Search

Mabea fistulifera, a species pollinated mainly by diurnal and nocturnal vertebrates, presents pendulous inflorescences with approximately 70 pairs of nuptial nectaries (NNs). These NNs exude voluminous nectar drops that defy gravity, remaining exposed at the inflorescence for more than a day. We aimed to investigate the NN secretory process and the unique nectar presentation of M. fistulifera. NNs and their exudate were collected at different secretory stages and submitted to structural studies and chemical analysis. The epidermis is devoid of stomata and constitutes the main site of synthesis for non-sugar metabolites found on nectar and nectar-coating film. Nectary parenchyma presents few small starch grains, and vascular strands are distributed until the nectary parenchyma cells close to the epidermis. Vascular tissues at the nectary parenchyma seem to provide sugar and water for the nectar. A film composed of lipids, alkaloids, and proteins covers the nectar drops. The film guarantees the nectar offering for several hours, as it minimizes water loss and prevents falls by gravitational action. The release of large nectar drops is intrinsically linked to the NN anatomical traits and the exudate composition. Low sugar concentration and predominance of hexoses in M. fistulifera nectar are essential for maintaining nectar exudation for many hours, which results in the visitation of a broad spectrum of pollinators.

Premise of research. Studying functional floral morphology in Asclepiadoideae requires anatomical and histochemical analyses due to the complex synorganization and high diversity of secretory tissu...

Leaf glands are common structures in Malpighiaceae and exhibit great morphological diversity, yet information on their anatomy, secretion and type of visitors remains scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution, anatomical development and chemical and functional properties of leaf glands of Banisteriopsis muricata (Malpighiaceae). Leaves at different stages of development were collected and processed according to standard techniques for light and scanning electron microscopy. Secretion composition was determined by histochemical tests and test-strips, while gland funciton was determined by field observation of interactions with visitors. Leaf glands were located on the petiole and on the abaxial base of the leaf blade. The gland secretion was found to be a protein-rich nectar that was foraged upon by ants ( Solenopsis); it was found accumulated in subcuticular spaces without pores or stomata for its release. Leaf glands were found to develop from protoderm and ground meristem, and consisted of typical secretory epidermis, nectariferous parenchyma and vascularized subnectariferous parenchyma. Therefore, it can be concluded that the distribution, chemical nature of secretion and anatomy of leaf glands of B. muricata characterize them as EFNs, while foraging by ants indicate a mutualistic relationship that possibly protects the plant against herbivores.

Neotropical Piper species have bisexual flowers. Such reproductive trait is considered basal in this pantropical genus. However, neotropical species having unisexual (staminate) flowers along with bisexual ones have also been reported. Dichogamy is common in the genus, associated with either self-compatibility or -incompatibility, as well as with entomophily. We analyzed a natural population of Piper caldense in a Atlantic Forest area (Viçosa municipality, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil). Preliminary observations indicated that the species produces two flower types. We analyzed flower sex in spikes of 50 plants. We obtained additional information through morphological and anatomical studies and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The longevity and exposure dynamics of stigmatic papillae and the pollen release sequence of all four stamens were investigated to verify the degree of dichogamy. Pollination tests were performed, pollinators were identified and their visitation frequency was recorded. Piper caldense has both bisexual and staminate flowers, each flower type being located on separate spikes. These spikes occurred on the same plant, thus indicating andromonoecy; furthermore, plants having only spikes with staminate flowers were also observed. This gender had not yet been reported to the genus. Gradual and sequential exposure of stigmatic papillae associated with asynchronous pollen release (one stamen a day) resulted in incomplete protogyny. Hand pollination tests showed that the species is self-incompatible. Social bees, mainly Apis mellifera and Melipona spp., were the major pollinator group. Our study reinforces the need to associate morphological analysis with floral biology and indicates future changes in studies addressing reproductive traits associated with the phylogeny of the Piper genus. Las especies neotropicales de Piper presentan flores bisexuales, condición considerada basal al interior de este género pantropical. Sin embargo, fueron observadas especies neotropicales con flores unisexuales (estaminadas), además de las bisexuales. La dicogamia es común en el género y se encuentra asociada a la autocompatibilidad o incompatibilidad, al igual que la entomofilia. Fue analizada una población natural de Piper caldense en un área de bosque Atlántico (municipio de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, sureste de Brasil). Las observaciones preliminares indicaron que esta especie produce dos tipos florales, para lo cual fue analizada la sexualidad de las flores en 50 espigas a través de estudios morfológicos, anatómicos y análisis con microscopia electrónica de barrido. La longevidad y dinámica de exposición de las papilas estigmáticas y la secuencia de liberación de los granos de polen en los cuatro estambres fueron observados para verificar el grado de dicogamia. El sistema reproductivo se evaluó mediante el test de autopolinización espontánea y polinización abierta. Los visitantes florales fueron identificados y se registró su frecuencia de visita. Piper caldense presenta flores bisexuales y estaminadas, cada tipo floral se encuentra en espigas separadas. Estas espigas se encuentran en la misma planta, lo que indica que es andromonoica; adicionalmente, fueron observadas plantas que solo presentaban espigas con flores estaminadas, lo que se constituye en una combinación sexual inédita para el género. La exposición gradual y secuencial de las papilas estigmáticas asociada con la liberación asincrónica de los granos de polen (un estambre por día) indica una protoginia incompleta. Los test de polinización mostraron que la especie es autoincompatible. Las abejas sociales, principalmente Apis mellifera y Melipona spp., fueron los polinizadores principales. Este estudio refuerza la necesidad de asociar los analisis morfológicos con la funcionalidad de las estructuras florales, además indica los cambios futuros en estudios que abordan características reproductivas asociadas a la filogenia de las especies de Piper.

