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Prospective studies have failed to establish a causal relationship between animal fat intake and cardiovascular diseases in humans. Furthermore, the metabolic effects of different dietary sources remain unknown. In this four-arm crossover study, we investigated the impact of consuming cheese, beef, and pork meat on classic and new cardiovascular risk markers (obtained from lipidomics) in the context of a healthy diet. A total of 33 young healthy volunteers (23 women/10 men) were assigned to one out of four test diets in a Latin square design. Each test diet was consumed for 14 days, with a 2-week washout. Participants received a healthy diet plus Gouda- or Goutaler-type cheeses, pork, or beef meats. Before and after each diet, fasting blood samples were withdrawn. A reduction in total cholesterol and an increase in high density lipoprotein particle size were detected after all diets. Only the pork diet upregulated plasma unsaturated fatty acids and downregulated triglycerides species. Improvements in the lipoprotein profile and upregulation of circulating plasmalogen species were also observed after the pork diet. Our study suggests that, within the context of a healthy diet rich in micronutrients and fiber, the consumption of animal products, in particular pork meat, may not induce deleterious effects, and reducing the intake of animal products should not be regarded as a way of reducing cardiovascular risk in young individuals.

Exercise is an important strategy in the management of diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exercise acts, at least in part, by inducing the production of myokines that improve metabolic control and activate brown/beige adipose tissue depots. Combined training (CT) is recommended by the major diabetes guidelines due to its metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, however, its impact on brown/beige adipose tissue activities has never been tested in humans with overweight and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we evaluated the effects of 16-week combined training (CT) program on brown adipose tissue activity; browning and autophagy markers, and serum pro-thermogenic/inflammatory inducers in patients with overweight and T2D.Thirty-four patients with overweight and T2D were assigned to either a control group (CG) or a combined training group (CTG) in a randomized and controlled study. Functional/fitness parameters, anthropometry/body composition parameters, blood hormone/biochemical parameters, thermogenic/autophagic gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were evaluated before and at the end of the intervention. In addition, cold-induced 18-Fluoroxyglucose Positron Emission Computed Tomography (18CT increased cervical/supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity (p = 0.03) as well as in perirenal adipose tissue (p = 0.02). In addition, CT increased the expression of genes related to thermogenic profile (TMEM26: + 95%, p = 0.04; and EPSTI1: + 26%, p = 0.03) and decreased autophagic genes (ULK1: -15%, p = 0.04; LC3: -5%, p = 0.02; and ATG4: -22%, p 0.001) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There were positive correlations between Δ% BAT activity with Δ% of post training energy expenditure cold exposure, HDL-c, IL4, adiponectin, irisin, meteorin-like, and TMEM26 and ZIC1 genes, besides negative correlations with LDL-c, total cholesterol and C-reactive protein.This is the first evidence of the beneficial actions of CT on adipose tissue thermogenic activity in humans, and it adds important support for the recommendation of CT as a strategy in the management of diabetes.

Selected neurons of the hypothalamus are equipped with molecules specialized in sensing the energy status of the organism. Upon activation or inhibition by central and systemic factors, such as neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, and nutrients, these molecules play important roles in the regulation of neuronal responses that control whole-body energy homeostasis. Dietary fats can control hypothalamic function by acting upon distinct energy sensing systems. They can be metabolized inside neurons, producing signals that control the expression of neurotransmitters involved in energy homeostasis; moreover, excessive amounts of certain fatty acids can activate inflammatory signaling in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons, leading to functional abnormalities and, eventually, neuronal apoptosis. In addition, recent studies have identified lipid-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors in the hypothalamus, revealing their involvement in the regulation of caloric intake and energy expenditure, as well as in the hypothalamic inflammatory response that occurs in obesity. Because of advances in the generation of synthetic ligands for this class of receptors, it is expected that pharmacological modulation of selected lipid-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors in the central nervous system could provide therapeutic advances in obesity and other metabolic diseases. Here we review seminal work in this field.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone on brown adipose tissue function and hypothalamic gliosis in humans. Brown adipose tissue and the hypothalamus are regarded as important potential pharmacological targets to metabolic diseases, and defining the impact of current therapies on their structure and/or function could provide therapeutic advance in this field. Six patients with type 2 diabetes were treated for 24 weeks with pioglitazone 30 mg/day as an add-on therapy. Brown adipose tissue glucose uptake and volume were determined using 18F-FDG PET/CT scans; hypothalamic gliosis was determined using MRI scans; blood was collected for hormone and biochemistry measurements. All tests were performed at inclusion and six months after pioglitazone introduction. Pioglitazone treatment led to a significant 3% body mass increase. There were neither changes in cold-induced brown adipose tissue glucose uptake and volume nor changes in hypothalamic gliosis. This is a proof-of-concept study that provides clinical evidence for a lack of action of a thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone, to promote homogeneous and measurable changes in brown adipose tissue volume and also in hypothalamic gliosis after 6 months of treatment.

Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) can develop into a severe respiratory syndrome that results in up to 40% mortality. Acute lung inflammatory edema is a major pathological finding in autopsies explaining O2 diffusion failure and hypoxemia. Only dexamethasone has been shown to reduce mortality in severe cases, further supporting a role for inflammation in disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells employing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor, which is highly expressed in lung alveolar cells. ACE2 is one of the components of the cellular machinery that inactivates the potent inflammatory agent bradykinin, and SARS-CoV-2 infection could interfere with the catalytic activity of ACE2, leading to the accumulation of bradykinin. Methods: In this case control study, we tested two pharmacological inhibitors of the kinin–kallikrein system that are currently approved for the treatment of hereditary angioedema, icatibant, and inhibitor of C1 esterase/kallikrein, in a group of 30 patients with severe COVID-19. Results: Neither icatibant nor inhibitor of C1 esterase/kallikrein resulted in changes in time to clinical improvement. However, both compounds were safe and promoted the significant improvement of lung computed tomography scores and increased blood eosinophils, which are indicators of disease recovery. Conclusions: In this small cohort, we found evidence for safety and a beneficial role of pharmacological inhibition of the kinin–kallikrein system in two markers that indicate improved disease recovery.

Background The brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. Its activation by cold exposure or adrenergic drugs can increase systemic insulin sensitivity and improve lipid metabolism; however, little is known about the effects of specific dietary components on BAT activity. Objectives We asked if a short-term (4 weeks) dietary intervention with olive oil could modify BAT activity in lean and overweight/obese volunteers. Design This was a 4-week open clinical trial in which all participants underwent a dietary intervention with extra-virgin olive oil supplementation. As the initial intake of olive oil was controlled all the participants were controls of themselves. Results The intervention resulted in significant increase in blood monounsaturated fatty acid levels, which was accompanied by increased BAT activity in lean but not in overweight/obese volunteers. In the lean group, an increase in leptin was detected after the intervention, and low leptin values at the beginning of the study were predictive of greater BAT activity after intervention. In addition, increase in leptin concentration was associated with increased BAT activity. Three known endogenous mediators of BAT activity, secretin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME) were increased by intervention in lean, whereas only secretin and FGF21 were increased in subjects with excessive weight. Conclusion This study provides clinical evidence for the impact of monounsaturated fatty acids on BAT activity and an advance in the understanding of the beneficial health effects of olive oil.

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can develop into a severe respiratory syndrome that results in up to 40% mortality. Acute lung inflammatory edema is a major pathological finding in autopsies explaining O2 diffusion failure and hypoxemia. Only dexamethasone has been shown to reduce mortality in severe cases, further supporting a role for inflammation in disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells employing angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor, which is highly expressed in lung alveolar cells. ACE2 is one of the components of the cellular machinery that inactivates the potent inflammatory agent bradykinin, and SARS-CoV-2 infection could interfere with the catalytic activity of ACE2, leading to accumulation of bradykinin. In this open-label, randomized clinical trial, we tested two pharmacological inhibitors of the kinin-kallikrein system that are currently approved for the treatment of hereditary angioedema, icatibant and inhibitor of C1 esterase/kallikrein, in a group of 30 patients with severe COVID-19. Neither icatibant nor inhibitor of C1 esterase/kallikrein resulted in significant changes in disease mortality and time to clinical improvement. However, both compounds promoted significant improvement of lung computed tomography scores and increased blood eosinophils, which has been reported as an indicator of disease recovery. In this small cohort, we found evidence for a beneficial role of pharmacological inhibition of the kinin-kallikrein system in two markers that indicate improved disease recovery.

