Dutta, S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi, Leander Litov, Joerg Behr, M. Olschewski, Tomasz Frueboes, K. Ozdemir, L. Barbone, A. Ghezzi, J. Anderson, B. Calvert, A. Pozdnyakov, H. Mendez, Efstathios Stiliaris, Michael Seidel, Gianluca Petrillo, N. Golubev, Ivan Glushkov, A. Meyer, Sven Dildick, Frank Hartmann, D. Renker, Gouranga Kole, Andreas Hinzmann, Vasile Mihai Ghete, T. Rovelli, S. Girgis, W. A. Khan, Matt J. Jarvis, Z. Antunovic, Shivani Ahuja, S. Petrushanko, R. Magaña Villalba, V. Brigljevic, Olga Novgorodova, M. Friedl, Pushpalatha C Bhat, N. Beliy, F. Ligabue, J. Luetic, Ivan Amos Cali, Ilya Osipenkov, Ian Macneill, Norbert Neumeister, V. Golovtsov, M. Calderon De La Barca Sanchez, C. Mariotti, C. Seez, R. 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Hofman, S. Khalatyan, P. Kurt, F. Lacroix, D. H. Moon, C. O’Brien, C. Silkworth, D. Strom, P. Turner, N. Varela, U. Akgun, E. A. Albayrak, B. Bilki, W. Clarida, K. Dilsiz, F. Duru, S. Griffith, J.-P. Merlo, H. Mermerkaya, A. Mestvirishvili, A. Moeller, J. Nachtman, C. R. Newsom, H. Ogul, Y. Onel, F. Ozok, S. Sen, P. Tan, E. Tira, J. Wetzel, T. Yetkin, K. Yi, B. A. Barnett, B. Blumenfeld, S. Bolognesi, G. Giurgiu, A. V. Gritsan, G. Hu, P. Maksimovic, C. Martin, M. Swartz, A. Whitbeck, P. Baringer, A. Bean, G. Benelli, R. P. Kenny, M. Murray, D. Noonan, S. Sander, R. Stringer, J. S. Wood, A. F. Barfu, I. Chakaberia, A. Ivanov, S. Khalil, M. Makouski, Y. Maravin, L. K. Saini, S. Shrestha, I. Svintradze, J. Gronberg, D. Lange, F. Rebassoo, D. Wright, A. Baden, B. Calvert, S. C. Eno, J. A. Gomez, N. J. Hadley, R. G. Kellogg, T. Kolberg, Y. Lu, M. Marionneau, A. C. Mignerey, K. Pedro, A. Peterman, A. Skuja, J. Temple, M. B. Tonje, S. C. Tonwar, A. Apyan, G. Bauer, W. Busza, I. A. Cali, M. Chan, L. Di Matteo, V. Dutta, G. Gomez Ceballo, M. Goncharov, D. Gulhan, Y. Kim, M. Klute, Y. S. Lai, A. Levin, P. D. Luckey, T. Ma, S. Nahn, C. Pau, D. Ralph, C. Roland, G. Roland, G. S. F. Stephan, F. Stöckli, K. Sumorok, D. Velicanu, R. Wolf, B. Wyslouch, M. Yang, Y. Yilmaz, A. S. Yoon, M. Zanetti, V. Zhukova, B. Dahme, A. De Benedetti, A. Gude, J. Haupt, S. C. Kao, K. Klapoetke, Y. Kubota, J. Man, N. Pastika, R. Rusack, M. Sasseville, A. Singovsky, N. Tambe, J. Turkewitz, J. G. Acosta, L. M. Cremaldi, R. Kroeger, S. Olivero, L. Perera, R. Rahmat, D. A. Sander, D. Summer, E. Avdeeva, K. Bloom, S. Bose, D. R. Clae, A. Dominguez, M. Ead, R. Gonzalez Suarez, J. Keller, I. Kravchenko, J. Lazo-Flore, S. Malik, F. Meier, G. R. Snow, J. Dolen, A. Godshalk, I. Iashvili, S. Jain, A. Kharchilava, S. Rappoccio, Z. Wan, G. Alverson, E. Barberi, D. Baumgartel, M. Chasco, J. Haley, A. Massironi, D. Nash, T. Orimoto, D. Trocino, D. Wood, J. Zhang, A. Anastassov, K. A. Hahn, A. Kubik, L. Lusito, N. Mucia, N. Odell, B. Pollack, A. Pozdnyakov, M. Schmitt, S. Stoynev, K. Sung, M. Velasco, S. Won, D. Berry, A. Brinkerhoff, K. M. Chan, M. Hildreth, C. Jessop, D. J. Karmgard, J. Kolb, K. Lannon, W. Luo, S. Lynch, N. Marinelli, D. M. Morse, T. Pearson, M. Planer, R. Ruchti, J. Slaunwhite, N. Vall, M. Wayne, M. Wolf, L. Antonelli, B. Bylsma, L. S. Durkin, C. Hill, R. Hughe, K. Kotov, T. Y. Ling, D. Puigh, M. Rodenburg, G. Smith, C. Vuosalo, B. L. Winer, H. Wolfe, E. Berry, P. Elmer, V. Halyo, P. Hebda, J. Hegeman, A. Hunt, P. Jindal, S. A. Koay, P. Lujan, D. Marlow, T. Medvedeva, M. Mooney, J. Olsen, P. Piroué, X. Quan, A. Raval, H. Saka, D. Stickland, C. Tully, J. S. Werner, S. C. Zenz, A. Zuranski, E. Brownson, A. Lopez, H. Mendez, J. E. Ramirez