Los estudios sobre la biología reproductiva de las especies de Dorstenia son escasos. En este artículo analizamos la sexualidad, la biología floral y dispersión de las diásporas de Dorstenia arifolia y D. bonijesu, incluyendo sus sistemas reproductivos y polinizadores, en poblaciones naturales localizadas en el estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste de Brasil. Registramos, por primera vez, la presencia de cenantos unisexuales (masculinos) y bisexuales en un mismo individuo de Dorstenia arifolia; en cambio, sólo se observaron cenantos bisexuales en D. bonijesu. En ambas especies los cenantos fueron de larga duración, y los cenantos bisexuales exhibieron protoginia. Registramos autocompatibilidad y miofilia en Dorstenia arifolia, que fue polinizada por pequeñas moscas de la familia Lauxaniidae. Estos insectos no solo usan el polen como alimento sino que utilizan el cenanto como sitio de oviposición, siendo este un hecho registrado por primera vez para para las especies estudiadas. Dorstenia bonijesu, aún sin visitantes florales, también produce semillas mediante apomixis, un nuevo sistema reproductivo para el género. Las dos especies estudiadas son autocóricas; sin embargo, Dorstenia bonijesu exhibió un tipo peculiar de hidrocoria. Las novedades aquí registradas indican la necesidad de estudios adicionales para mejorar la comprensión de los atributos reproductivos de las especies de Dorstenia.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-23 British Ecological Society Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Background and Aims: Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods: The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results: Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions: Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades. Faculty of Arts Science and Technology University of Northampton, Newton Building, Avenue Campus Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik Universität Bayreuth Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107 Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo - LEC Campus JK - Diamantina School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01 Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste UNNE-CONICET Department of Plant Biology Ecology and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares Departamento de Biología Comparada Facultad de Ciencias UNAM Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp Saint Louis University Department of Biology Biology Extension Building, 1008 S. Spring Ave. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. 269. Cad. Urankent Prestij Konutlarý Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town, P/Bag X3 Ecosystem Management Group ETH Zurich EDB UMR 5174 Université de Toulouse UPS, 118 route de Narbonne Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET) Departamento de Botânica Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Quinta da Boa Vista Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, PO Box 339 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Departamento de Botânica - CB Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar Centro de Ciências Agrárias Depto. Ciências da Natureza Matemática e Educação, Rod. Anhanguera Km 174 Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) IMBIV (CONICET-UNC) Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150 Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Biology Department Franklin and Marshall College Natural History Museum Georgia College, 231 W. Hancock Street Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Department of Biology Willamette University Department of Botany Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences Academy of Natural Sciences Drexel University Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3 Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), PO Box 661 School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus IX. Rodovia BR 242, km 4, s/n. Flamengo Tropical Biology Association David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street Instituto de Biologia - UFU, Campus Umuarama Bloco 2D Department of Botany Rhodes University, PO Box 94 Biospheres Eshwari, 52/403, Nanasaheb Peshva Marg, Near Ramna Ganpati Department of Evolution Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Universitária s/n, Novo Horizonte Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road Laboratorio de Ecología UBIPRO FES-Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Department of Plant Sciences Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Kestell Road Penn State University, 542 ASI Building Department of Chemistry and Bioscience Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de VIçosa (UFV) Museo Botánico Córdoba y Cátedra de Morfologia Vegetal (IMBIVUNC-CONICET) Graduate School of Technology Industrial and Social Science Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyosanjima Centro Acadêmico de Vitória Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Departamento de Educação Universidade Federal da Paraiba Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal da Paraiba Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia

We analyzed the reproductive phenology of Ditassa burchellii and the influence of abiotic factors on the species phenophases. The study was conducted on individuals of a natural population from a semi-deciduous forest (Viçosa municipality, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil). We quantified the activity and intensity indices of the following phenophases: flower bud, flower, immature fruit, and dehiscent fruit. To test for seasonality of phenophases, we analyzed each of them using Rayleigh test. We evaluated whether there was any association between abiotic variables (mean temperature, rainfall, and day length) and phenophases, in the month of occurrence and in the three months prior to the occurrence of each phenophase. The analyzed phenophases occurred mainly at the end of the rainy season and during the dry season, with overlapping periods, but with sequential peaks. The periods of occurrence of reproductive phenophases were similar to the ones in other climbing species and were mainly related to the dispersal mode. All phenophases were seasonal and were associated with at least one abiotic variable, either in the month of their occurrence or in the previous months. Analisamos a fenologia reprodutiva de Ditassa burchellii e a influência de fatores abióticos em suas fenofases. O estudo foi realizado em indivíduos de população natural em floresta estacional semidecídua (Viçosa, Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil). Quantificamos os índices de atividade e de intensidade das seguintes fenofases: botões florais, flores, frutos imaturos e frutos deiscentes. Para testar a sazonalidade dessas fenofases, analisamos cada uma usando o teste de Rayleigh. Avaliamos se houve associação entre as variáveis abióticas (temperatura média, precipitação e comprimento do dia) e as fenofases, no mês de ocorrência e também nos três meses anteriores à ocorrência de cada fenofase. As fenofases ocorreram principalmente no fim da estação chuvosa e durante a estação seca, com períodos sobrepostos, mas com picos sequenciais. Os períodos de ocorrência das fenofases reprodutivas foram similares aos de outras espécies de lianas e foram relacionados principalmente com o modo de dispersão. Todas as fenofases foram sazonais e foram associadas a pelo menos uma das variáveis abióticas, no mês de sua ocorrência ou nos meses anteriores.

The Asteraceae have a high diversity of reproductive mechanisms, as shown by studies conducted mainly with species from temperate regions. Aiming to contribute knowledge on the reproduction of tropical species, we compared the floral biology and breeding systems of the co-occurring species Adenostemma brasilianum, Bidens segetum and Grazielia intermedia, and additionally identified their pollinators. The study was conducted in a seasonal semideciduous forest fragment in southeastern Brazil. Florets opened in early morning and were protandrous. In the first day of anthesis, secondary pollen presentation occurred during the staminate phase, mainly in the morning. In the same day, the pistillate phase began, being long in A. brasilianum and B. segetum (up to 4 days) and short in G. intermedia (1 day). Pollen viability was high in all three species, except for two G. intermedia individuals which showed male sterility, thus characterising a gynodioecious population. Self-compatibility was observed in A...

Adenostemma brasilianum is an herbaceous asteracean pollinated by male Ithomiinae butterflies. These insects feed on the nectar, which contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and depend on these compounds for their defense and reproduction. The life history of this species was described from seedlings to the death of adult plants. In addition, we analyzed its reproductive phenology and identified herbivores. The study was conducted in southeastern Brazil, in a semideciduous seasonal forest fragment. Fifty plants with up to two pairs of well-defined leaves were monitored, on which we observed buds, flowers, dispersed diaspores, and herbivores. We labeled 140 capitula in the bud stage and monitored them from anthesis of the first flowers to diaspore dispersal. Adenostemma brasilianum is biennial and monocarpic, and establishes a seedling bank within about 9 months (from February to October, in the first year of life). Plant mortality resulting from physical damage was high (46%) at the beginning of the r...