Summary Background & aims Postprandial state is characterized by metabolic changes which may elevate circulating inflammatory biomarkers, used to assess cardiometabolic risk. It is unclear if biological benefits of certain food components could be obtained by a short-term change in a single meal of Brazilian's habitual diet. We investigated the postprandial effects of 2 fat tolerance tests (FTT) with different isocaloric meals (a typical Brazilian and a modified meal) differing by type of fatty acids and fiber contents, prior to and after breakfast interventions. Methods This crossover clinical trial included 80 overweight individuals with at least one cardiometabolic risk factor , (35–69 years) who received two isocaloric breakfast interventions for 4 weeks, with a 2-week washout. The Brazilian breakfast was saturated fat-enriched while the modified one was rich in unsaturated fatty acids and fibers. Before and after intervention periods, individuals underwent two FTT with meals with similar composition to the interventions breakfasts but higher energy content. Variables were compared by repeated-measures ANOVA. Correlations were assessed by Pearson's coefficient. Results At the end of both interventions, participants did not change plasma glucose or triglycerides. The higher IL-6 and IL-8 responses to the FTT with the Brazilian meal compared to that with the modified meal was accentuated after the interventions (p-diet Conclusion Isocaloric meals with distinct nutrient composition elicit different postprandial inflammatory responses after a relatively short intervention in a single meal. Each saturated fat-enriched meal consumed, as well as each unsaturated fat and fiber-enriched meal may induce pro- or anti-inflammatory responses that could impact on the cardiometabolic risk profile.

Inflammation plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Fatty acids and fiber intake can selectively alter gene expression by modifying inflammation. We compared the postprandial expression of inflammatory genes after 2 distinct high-fat breakfast meals, before and after 1-month dietary interventions. This crossover clinical trial included 18 individuals at low-to-moderate cardiometabolic risk participating in evaluations before and after two 4-week breakfast interventions—one rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the other in unsaturated fatty acids (unSFA) and fiber. Participants underwent meal tests with similar compositions to the breakfasts. Variables were compared by Student t test. The expression of inflammatory genes in leukocytes was analyzed using RT-PCR. Before and after the intervention with the SFA-enriched breakfast, this meal test induced a higher relative postprandial IL-1β expression compared to the responses to the unSFA and fiber-enriched meal (p = 0.02). On the other hand, following the intervention with the unSFA-fiber-enriched breakfast, postprandial IL-6 expression showed a reduction tendency comparing to the pre-intervention value (p = 0.08). Although fasting IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and IFN-γ expressions had not changed after interventions, their circulating levels increased after the SFA-enriched meal test but not after the unSFA meal (p value between changes

Whether the content of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could differently influence postprandial triglycerides (TG) is unknown. We examined possible differences in the postprandial TG response to fat tolerance tests (FTTs), in which SFA or unsaturated fatty acids were used. Crossover clinical trials investigating the effects of FTTs containing SFA and unsaturated fats on postprandial triglyceridemia in databases from 1994 until 2016 were searched. Of 356 studies, 338 were excluded and 18 were considered. TG net incremental areas under the curve were calculated using time-points or changes from baseline. Pooled effects of standardized mean differences and I2 test were used. Results: In 12 studies, responses to SFA versus PUFA meals, and in 16 studies versus MUFA meals were compared. Over 4 hours, no differences between SFA and unsaturated fats were observed. Over 8 hours a lower response to PUFA (SMD −2.28; 95%CI −4.16, −0.41) and a trend to lower response to MUFA (SMD −0.89, 95%CI −1.82, 0.04) were detected. FTTs shorter than 8 hours may not be sufficient to differentiate postprandial TG after challenges with distinct fatty acids. Clinical significance of different postprandial TG responses on cardiovascular risk in the long-term deserves investigation.