Varga, E. Alagoz, D. Benedetti, G. Bolla, D. Bortoletto, M. De Mattia, A. Everett, Z. Hu, M. Jone, K. Jung, O. Koybasi, M. Kre, N. Leonardo, D. Lopes Pegna, V. Maroussov, P. Merkel, D. H. Miller, N. Neumeister, I. Shipsey, D. Silver, A. Svyatkovskiy, F. Wang, W. Xie, L. Xu, H. D. Yoo, J. Zablocki, Y. Zheng, N. Parashar, A. Adair, B. Akgun, K. M. Ecklund, F. J. M. Geurt, B. Michlin, B. P. Padley, R. Redjimi, J. Robert, J. Zabel, B. Betchart, A. Bodek, R. Covarelli, P. de Barbaro, R. Demina, Y. Eshaq, T. Ferbel, A. Garcia-Bellido, P. Goldenzweig, J. Han, A. Harel, D. C. Miner, G. Petrillo, D. Vishnevskiy, M. Zielinski, A. Bhatti, R. Ciesielski, L. Demortier, K. Gouliano, G. Lungu, C. Mesropian, S. Arora, A. Barker, J. P. Chou, C. Contreras-Campana, E. Contreras-Campana, D. Duggan, D. Ferencek, Y. Gershtein, R. Gray, E. Halkiadaki, D. Hida, A. Lath, S. Panwalkar, M. Park, R. Patel, V. Rekovic, J. Roble, S. Salur, S. Schnetzer, C. Seitz, S. Somalwar, R. Stone, S. Thoma, P. Thomassen, M. Walker, G. Cerizza, M. Hollingsworth, K. Rose, S. Spanier, Z. C. Yang, A. York, O. Bouhali, R. Eusebi, W. Flanagan, J. Gilmore, T. Kamon, V. Khotilovich, R. Montalvo, I. Osipenkov, Y. Pakhotin, A. Perloff, J. Roe, A. Safonov, T. Sakuma, I. Suarez, A. Tatarinov, D. Toback, N. Akchurin, C. Cowden, J. Damgov, C. Dragoiu, P. R. Dudero, K. Kovitanggoon, S. W. Lee, T. Libeiro, I. Volobouev, E. Appelt, A. G. Delannoy, S. Greene, A. Gurrola, W. John, C. Maguire, A. Melo, M. Sharma, P. Sheldon, B. Snook, S. Tuo, J. Velkovska, M. W. Arenton, S. Boutle, B. Cox, B. Franci, J. Goodell, R. Hirosky, A. Ledovskoy, C. Lin, C. Neu, J. Wood, S. Gollapinni, R. Harr, P. E. Karchin, C. Kottachchi Kankanamge Don, P. Lamichhane, A. Sakharov, D. A. Belknap, L. Borrello, D. Carlsmith, M. Cepeda, S. Dasu, S. Duric, E. Frii, M. Grothe, R. Hall-Wilton, M. Herndon, A. Hervé, P. Klabber, J. Kluka, A. Lanaro, R. Lovele, A. Mohapatra, I. Ojalvo, T. Perry, G. A. Pierro, G. Polese, I. Ro, T. Sarangi, A. Savin, W. H. Smith, and J. Swanson
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, CMS, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Monte Carlo method, Inverse, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, HEP, Gluon, 0103 physical sciences, Transverse momentum, High Energy Physics::Experiment, LHC, 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), Coherence (physics)
Abstract: A study of color coherence effects in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The data used in the analysis were collected in 2010 with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns. Events are selected that contain at least three jets and where the two jets with the largest transverse momentum exhibit a back-to-back topology. The measured angular correlation between the second- and third-leading jet is shown to be sensitive to color coherence effects, and is compared to the predictions of Monte Carlo models with various implementations of color coherence. None of the models describe the data satisfactorily.
Published: 2014