In Ruellia subsessilis the typical cleistogamy (cleistogamous and chasmogamous morphs), which is common in species of this genus, was not observed. Flowering and fruiting of this species are continuous and the selfing flowers are polymorphic. Objective of present study was to analyze the mechanisms of self-pollination in R. subsessilis. In addition, we studied its reproductive phenology, floral biology, breeding system, seed germination and how its sexual reproductive system responds to different water availability levels. The study was conducted with plants of a natural population and others in a greenhouse, under different water availability levels, in southeastern Brazil. The distribution of the reproductive phenophases was seasonal and concentrated in the rainy season. Production of distinct floral morphs could be observed. These different morphs are named ‘reduced chasmogamous morphs’ (RC), in the dry season, and ‘normal chasmogamous morphs’ (NC), which latter develop in the rainy season. The morph production of the cultivated plants was likewise influenced by water availability: RC developed under drought stress and NC in moist soil. Significant differences between morphs were observed in size parameters of the corolla, androecium and gynoecium, and concerning the number of ovules and pollen grains. In both morphs, selfing occurred late (delayed self-pollination), and pre-anthesis cleistogamy (early self-pollination) occurred sporadically in RC. The seeds resulting from self-pollination were more vigorous and germinated faster than those from cross-pollination.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram identificar borboletas antófilas em flores psicófilas de quatro espécies de Asteraceae em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica, no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Sudeste brasileiro, e determinar se existem espécies de borboletas em comum com outros levantamentos de lepidópteros do Sudeste e do Centro-Oeste do Brasil. É o primeiro inventário de borboletas antófilas de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Foram registradas 108 espécies, representando o quarto maior levantamento de lepidópteros de Minas Gerais. Esses resultados demonstraram que espécies de Asteraceae podem ser importantes ferramentas para o monitoramento de borboletas antófilas. A similaridade com outros inventários variou de 1 a 92,55%. Quinze espécies foram reportadas pela primeira vez em Minas Gerais e, entre elas, Melanis alena e Thisbe irenea foram observadas somente nesse estudo. The objectives of this study were to identify anthophilous butterflies on psychophilous flowers of four Asteraceae species in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil, and to determine whether there are species in common with other lepidopteran inventories of the Southeastern and Midwestern regions of Brazil. It is the first inventory of anthophilous butterflies of a semideciduous forest fragment in Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais. A total of 108 species were recorded, representing the fourth largest lepidopteran survey in this State. The results demonstrated that Asteraceae species may be important tools for monitoring anthophilous butterflies. The similarity with other inventories ranged from 1 to 92.55%. Fifteen species were reported for the first time in the State of Minas Gerais, and among them, Melanis alena and Thisbe irenea were observed in this study only.

Trioecy, the co-occurrence of the males, females, and hermaphrodite morphs in natural populations, is a rare and poorly studied breeding system. It is expressed in Coccoloba cereifera, an endemic, and endangered species from the rupestrian fields of Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil. Male individuals produce staminate flowers but no fruits. Female individuals produce pistillate flowers and set fruits. Both staminate and pistillate flowers present non-functional organs of the opposite sex that simulate perfect flowers. Hermaphrodite individuals produce two different perfect flowers, each one belonging to distinct individuals, and set fruits. Perfect flowers differ in the amount of pollen produced, in pollen viability, and in some morphological traits. Two Hymenoptera species visited the flowers sporadically. The low natural fructification indicated a limited pollination, while the fruit set recorded in bagged pistillate flowers indicated agamospermy. Female individuals represent more than 40% of the population studied and must be the result of agamospermic seeds.A trioicia, a coocorrência, em população natural, de indivíduos masculinos, femininos e hermafroditas, é um sistema reprodutivo raro e pouco estudado. Coccoloba cereifera (Polygonaceae), espécie endêmica e em perigo de extinção dos campos rupestres da Serra do Cipó, sudeste brasileiro, apresenta esse sistema. Indivíduos masculinos produzem flores estaminadas e não frutificam. Indivíduos femininos produzem flores pistiladas e frutificam. Ambas flores estaminadas e pistiladas apresentam órgãos não-funcionais do sexo oposto, tornando-as semelhantes às flores perfeitas. Indivíduos hermafroditas produzem dois tipos de flores perfeitas, cada um pertencente a indivíduos distintos, e ambos frutificam. As flores perfeitas diferem entre si na quantidade de pólen produzido, na viabilidade do pólen e em algumas características morfológicas. Duas espécies de Hymenoptera visitaram as flores esporadicamente. A baixa frutificação natural indicou uma polinização limitada, ao passo que a frutificação registrada em flores pistiladas, isoladas por sacos, indicou agamospermia. Indivíduos femininos representaram mais que 40% da população estudada e devem ser resultantes de sementes agamospérmicas.

No Brasil, 85% das Bignoniaceae são representadas pela tribo Bignonieae, caracterizada pelo hábito trepador e arbustivo escandente. No Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), um dos últimos remanescente de Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, foram registradas 37 espécies dessa tribo. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: descrever a distribuição vertical das espécies de Bignonieae do PERD; reconhecer os padrões fenológicos de floração apresentados por elas; e associar os padrões morfológicos de corola e síndromes florais já estabelecidos com aqueles encontrados no PERD. As 37 espécies de Bignonieae foram observadas periodicamente, no período de 15 meses e 32 visitas. A distribuição vertical ocorreu em três estratos: dossel (75,7%), entre-copa (16,2%) e sub-bosque (8,1%), significando que 24,3% dessas espécies difundiram-se para outros nichos ecológicos, além do estrato superior da mata. Os padrões fenológicos de floração foram: floração maciça em 40,6% das espécies, várias florações maciças em 21,6%, estacionário modificado em 16,2% e cornucópia em 13,5%. O tipo de corola Anemopaegma foi o mais representativo (44,1% das espécies estudadas), seguido do tipo Stizophyllum e Cydista (14,7%, cada), Pithecoctenium e Pyrostegia (11,8%, cada) e Tynnanthus (2,9%). Associando a morfologia da corola ao possível polinizador, verificou-se que 83,8% das espécies apresentam tipos florais relacionados à melitofilia, reforçando a importância das Bignonieae na manutenção de abelhas médias e grandes em florestas tropicais. The tribe Bignonieae represents eighty-five percent of Bignoniaceae in Brazil, which are predominantly lianas, although some genera also have a few suffruticose species. At the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), one of the last Atlantic Forest stretches in the state of Minas Gerais, 37 species of that tribe were recorded. The main purposes of the present study were: to describe the PERD's Bignonieae species vertical distribution and to recognise the flowering phenological patterns displayed by them; and associating corolla morphological patterns and established floral syndromes with those found at PERD. All thirty-seven species were observed on 32 visits during 15 months. Vertical distribution occurred in three strata: canopy (75.7%), intra-crown (16.2%) and under-storey (8.1%), meaning that 24.3% of those species spread out to other ecological niches, besides the forest's higher stratum. The flowering phenological patterns were: big bang in 40.6% of the species, multiple bang in 21.6%, modified steady state in 16.2% and cornucopia in 13.5%. The Anemopaegma corolla type was the most representative (44.1% of the studied species), followed by the types Stizophyllum and Cydista (14.7%, each), Pithecoctenium and Pyrostegia (11.8%, each) and Tynnanthus (2.9%). Associating the floral morphology to a possible pollinator it was found that 83.8% of the species display floral types associated to bee-pollination, highlighting the importance of the Bignonieae on the maintenance of the large and middle sized bees in tropical forests.