Objectives Western dietary pattern predisposes to weight gain, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic diseases. Promoting satiety via modifications in diet composition could be useful to fight weight gain. Mediterranean diet which is recognized to be cardioprotective contains high fiber and unsaturated fat contents. We compared the effects of distinct breakfast patterns on satiety of individuals at cardiometabolic risk, and examined the correlation of satiety level after each breakfast intervention period with glucose parameters. Materials and methods In this 10-week cross-over clinical trial, 54 individuals with weight excess were submitted to 2 types of 4-week isocaloric breakfasts (2-week washout), one typically Brazilian and a modified one, differing concerning fiber and types of fatty acids contents. Clinical data were collected before and after each breakfast. A satiety scale was applied at fasting and 10, 30 and 120’ after breakfast consumption. Repeated measures ANOVA, Student t test or non-parametric correspondents were used; correlations were tested by Pearson or Spearman coefficients. Results Anthropometric variations after breakfasts were not significant. Only after the modified breakfast, reduction in blood pressure levels was observed. The satiety level did not show significant variation across each period or between the breakfasts. Non-significant correlation between satiety and glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR values after each intervention period was observed. Conclusion We conclude that different breakfast compositions do not alter satiety level, which is not correlated to glucose parameters in overweight individuals. Stronger modifications of daily meals might be necessary to differentiate satiety levels under distinct dietary patterns.

Objectives Associations of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), commuting and total physical activity with inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and metabolic profile in individuals at high cardiometabolic risk were investigated. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods A total of 193 prediabetic adults were compared according to physical activity levels measured by the international physical activity questionnaire; p for trend and logistic regression was employed. Results The most active subset showed lower BMI and abdominal circumference, reaching significance only for LTPA (p for trend = 0.02). Lipid profile improved with increased physical activity levels. Interleukin-6 decreased with increased total physical activity and LTPA (p for trend = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), while adiponectin increased in more active subsets for LTPA (p for trend = 0.03). Elevation in adjusted OR for hypercholesterolemia was significant for lower LTPA durations (p for trend = 0.04). High apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A ratio was inversely associated with LTPA, commuting and total physical activity. Increase in adjusted OR for insulin resistance was found from the highest to the lowest category of LTPA (p for trend = 0.04) but significance disappeared after adjustments for BMI and energy intake. No association of increased C-reactive protein with physical activity domains was observed. Conclusions In general, the associations of LTPA, but not commuting or total physical activity, with markers of cardiometabolic risk reinforces the importance of initiatives to increase this domain in programs for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.

Introdução: Mudanças na alimentação e atividade física das populações elevaram a incidência de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis associadas à adiposidade corporal. Este quadro contribui para mortalidade cardiovascular, motivando iniciativas em saúde pública visando à prevenção. Há evidências de que populações que consomem a dieta mediterrânea apresentam menor mortalidade por todas as causas, inclusive cardiovasculares. Os benefícios desta dieta, rica em fibras, gorduras insaturadas e polifenóis, parecem decorrer da atenuação da inflamação, envolvida na gênese de doenças cardiometabólicas. Objetivo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos da modificação de uma refeição diária, o desjejum, de forma a incluir alimentos mediterrâneos, sobre o metabolismo lipídico, glicídico, inflamação subclínica e expressão de genes inflamatórios. Métodos: Foi um ensaio clínico cruzado com duração total de 10 semanas, incluindo 80 adultos com excesso de peso, não-diabéticos. Os participantes passaram por 2 intervenções de 4 semanas no desjejum, com wash-out de 2 semanas entre elas. Os desjejuns, brasileiro e modificado, foram isocalóricos, diferindo quanto ao conteúdo de fibras e tipos de ácidos graxos. Antes e após cada intervenção foi realizado teste de sobrecarga de gorduras (FTT) com refeição rica em gorduras (saturadas e insaturadas MUFA e PUFA, dependendo da intervenção) e coletas sanguíneas seriadas até 240 minutos para determinação de glicose, insulina, lípides e marcadores inflamatórios. Foram também analisadas as expressões de genes inflamatórios, antes e após cada intervenção. Para comparar as respostas às intervenções foram usados teste t de Student ou os correspondentes não-paramétricos e ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Para as expressões dos genes foi utilizado o método delta ct e a expressão relativa calculada tendo como base valores de jejum e pré-intervenção. Valor de p