48. A radio-frequency sheath model for complex waveforms

Author: Miles M. Turner, Pascal Chabert, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Debye sheath, Electron density, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Anharmonicity, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), symbols.namesake, Classical mechanics, Physics::Plasma Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, symbols, Radio frequency, Plasma processing, Excitation, Ansatz
Abstract: Plasma sheaths driven by radio-frequency voltages occur frequently, in contexts ranging from plasma processing applications to magnetically confined fusion experiments. These sheaths are crucial because they dominantly affect impedance, power absorption, ion acceleration and sometimes the stability of the nearby plasma. An analytical understanding of sheath behavior is therefore important, both intrinsically and as an element in more elaborate theoretical structures. In practice, these radio-frequency sheaths are commonly excited by highly anharmonic waveforms, but no analytical model exists for this general case. In this letter we present a mathematically simple sheath model that can be solved for essentially arbitrary excitation waveforms. We show that this model is in good agreement with earlier models for single frequency excitation, and we show by example how to develop a solution for a complex wave form. This solution is in good agreement with simulation data. This simple and accurate model is likely to have wide application.
Published: 2014

49. Equivalence of the hard-wall and kinetic-fluid models of collisionless electron heating in capacitively coupled discharges

Author: Pascal Chabert, Jean-Paul Booth, Miles M. Turner, Trevor Lafleur, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Chemistry, Plasma, Mechanics, Electron, Edge (geometry), Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic energy, Physics::Plasma Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Electron heating, Radio frequency, Atomic physics, Current (fluid), Equivalence (measure theory)
Abstract: International audience; By re-evaluating the hard-wall collisionless electron heating model from first principles, we show that despite previous criticisms (Gozadinos et al 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.135004] 135004 ), this model can in general be made consistent with the requirement of radio frequency (rf) current continuity at the sheath edge, while still producing a net heating effect. In addition, we demonstrate that the hard-wall and kinetic-fluid heating models stem from the same basic physical mechanism, and are in many ways the same theory; they differ only in the spatial region where electron heating is assumed to occur, and the way in which the effective electron distribution function is determined. Fundamentally, both models predict that collisionless heating occurs because of a non-isothermal compression and expansion of the plasma electrons by an oscillating rf sheath.
Published: 2014

50. Novel technique for the extraction of ionization profiles from spatial density measurements

Author: David Vender, Catherine Deegan, Miles M. Turner, and C. E. Markham
Subjects: Spatial density, Argon, Materials science, Ambipolar diffusion, Iterative method, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Photoionization, symbols.namesake, chemistry, Ionization, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, symbols, Langmuir probe, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Instrumentation
Abstract: A method has been devised to extract the two-dimensional ionization profiles from spatially resolved ion density measurements made in a capacitively coupled argon rf plasma. This technique is valid if the production process is ionization and the loss process is ambipolar diffusion. As this procedure calculates the total production ~ionization! term, processes such as two-step ionization and photoionization are included. The main benefit of this new technique is that it extracts ionization rates that pertain to the total ionization in the discharge. It follows that this technique could be used to determine when other ionization processes ~e.g., photo- and two-step ionization! are important. On testing with experimental data, the inversion process was observed to reproduce the original source term, thereby verifying that the iteration process converges to a real solution. The calculated ionization rate using the integral method is in good agreement with the ionization profiles obtained from the density measurements. Hence, there is now a method of determining the ionization rate that is independent of electron energy probability function measurement and that includes all ionization processes, not just ground state ionization by electron–neutral collisions.
Published: 2001

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