As flores longevas das orquídeas aumentam as chances de polinização e, consequentemente, o sucesso reprodutivo. Entretanto, surge a questão: a eficiência da polinização, expressada pela produção de frutos, varia com a idade da flor? Objetivou-se verificar se a idade da flor de Corymborkis flava (Sw.) Kuntze afeta a eficiência da polinização. Foram testadas as hipóteses: 1) a frutificação em flores mais velhas é menor que em flores jovens; 2) observações morfológicas (do perianto e da área estigmática), teste de receptividade estigmática com solução de peróxido de hidrogênio e polinizações manuais são igualmente efetivos na definição do período de receptividade do estigma. A receptividade estigmática das flores foi observada do primeiro ao quarto dia de antese. A frutificação das flores mais velhas (terceiro e quarto dias) foi menor que a das jovens. As observações morfológicas, o teste de receptividade estigmática e as polinizações manuais foram igualmente efetivos na definição do período de receptividade do estigma. Porém, para as orquídeas com flores longevas são recomendadas polinizações manuais para avaliar o grau máximo de receptividade estigmática, além do período de receptividade. The long-lived flowers of orchids increase the chances of pollination and thus the reproductive success of the species. However, a question arises: does the efficiency of pollination, expressed by fruit set, vary with the flower age? The objective of this study was to verify whether the flower age of Corymborkis flava (Sw.) Kuntze affects pollination efficiency. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the fruit set of older flowers is lower than that of younger ones; 2) morphological observations (perianth and stigmatic area), stigma receptivity test by using a solution of hydrogen peroxide and hand-pollination tests are equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. Flowers were found to be receptive from the first to the fourth day of anthesis. Fruit set of older flowers (third and fourth day) was lower than that of younger flowers. Morphological observations, the stigma receptivity test and hand-pollinations were equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. However, to evaluate the maximum degree of stigma receptivity of orchid species with long-lived flowers, we recommend hand-pollinations, beyond the period of receptivity.

Premise of the study Dichogamy is a common characteristic among angiosperms, including Piper species. In this genus, the tiny flowers are morphologically similar and have an asynchronous stamen development. However, there is no information on the duration of stigma receptivity and whether it overlaps with pollen release. To better understand mechanisms of floral function in Piper vicosanum, we provide a detailed characterization of the timing of pollen release from the four stamens and the period of stigma receptivity and exposure mode of the receptive areas. Methods We investigated plants of a natural population in a semideciduous seasonal forest (Vicosa, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil), based on chemical tests, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Key results Incomplete protogyny-a mechanism that favors outcrossing-was recorded. The period of stigma receptivity was long (14 d), and the sequential exposure and senescence of stigmatic papillae occurred gradually and in a basipetal direction. Pollen release began 2-6 d after the beginning of the pistillate phase, with an average pollen viability of 87.7%, during the bisexual flower phase. Pollen was released for up to 6 d and occurred in one stamen at a time. The fruit set observed in tests of self-pollination indicated self-compatibility. Conclusions The gradual and sequential exposure of stigmatic papillae in P. vicosanum flowers is described here as the mechanism for the long duration of receptivity. Anther development and pollen release were also sequential. These findings are yet unreported reproductive characteristics of the genus and offer new perspectives for future studies on the floral biology of other Piper species.

Hummingbirds and their floral resources in a forest fragment in Vicosa, southeastern Brazil. Between August 1998 and August 1999, hummingbirds and plant species used by an them as nectar sources were recorded in the Mata do Paraiso forest reserve. This area is a regeneration of Atlantic Forest with an area of 194.36 ha. It is located in the municipality of Vicosa, in the Forest Zone of Minas Gerais. Fourteen plant species were visited by the hummingbirds as floral resources, 11 of them ornitophilous and three entomophilous. Most of the plant species occures in the understore or in the forest edges, presenting herbaceous or creeper habitus and bloom in during the rainy season. During the dry season, Geissomeria schottiana and Ruellia brevifolia seemed to be the main nectar sources for the hummingbirds. In five ornitophilous species of Acanthaceae, we recorded six of the eight hummingbird species, confirming the importance of this family for the maintenance of hummingbirds in the reserve. Phaethornis ruber was the most common hummingbird observed (it visited flowers of 10 species), followed by P. squalidus (nine species) and Thalurania glaucopis (four species). Males of T. glaucopis displayed territorial behavior when visiting flowers of G. schottiana and Mendoncia velloziana.

Foram analisados a fenologia reprodutiva, a biologia floral, o sistema reprodutivo e os polinizadores de Cryptostegia madagascariensis em indivíduos cultivados no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, município de Viçosa, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Testaram-se, também, a viabilidade e o vigor de sementes oriundas de frutos abertos naturalmente e a germinação de sementes de frutos ainda fechados, mas com o pericarpo verde-amarelado. C. madagascariensis floresce, principalmente, em novembro e dezembro e os frutos (folículos) podem ser observados durante todo o ano, mas especialmente em janeiro e fevereiro. As flores abrem durante o dia e duram cerca de 24 horas; há protandria, apresentação secundária de pólen e compito intrapistilar, que resulta na produção de folículos gêmeos (dois folículos por flor). É autocompatível, mas a autopolinização espontânea não ocorre devido às características morfológicas. Abelhas devem ser os polinizadores, pois foram os principais insetos observados carregando polinário(s) no aparelho bucal. Em todas as flores analisadas verificou-se que pelo menos um polinário é removido por flor. Entretanto, a baixa frutificação natural (2,7%) indica ser esses insetos eficientes na remoção de polinários, mas pouco eficazes na deposição do pólen removido. Os folículos levam cerca de quatro meses para alcançarem o máximo crescimento (média de 6,44 cm de comprimento, 2,45 cm de altura e 3,4 cm de largura) e 210 dias para abrirem; a média de sementes por folículo é 96,5. As condições ideais para avaliar a qualidade de sementes, de folículos abertos naturalmente, são temperatura de 30ºC constante, sem suplementação de luz, e contagem de germinação aos sete dias. Sementes de folículos ainda fechados apresentaram 93% de germinação, nessas condições.Reproductive phenology, floral biology, breeding system and pollinators were analyzed on Cryptostegia madagascariensis individuals cultivated at Federal University of Viçosa campus, municipality of Viçosa, Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State. In addition, seed viability and vigour from naturally opened fruits were tested. Seed germination from yellow-green pericarp closed fruits was also tested. Flowering of C. madagascariensis occurs mainly in November and December. Fruits (follicles) are exhibited during all year, but more frequently in January and February. Flowers open during the day and last about 24 hours. They exhibit protandry, secondary pollen presentation and intragynoecial compitum, which results in the production of twin follicles (two follicles per flower). It is self-compatible, but spontaneous self-pollination does not occur due to morphological characteristics. Bees should be the main pollinators, as they exhibited the pollinarium attached to their mouthparts. At least one pollinarium was removed per flower. However, the low natural fructification (2.7%) rate indicates that these insects are efficient for pollinaria removal, but less efficient for deposition of collected pollen. The follicles take four months to reach the maximum size (average of 6.44 cm length, 2.45 cm height and 3.4 cm width), and 210 days for opening. Each follicle averaged 96.5 seeds. The ideal conditions for seed quality evaluation, from naturally opened follicles, were 30 ºC constant temperature and no supplementary light, and counting occurred at the 7th days. Seeds from closed follicles showed 93% germination under those conditions.