O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado é um indicador de qualidade da dieta desenvolvido consoante com as recomendações nutricionais vigentes. Os dados dietéticos foram provenientes do estudo de base-populacional, Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA)-Capital-2003. O Índice contém 12 componentes, sendo nove fundamentados nos grupos de alimentos do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro de 2006, cujas porções diárias são expressas em densidade energética; dois nutrientes (sódio e gordura saturada); e Gord_AA (calorias provenientes de gordura sólida, álcool e açúcar de adição). O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado propicia mensurar variados fatores de riscos dietéticos para doenças crônicas, permitindo, simultaneamente, avaliar e monitorar a dieta em nível individual ou populacional.El Índice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado es un indicador de calidad de la dieta desarrollado cónsono con las recomendaciones nutricionales vigentes. Los datos dietéticos fueron provenientes del estudio de base poblacional Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA - Pesquisa de Salud y Alimentación)-Capital-2003. El Índice contiene 12 componentes, siendo nueve fundamentados en los grupos de alimentos de la Guía Alimentaria Brasileña de 2006, cuyas porciones diarias son expresadas en densidad energética; dos nutrientes (sodio y grasa saturada); y Gord_AA (calorías provenientes de grasa sólida, alcohol y azúcar de adición). El Índice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado propicia medir varios factores de riesgos dietéticos para enfermedades crónicas, permitiendo, simultáneamente, evaluar y monitorear la dieta en nivel individual o poblacional.The revised version of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index is an indicator of dietary quality developed according to current nutritional recommendations. Dietary data were obtained from a population-based survey, the 2003 Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA - Health and Diet Survey)-Capital. The Revised Index consists of 12 components: nine food groups included in the 2006 Brazilian Dietary Guidelines, in which daily portions are expressed in terms of energy density; two nutrients (sodium and saturated fats), and SoFAAS (calories from solid fat, alcohol and added sugar). The Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index allows for the measurement of dietary risk factors for chronic diseases, evaluating and monitoring the diet at both individual and population levels.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo comparou parâmetros antropométricos e de resistência à insulina de indivíduos sem e com síndrome metabólica (SM), subestratificados pela presença de anormalidades glicêmicas. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 454 indivíduos (66% mulheres, 54% brancos), sendo 155 alocados para o grupo 1 (sem SM, sem anormalidade glicêmica), 32 para o grupo 2 (sem SM, com anormalidade glicêmica), 104 no grupo 3 (com SM, sem anormalidade glicêmica) e 163 no grupo 4 (com SM e anormalidade glicêmica). Os grupos foram comparados por ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Os grupos com SM (3 e 4) apresentaram os piores perfis antropométrico e lipídico; no grupo 2, apesar de glicemias significantemente mais elevadas, as médias das variáveis antropométricas e lipídicas não diferiram do grupo 1. Os maiores valores médios de HOMA-IR foram encontrados nos grupos com SM, enquanto o grupo 2 apresentou o menor HOMA-β. A trigliceridemia foi a variável metabólica com coeficientes de correlação mais elevados com a antropometria. Porém, as correlações mais fortes foram da circunferência da cintura (r = 0,503) e da razão cintura-altura (r = 0,513) com o HOMA-IR (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados revelam que, em amostra da população brasileira, qualquer das medidas antropométricas identifica indivíduos com SM, mas não parece capaz de diferenciar aqueles com distúrbio glicêmico. Reforçamos a relação mais forte das medidas de adiposidade central com resistência à insulina, sugerindo utilidade da razão cintura-altura. É possível que componente autoimune contribua para o comprometimento do metabolismo glicídico dos indivíduos do grupo 2.