Studies on the pollination and breeding system of Echinodorus grandiflorus (Chamisso and Schlechtendal) Micheli were carried out on two natural populations in Vicosa, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. One population was formed by individuals of ssp. grandiflorus and the other by individuals of ssp. aureus (Fassett) Haynes and Holm-Nielsen. The flowering periods were within the rainy season. Flower anthesis occurred during the morning hours and flowers lasted ca. 8 h. E. grandiflorus ssp. grandiflorus is self-incompatible; few fruits, but many adventitious plantlets are produced at the inflorescences. E. grandiflorus ssp. aureus is self-compatible; many fruits and few adventitious plantlets are formed. Bees are the main flower visitors. The bee Protodiscelis echinodori (Colletidae) presents oligolectic foraging behavior, i.e., collects pollen from a single plant species or a group of related plant species.

As espécies distílicas Psychotria conjugens, P. hastisepala e P. sessilis (Rubiaceae) são típicas de sub-bosques sombreados. Ocorrem no maior fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Sudeste brasileiro - a Mata do Paraíso, com 194 ha. A distilia caracteriza-se pela presença dos morfos florais longistilos (L) e brevistilos (B) em indivíduos distintos e pela dependência de polinizações intermorfos (L x B ou B x L) para a produção de frutos; é esperada a proporção equilibrada (isopletia) dos indivíduos na população. Foram objetivos deste trabalho verificar, nas espécies citadas, a proporção dos morfos florais em uma área de 7 ha e a dependência por polinizadores, testando a incompatibilidade intramorfos (L x L e B x B) por meio de polinizações manuais in vivo, a viabilidade dos grãos de pólen e dimorfismo dos grãos entre os morfos florais; e quantificar as produções de frutos e de sementes por morfo. Os morfos florais das espécies se encontram em proporções equilibradas. Houve incompatibilidade e a viabilidade dos grãos de pólen foi alta (> 64%). Verificou-se dimorfismo dos grãos, e os maiores diâmetros foram os de B. As produções de frutos e de sementes (uma ou duas) dos morfos de P. sessilis e de P. conjugens foram semelhantes e, em P. hastisepala, foram maiores em B. Na Mata do Paraíso, as condições adequadas, como o hábitat, a isopletia e a atuação de polinizadores, são fatores que parecem favorecer o sucesso reprodutivo e, consequentemente, a manutenção local das espécies estudadas. The distylous species of Psychotria conjugens, P. hastisepala e P. sessilis (Rubiaceae) are typical of understory shady. It occurs in the largest fragment (194 ha) of semideciduous forest in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil, where the present study was carried out. The distyly is characterized by the presence of pin (L) and thrum (B) floral morphs in different individual and the dependence on intermorph pollinations (L x B or B x L) of fruit set, is expected to be at balanced proportions (isopleths) of the individuals in the population. The purpose of this study was to determine, for the species mentioned above, the proportion of floral morphs in an area of seven hectares, the dependence on pollinators by testing the intramorph incompatibility (L x L and B x B) by in vivo controlled pollinations; the viability of pollen grains and the existence of grain size dimorphism among floral morphs, and to quantify the production of fruits and seeds per morph. The floral morphs of the species was found in balanced proportions. There was an incompatibility and the viability of pollen grains was high (> 64%). Grains presented dimorphism; the highest diameters were the B. The production of fruits and seeds (one or two) of the morphs of P. sessilis and P. conjugens were similar and in P. hastisepala they were higher in B. In the study area, at the correct conditions, such as habitat, isopleths and the role of pollinator are the factors that seem to promote the reproductive success and therefore the maintenance of local species.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:57:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-33062010000300030.pdf: 1871370 bytes, checksum: 21371bce045e14e89e2ada6a22e42380 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:57:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-33062010000300030.pdf: 1871370 bytes, checksum: 21371bce045e14e89e2ada6a22e42380 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:52:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-33062010000300030.pdf: 1871370 bytes, checksum: 21371bce045e14e89e2ada6a22e42380 (MD5) S0102-33062010000300030.pdf.txt: 27577 bytes, checksum: 456548741a073f972b643a645795bf88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:03:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-33062010000300030.pdf: 1871370 bytes, checksum: 21371bce045e14e89e2ada6a22e42380 (MD5) S0102-33062010000300030.pdf.txt: 27577 bytes, checksum: 456548741a073f972b643a645795bf88 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-33062010000300030.pdf: 1871370 bytes, checksum: 21371bce045e14e89e2ada6a22e42380 (MD5) S0102-33062010000300030.pdf.txt: 27577 bytes, checksum: 456548741a073f972b643a645795bf88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Foram encontrados três morfos florais em Valeriana scandens L.: flor perfeita, flor pistilada 1 e flor pistilada 2. A perfeita possui corola maior que a dos demais morfos, com lobos reflexos na antese, giba proeminente e localizada na porção proximal do tubo floral; anteras maiores que as dos demais morfos, com pólen viável; estilete curto e estigma incluso, o menor ovário e saco embrionário estruturalmente normal, semelhante ao dos demais morfos. A pistilada 1 possui a giba menos proeminente, corola de tamanho intermediário em relação aos demais morfos, lobos radiais na antese; anteras pequenas, sem pólen e estilete longo e estigma exserto. A pistilada 2 possui lobos radiais na antese, anteras de comprimento semelhante às da perfeita, mas de menor largura, com pólen inviável; estilete mais curto, tal como o da flor perfeita, e estigma exserto, tal como o da flor pistilada 1. Nos três morfos, o nectário é formado por tricomas secretores unicelulares situados na epiderme da face interna da giba, e suas sementes são viáveis. As flores pistilada 2 e perfeita apresentam um septo que isola a giba do restante do tubo floral, formando uma câmara nectarífera. V. scandens L. é ginomonóica-ginodióica, expressão sexual inédita em Valerianaceae. Three floral morphs were found in Valeriana scandens L.: perfect, pistillate 1, and pistillate 2. In perfect flowers, the corolla is longer than in the other morphs, with reflexed lobes at anthesis and a prominent gibbus at the tube base; anthers are longer and contain viable pollen grains; the pistil has a short included style/stigma and the smallest ovary, but a structurally normal embryo sac similar to that of the other morphs. In pistillate 1 flowers, the corolla is intermediate in size, and has radially displayed lobes at anthesis, and a softly prominent gibbus; anthers are small and devoid of pollen; the pistil shows a long exerted style/stigma. In pistillate 2 flowers, the corolla also has radially displayed lobes; anthers are similar in length to the perfect flower, but narrower, and contain nonviable pollen grains; the style/stigma is as short as in perfect flowers, and is exerted as in pistillate 1 flowers. The three morphs produce viable seeds, and have a nectary formed by single-celled trichomes located on the inner face of the gibbus. Pistillate 2 and perfect flowers have a septum that isolates the gibbus from the rest of the corolla tube, forming a nectariferous chamber. The gynomonoecious-gynodioecious sexual expression verified in V. scandens L. is a novelty for Valerianaceae. Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica

In Mutisieae species, the style branches are described as short and the stigmatic areas cover the inside of the style branches. As shown in preliminary observations, the Mutisia speciosa florets had long style branches (7 mm), bifurcate only at the apex (about 1.5 mm) and juxtaposed along the remaining length. The objective was to locate the stigmatic areas in M. speciosa. For this purpose, neutral red, 3% hydrogen peroxide and hand pollinations were used. For the pollinations, florets with cut apical portion of the branches (about 2 mm) and florets with intact branches were used. In the first group of florets, the pollen was deposited along the margins of the juxtaposed branches (about 5 mm), and in the second, the pollen was ventrally deposited on the bifurcated apical portion. Some of these florets were left on the plant until fruiting and others were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope to check pollen tube growth. The neutral red test defined two ventro-marginal bands fused at the apex of each style branch, consisting of papillose cells. Intense bubbling in the hydrogen peroxide test showed that only the bands are receptive. The pollinations resulted in fruit sets and growth of pollen tubes, confirming that the bands are receptive along their entire length. This result is new and indicates the need for further studies on the floral biology of tropical Asteraceae species to improve the understanding of their reproductive attributes.

(Chuva de sementes em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no município de Viçosa, MG, Brasil). Este estudo objetivou avaliar a composição florística, a densidade e a freqüência de sementes, em 25 coletores, em um trecho de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. Além disso, classificar os táxons quanto à forma de vida, às síndromes de dispersão e, nas arbóreas, quanto ao estádio sucessional e verificar a similaridade florística entre as espécies identificadas na chuva de sementes e as espécies arbóreas localizadas nas mesmas parcelas dos coletores. O trabalho foi realizado entre dezembro/2004 a novembro/2006. Foram reconhecidos 43 táxons, sendo que Leguminosae foi representada por 11 espécies. A forma de vida dominante foi arbórea (63,1%), as lianas foram representadas por 28,9% das espécies amostradas, as herbáceas por 5,3% e as arbustivas por 2,6%. A densidade média de sementes no primeiro ano foi de 113,92 sementes.m -2 e no segundo de 2.603,84 sementes.m -2 . Essas diferenças demonstraram heterogeneidade espacial e temporal da chuva de sementes. A similaridade florística encontrada pelo índice de Sørensen entre as espécies da chuva de sementes e as espécies arbóreas do trecho do fragmento estudado foi de 32%, valor considerado baixo (≤ 50%). Esse resultado mostrou que a composição da vegetação arbórea adjacente pouco influenciou na chuva de sementes. (Seed rain in a seasonal semideciduous forest at Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). This study aims to evaluate the floristic composition, density and frequency of seeds in 25 traps in a section of seasonal semideciduous forest, as well as classify taxons as to life form, dispersal syndromes, and succession phase of the tree species, and verify floristic similarities between seed rain species and tree species located in the same plots. The work was carried out from December/2004 to November/2006. Forty three taxons were recognized and Leguminosae was represented by 11 species. The dominant life form was arboreal (63.1%), climbers were represented by 28.9% of the sampled species, herbs by 5.3% and shrubs by 2.6%. Mean seed density in the first year was 113.92 seeds.m -2 and 2603.84 seeds.m -2 in the second year. These differences showed spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of the seed rain. Floristic similarity using Sørensen’s index between seed-rain species and tree species from the studied fragment was 32%, a value considered to be low (≤ 50%). This result showed that the adjacent arboreal vegetation composition had little influence on the seed rain.

RESUMO A fenologia reprodutiva e as síndromes florais e de dispersão em 45 táxons de Leguminosae foram estudadas nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (PEI), Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre setembro/2003 e outubro/2004. A floração na comunidade ocorreu durante todo o período de estudo, com o maior pico observado em março (66,6% dos táxons), havendo correlação positiva com a precipitação e a temperatura. A maioria dos táxons estudados (88,8%) apresentou características florais da síndrome de melitofilia. Foram descritos, para as espécies de Chamaecrista, dois padrões de deposição de pólen no corpo do polinizador, o direto e o indireto. Houve frutificação durante todo o período de estudo, com o maior pico em abril (57,7%), havendo correlação significativa dessa fenofase com a temperatura. A autocoria foi a síndrome de dispersão mais frequente (66,6%), associada principalmente aos frutos dos tipos legume e folículo. Os resultados indicam que a sazonalidade climática é importante para a floração, frutificação e dispersão dos diásporos nos campos rupestres do PEI e reforçam a importância das espécies de Leguminosae como uma importante fonte de recursos alimentares (pólen e néctar) para as abelhas. ABSTRACT The reproductive phenology, floral and dispersal syndrome were studied in 45 taxa of Leguminosae from the "campos rupestres" of the Itacolomi State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from September/2003 to October/2004. Flowering, in the community, occurred throughout the study period, with the highest peak in March (66.6% of taxons), displaying positive correlation with rainfall and temperature. Most of the studied taxa (88.8%) presented floral characteristics of bee-pollination syndrome. Two patterns of pollen deposition on the pollinator's body were described for Chamaecrista species; direct and indirect Taxa were observed fruiting throughout the study period, with the highest peak in April (57.7%), with this phenophase displaying significant correlation with temperature. Autochory was the most frequent dispersal syndrome (66.6%), mainly represented by legume- and follicle-type fruits. The results indicate that the climatic seasonality is important for the flowering, fruiting and dispersal of the diaspores in the "campos rupestres" of the Itacolomi State Park and emphasize the importance of the Leguminosae as an important source of food resources (pollen and nectar) for the bees.

The co-occurrence of some species, including members of the Piper genus, has been shown to be associated with phenological factors. In the present study we analysed vegetative (sprout production and leaf flush) and reproductive phenophases (spike production, flowering, spike abortion, fruiting and dispersed spikes) of the co-occurring species Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth and Piper vicosanum Yunck. and checked the influence of abiotic factors on their phenological behaviour. Our study addressed natural populations in a semi-deciduous seasonal forest in south-eastern Brazil. In both species, the phenophases occurred mainly in the rainy season, were seasonal and associated with environmental variables, especially day length. However, sequential flowering and fruiting isolated them temporally from each other. Other differences were the growth of sexually reproductive sprouts (45.7% of the total sprouts) and the production of latent spikes in P. vicosanum; in P. gaudichaudianum, only 7.1% of the sprouts produced spikes that were not latent. Spike abortion was high: 73.8% (n = 474) in P. vicosanum and 84.8% (n = 231) in P. gaudichaudianum. The remaining spikes with fruits dispersed, on average, 293 and 1168 seeds per spike respectively. Although annual phenological behaviour of the species is regulated by similar environmental variables, their distinct reproductive strategies seem to favour the maintenance of the co-occurring populations.