We investigated whether diet quality was associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and television viewing and the associations of these variables with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and novel biomarkers in individuals at cardiometabolic risk.A total of 193 prediabetic adults (63.7% women, mean age 54.1 years), screened for a diabetes prevention program in Brazil, participated in this cross-sectional study. Clinical data and blood samples were collected for several determinations. Twenty-four-hour recalls were used to calculate the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) adapted to Brazilian dietary habits and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess physical activity level. Analysis of covariance with adjustments for age and body mass index (BMI) was employed to test associations across categories of LTPA and television viewing.Stratifying according to LTPA categories, the most active subset (≥150 minutes/week) showed better HEI scores after adjustments (64.6 ± 11.0, 65.1 ± 10.3, and 68.6 ± 10.8, p = 0.02) and significant higher values of dark green and orange vegetables but not of whole grains (p = 0.06). Active individuals had lower BMI, waist circumference, inflammatory markers, and better insulin sensitivity (p0.05). Individuals at the highest category of television viewing had higher age-adjusted BMI (32.0 ± 6.2, 30.7 ± 6.0, and 28.8 ± 4.7 hours/week; p = 0.01) than the others. Time watching television was inversely associated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and C-reactive protein (CRP; p0.01) after adjustments but not with lipids and HEI score. Comparisons of individuals with healthy habits (better diet and higher physical activity [PA]), with those with unhealthy habits revealing better anthropometric and cardiometabolic profiles in the former group.Diet quality assessed by the HEI adapted for Brazilian eating habits attained significance in differentiating more active from inactive at-risk individuals during leisure time. Time watching television, as a surrogate of sedentary behavior, is not useful to detect unhealthy diet quality. LTPA is indicative of better cardiometabolic profile reflected by lipid and inflammatory markers and index of insulin resistance.

Background Dietary guidelines of 5 servings per day of fruits and vegetables (FV) offer a reasonable amount of vitamins to control organic processes, which may contribute to a favorable cardiometabolic profile. This study aimed at investigating whether the intake of the FV group as well as pro-vitamin A carotenoids and vitamins C and E were associated with circulating markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance in Brazilians individuals at cardiometabolic risk. Methods This cross-sectional study included 205 individuals screened for diabetes prevention program in a healthcare center from the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, conducted in 2008. Possible associations of consumption of FV group, as well as pro-vitamin A carotenoids and vitamins C and E, with circulating markers of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase – SOD and oxidized LDL – oxLDL), inflammation (C reactive protein, TNF-α and adiponectin) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were investigated. Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and multiple linear regression were employed. Results The sample (64.7% women) had a mean age of 54.1 ± 12.7 years and body mass index of 30.7 ± 5.7 kg/m2. Dietary, physical activity, anthropometric and laboratory data were obtained. Participants consumed a mean of 3.8 servings/day of FV; their FV intake was categorized into three groups: 5.0 servings/day. Significant trends for lower waist circumference (103.4 ± 13.6 vs. 100.1 ± 12.2 vs. 98.2 ± 12.7 cm, p-trend