This work is a continuation of studies on the reproductive biology of angiosperm species in the municipality of Vicosa, "Zona da Mata", Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The aim of this work was to analyze the flowering phenology and the breeding system of three co-occurring species of Ruellia: R. brevifolia (Pohl) C. Ezcurra and R. menthoides (Nees) Hiern, both cleistogamous, and R. subsessilis (Nees) Lindau. Seed germination was tested and the occurrence of vegetative propagation verified. Ruellia subsessilis flowered throughout the year, with a peak in October. Ruellia brevifolia produced flowers mainly from February to July, with a flowering peak in March. Ruellia menthoides produced flowers from August to December with a flowering peak in September. All species are self-compatible; Ruellia brevifolia and R. menthoides are facultative autogamous species and R. subsessilis is a facultative xenogamous species. High percentages of normal seedlings (from 67% up to 83%) were obtained from seeds produced through selfing. Besides sexual reproduction, the species showed vegetative propagation, i.e., branch fragments segregated from the motherplant, which develop adventitious roots. The species, therefore, showed sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. The former are distinct flowering peak, autogamous or allogamous flowers as well as ornitophilous or mellittophilous ones, and cleistogamous flowers. However, the result of sexual strategies was common to all of them, i.e., production of fruits with viable seeds during the entire year. The balance among the various reproductive mechanisms seems to confer to these species a high degree of adaptation in altered environments as shown in areas of their occurrence at the forest fragment studied.

O estudo foi conduzido na Estação de Pesquisa, Treinamento e Educação Ambiental Mata do Paraíso, localizada em Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de fragmento florestal, inserido nos domínios de Floresta Atlântica. Objetivou-se analisar a fenologia da floração, a morfologia e biologia floral e o sistema de incompatibilidade de espécies distílicas de Rubiaceae: Palicourea longepedunculata Gardner, P. marcgravii A. St.-Hil., Psychotria conjugens Müll. Arg., P. hastisepala Müll. Arg., P. hygrophiloides Benth., P. nuda (Cham. & Schltdl.) Wawra, P. sessilis Vell. and Rudgea lanceolata Nutt. Além disso, foi verificado se a razão entre os indivíduos dos dois morfos florais dessas espécies encontra-se em equilíbrio. As florações de Psychotria conjugens, P. hastisepala, P. hygrophiloides e P. sessilis foram seqüenciais e ocorreram durante a estação chuvosa (setembro a março). Foram registradas diferenças significativas entre alturas de estames e de estilete, entre flores brevistilas e longistilas, exceto em P. hygrophiloides; nessa espécie foram observadas apenas flores brevistilas. Além disso, constatou-se dimorfismo no comprimento dos lobos estigmáticos, da corola, dos lobos da corola e das anteras. As flores abriram-se pela manhã e duraram cerca de 24 horas, exceto as de P. nuda (48 horas). As espécies apresentaram razão equilibrada entre os morfos florais, exceto P. marcgravii, P. conjugens e P. hygrophiloides. Houve auto-incompatibilidade heteromórfica e a inibição do crescimento dos tubos polínicos incompatíveis ocorreu no estigma em todas as espécies analisadas, exceto nas formas longistilas de P. longepedunculata e P. hastisepala, nas quais a inibição dos tubos ocorreu no estilete.

São abordados a morfologia e a biologia floral de Ruellia menthoides (Nees) Hiern e R. brevifolia (Pohl) C. Ezcurra, na Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso, remanescente de Floresta Atlântica, em Viçosa, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ruellia menthoides e R. brevifolia são espécies cleistógamas, ou seja, apresentam dimorfismo floral, produzindo flores casmógamas normais (CA) e cleistógamas (CL). Além disso, formas intermediárias entre esses tipos florais (flores casmógamas reduzidas e semicleistógamas) também são observadas. Em R. menthoides a cleistogamia é inédita, ampliando o número de espécies desse gênero com esse mecanismo reprodutivo. A alogamia, nessas espécies, é favorecida pela produção de flores CA hercogâmicas, especialmente em R. menthoides, e pela dicogamia parcial. A floração de ambas as espécies ocorreu durante todo o ano. Houve pequena sobreposição do período de produção dos dois tipos florais em R. menthoides e ampla sobreposição em R. brevifolia. Em R. menthoides, o início da produção de flores CL coincidiu com o período de transição da estação úmida para a seca, e em R. brevifolia, a produção desse tipo floral ocorreu principalmente na estação seca. A complexidade taxonômica de Ruellia parece estar relacionada à escassez de informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva de suas espécies, que é agravada com o polimorfismo floral das espécies cleistógamas. Floral morphology and biology of Ruellia menthoides (Nees) Hiern and R. brevifolia (Pohl) C. Ezcurra were analyzed in Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso, a remainder of the Atlantic forest, in Viçosa, Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. R. menthoides and R. brevifolia are cleistogamous, e.g., they show floral dimorphism, with normal chasmogamous (CA) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers. Intermediate forms between these two floral types (miniature chasmogamous and semicleistogamous flowers) are also observed. R. menthoides cleistogamy is a novel discovery, which augments the number of species of this genus with that reproductive system. In these species, alogamy is favored by CA hercogamic flower production, verified mainly in R. menthoides, and by partial dichogamy. In both species, flowers production occurs throughout the year. There was a small production period overlap of both types of flowers in R. menthoides and a large overlap in R. brevifolia. The initial production of CL flowers in R. menthoides coincided with the transition period from the wet to the dry season and in R. brevifolia, such type of flowers was produced mainly in the dry season. The taxonomic complexity of Ruellia may be related to the scarcity of information on the reproductive biology of its species, and by the floral polymorphism of the cleistogamous species.

Psychotria ipecacuanha é uma espécie medicinal que se desenvolve em agregados perenes, denominados reboleiras, em áreas úmidas e sombrias no sub-bosque da Floresta Atlântica. O presente trabalho caracterizou a variação de atributos florais em 35 reboleiras de três populações naturais desta espécie. Observações de campo mostraram que as reboleiras são isomórficas, isto é, apresentam apenas uma forma floral (brevistila ou longistila). Estigmas e anteras estão posicionados reciprocamente em cada forma floral, um dimorfismo característico de distilia. As populações são isopléticas, isto é, apresentam razão equilibrada (1:1) entre as formas florais. Análises comparativas da morfometria floral revelaram que, independente da população investigada, as flores brevistilas apresentaram maiores médias de comprimento da antera, comprimento do estigma, diâmetro da corola e diâmetro do grão de pólen. Flores brevistilas apresentaram diferenças interpopulacionais significativas com relação aos atributos florais investigados. Flores da forma longistila também apresentaram diferenças interpopulacionais significativas, exceto quanto à altura dos estigmas e ao comprimento da corola. Polinizações controladas conduzidas em condições naturais mostraram que a produção de frutos foi maior após polinização legítima. Porém, observações de crescimento de tubos polínicos juntamente com a produção de frutos após autopolinização espontânea e polinização ilegítima sugerem que a espécie apresenta compatibilidade parcial intraforma. Psychotria ipecacuanha is a perennial, medicinal herb that grows in clusters in the understory of humid, shady areas of the Atlantic Rain Forest of southeastern Brazil. The present study characterized the variation in floral traits among 35 clusters from three natural populations of this plant species. Field observations showed that the clusters are isomorphic, that is, a given cluster will either set long-styled or short-styled flowers. Stigmas and anthers are reciprocally placed in each morph, a dimorphism characteristic of distyly. The populations are isoplethic, that is, a given population exhibits an equilibrium 1:1 ratio of floral morphs. Morphometric analyses revealed that anther length, stigma length, corolla diameter, and pollen grain diameter were consistently greater in short-styled flowers, regardless of the population investigated. Significant differences for floral traits in the short-styled morph were found among populations. Floral traits in the long-styled morph also showed some significant differences among populations, but not for stigma height and corolla length. Controlled pollinations carried out in natural populations showed that fruit production was higher after inter-morph pollination. Nevertheless, observations of pollen tube growth in style, and also fruit production after spontaneous self-pollination and intra-morph pollination, indicated partial intramorph compatibility in this plant species.

Foram analisados a fenologia reprodutiva, a biologia floral, o sistema reprodutivo e os polinizadores de Cryptostegia madagascariensis em indivíduos cultivados no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, município de Viçosa, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Testaram-se, também, a viabilidade e o vigor de sementes oriundas de frutos abertos naturalmente e a germinação de sementes de frutos ainda fechados, mas com o pericarpo verde-amarelado. C. madagascariensis floresce, principalmente, em novembro e dezembro e os frutos (folículos) podem ser observados durante todo o ano, mas especialmente em janeiro e fevereiro. As flores abrem durante o dia e duram cerca de 24 horas; há protandria, apresentação secundária de pólen e compito intrapistilar, que resulta na produção de folículos gêmeos (dois folículos por flor). É autocompatível, mas a autopolinização espontânea não ocorre devido às características morfológicas. Abelhas devem ser os polinizadores, pois foram os principais insetos observados carregando polinário(s) no aparelho bucal. Em todas as flores analisadas verificou-se que pelo menos um polinário é removido por flor. Entretanto, a baixa frutificação natural (2,7%) indica ser esses insetos eficientes na remoção de polinários, mas pouco eficazes na deposição do pólen removido. Os folículos levam cerca de quatro meses para alcançarem o máximo crescimento (média de 6,44 cm de comprimento, 2,45 cm de altura e 3,4 cm de largura) e 210 dias para abrirem; a média de sementes por folículo é 96,5. As condições ideais para avaliar a qualidade de sementes, de folículos abertos naturalmente, são temperatura de 30ºC constante, sem suplementação de luz, e contagem de germinação aos sete dias. Sementes de folículos ainda fechados apresentaram 93% de germinação, nessas condições. Reproductive phenology, floral biology, breeding system and pollinators were analyzed on Cryptostegia madagascariensis individuals cultivated at Federal University of Viçosa campus, municipality of Viçosa, Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State. In addition, seed viability and vigour from naturally opened fruits were tested. Seed germination from yellow-green pericarp closed fruits was also tested. Flowering of C. madagascariensis occurs mainly in November and December. Fruits (follicles) are exhibited during all year, but more frequently in January and February. Flowers open during the day and last about 24 hours. They exhibit protandry, secondary pollen presentation and intragynoecial compitum, which results in the production of twin follicles (two follicles per flower). It is self-compatible, but spontaneous self-pollination does not occur due to morphological characteristics. Bees should be the main pollinators, as they exhibited the pollinarium attached to their mouthparts. At least one pollinarium was removed per flower. However, the low natural fructification (2.7%) rate indicates that these insects are efficient for pollinaria removal, but less efficient for deposition of collected pollen. The follicles take four months to reach the maximum size (average of 6.44 cm length, 2.45 cm height and 3.4 cm width), and 210 days for opening. Each follicle averaged 96.5 seeds. The ideal conditions for seed quality evaluation, from naturally opened follicles, were 30 ºC constant temperature and no supplementary light, and counting occurred at the 7th days. Seeds from closed follicles showed 93% germination under those conditions.

São reportados resultados de polinização aberta (flores expostas aos polinizadores), em indivíduos de O. mexiae de população natural, e de polinizações manuais (polinização cruzada e autopolinização), em indivíduos cultivados. Essa espécie ocorre na Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso, fragmento de floresta com cerca de 195ha e cuja vegetação original faz parte da unidade fitogeográfica de Floresta Atlântica. O. mexiae é trepadeira de grandes dimensões, que cresce na borda da mata, acompanhando curso d'água. É espécie autocompatível, mas autopolinização espontânea não ocorre por razões morfológicas. Sementes de frutos resultantes da xenogamia (40%) e autogamia (50%) apresentaram alta viabilidade (respectivamente, 99 e 100%). A frutificação, em população natural, foi nula, indicando que essa espécie apresenta limitação reprodutiva. Essa limitação é imposta pelo baixo nível de polinização, que restringe o número de frutos produzidos, e pela herbivoria, que impede que os frutos em desenvolvimento alcancem a maturidade. O baixo nível de polinização pode estar relacionado à fragmentação do hábitat. Além disso, há limitação na distribuição e abundância de O. mexiae imposta pelo hábitat. Results of open-pollination (exposed flowers), in natural population, and cross and self-pollination, in cultivated individuals, are reported in O. mexiae. This species occurs at the Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso, a forest fragment with 195ha, whose original vegetation is part of the phytogeographic unit of the Atlantic forest. O. mexiae is a climbing species of great dimension, which grows at the wood border, following the water flow. It is self-compatible, but spontaneous self-pollination does not occur for morphological reasons. Seeds of xenogamous (40%) and autogamous (50%) fruit sets presented a high viability (respectively, 99 and 100%). No fruit was produced in natural population, indicating that this species presents reproductive limitation. This limitation is imposed by a low level of pollination, which restricts the number of fruit-set, and herbivory, which impedes the developing fruits to reach maturation. The low level of pollination may be related to habitat fragmentation. Besides, O. mexiae habitat may further limit its distribution and abundance.

Pollinarium removal and pollinium insertion of seven Oxypetalum species (O. alpinum var. alpinum, O. appendiculatum, O. banksii subsp. banksii, O. jacobinae, O. mexiae, O. pachyglossum and O. subriparium) were recorded in Viçosa. Minas Gerais. They presented a tendency of one or two pollinarium removals and one pollinium insertion (single insertion), except O. appendiculatum. In this species, mainly, two pollinia of the same pollinarium were inserted per stigmatic chamber (double insertion), resulting exceptionally in 6-10 inserted pollinia in a flower, an unusual occurrence among the Asclepiadaceae. No association between removal and insertion was found, e.g., O. subriparium and O. banksii subsp. banksii had the highest pollinarium removal (1.78 and 1.45, respectively) and one of the lowest pollinium insertions (0.02 in both species), per flower. Oxypetalum mexiae showed the lowest pollinarium removal and pollinium insertion per flower (0.09 and 0.01, respectively) among the studied species and other Asclepiadaceae. Oxypetalum subriparium, O. banksii subsp. banksii and O. mexiae might be having reproductive limitations. Pollinarium removal and pollinium insertion per flower of the studied species varied from site to site, similarly to what was recorded for other Asclepiadaceae.