Introdução: Baixo nível de atividade física (AF) associado ao alto consumo energético contribuíram para transição nutricional no Brasil. Estilo de vida saudável reverte em benefícios cardiometabólicos. Considerando que estado inflamatório subclínico media os danos ao sistema cardiovascular, é possível que hábitos de vida saudáveis melhorem os fatores de risco, via atenuação da inflamação. Instrumentos padronizados para medir qualidade da dieta e AF estão disponíveis, mas não estudos locais avaliando a relação destes fatores entre si com base nestes instrumentos, ou examinando suas associações com estado inflamatório e perfil lipídico. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou a associação entre a versão brasileira do Healthy Eating Index (B-HEI) e nível de AF e destes com marcadores inflamatórios, índice de resistência à insulina e variáveis lipídicas em indivíduos com alto risco cardiometabólico. Métodos: Nesta análise transversal foram incluídos 204 participantes (64,7 por cento mulheres; média de idade de 54,1 anos) de Estudo de Prevenção de Diabetes do CSEscola da FSP-USP, com pré-diabetes ou de síndrome metabólica sem diabetes. Foram realizados questionários e coletas de sangue. Foram utilizados três recordatórios alimentares de 24h para obtenção do B-HEI. O nível de AF foi medido pela versão longa do IPAQ, sendo determinada a AF no lazer, na locomoção, AF total e tempo de TV. Coeficiente de Spearman foi empregado para testar correlações. Para avaliar a relação entre o B-HEI e AF e dos tercis destas variáveis com marcadores inflamatórios e HOMA-IR foi usada ANOVA. Para avaliar associações independentes do B-HEI, tendo como variáveis dependentes parâmetros lipídicos, inflamatórios ou HOMA-IR, usou-se regressão linear múltipla e, para associações independentes da AF como as mesmas variáveis, usou-se regressão logística, sendo obtidos odds ratios (OR) e p de tendência. Resultados: Nos tercis do B-HEI, o nível de AF não diferiu; à medida que melhorava a qualidade da dieta houve tendência à redução do tempo de TV (21,4±11,6; 20,5±11,5; 16,8±10,4 h/sem; p=0,09). Na regressão linear, a circunferência abdominal associou-se inversamente aos escores de B-HEI, mantendo-se marginalmente significante após ajuste para idade e sexo. No mesmo modelo, proteína C reativa associou-se negativamente ao índice (p=0.02). Concentrações de adiponectina apresentaram significância marginal na análise sem ajustes (p=0.06). Estratificando-se indivíduos segundo a duração de AF na locomoção, lazer e total, indivíduos mais ativos (150 min/ sem) apresentaram menores medidas antropométricas, mas apenas para AF no lazer a tendência de redução foi significante. O perfil lipídico melhorou à medida que aumentou o nível de AF. Concentrações de interleucina-6 diminuíram com o aumento das durações de AF no lazer e total (p de tendência = 0,02 e 0,03, respectivamente), enquanto as de adiponectina tenderam a aumentar nos estratos mais ativos apenas para AF no lazer (p de tendência = 0,03). A tendência de hipercolesterolemia aumentou significantemente à medida que reduziu a duração de AF no lazer. Valores elevados da razão Apo B/Apo A foram inversamente associados com AF na locomoção, lazer e total. Foi observado aumento significante da OR de resistência à insulina entre categorias de AF no lazer (p de tendência = 0,04). Não foram observadas associações de qualquer domínio de AF com proteína C-reativa. Conclusões: Nossos dados não apoiam a hipótese de que boa qualidade da dieta e prática de AF estejam associadas. Reforçou-se a esperada associação de perfil cardiometabólico mais favorável com a prática de AF, mas não a da dieta de melhor qualidade medida pelo B-HEI Background: Low physical activity (PA) level and high energy intake contributed to nutrition transition in Brazil. A healthy lifestyle reverts in cardiometabolic benefits. Considering that subclinical inflammatory status mediates damages to the cardiovascular system, healthy life habits may improve risk factors via attenuation of inflammation. Standardized tools to measure quality of diet and PA are available but not local studies assessing the relationship of these factors based on those tools, or examining their associations with inflammatory status and lipid profile. Objectives: This study evaluated the association between the Brazilian version of the Healthy Eating Index (B-HEI) and total, leisure and transportation PA level, and between those with inflammatory markers, insulin resistance index and lipids in individuals at high cardiometabolic risk. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 204 participants (64.7 per cent women; mean age of 54.1 years) of the Study on Prevention of Diabetes from the FSP-USP School Health Center, with prediabetes or metabolic syndrome without diabetes were included. They were submitted to questionnaires and blood sample collections. 24-h food recalls were used to assess the B-HEI and PA was measured by the long version of the IPAQ. Spearman coefficient was employed to test correlations and ANOVA to analyze the association between the B-HEI and PA, and between the tertiles of these variables with inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR. Multiple linear regression was used to test independent associations of B-HEI, taking lipids, inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR as dependent variables. Logistic regression was used to test independent associations of PA with the same variables, and odds ratios (OR) and p for trend were obtained. Results: Across the B-HEI tertiles PA did not differ. However, as the quality of diet improves TV time decreases (21.4±11.6, 20.5±11.5, 16.8±10.4 h/week p=0.09). In linear regression analysis, abdominal circumference was inversely associated with BHEI, maintaining borderline significance after adjustment for age and sex. Creactive protein was shown to be inversely associated with the index (p=0.02). Adiponectin concentrations had borderline significance with B-HEI in crude analysis but not after adjustments (p=0.06). Stratifying according to the duration of transportation, leisure-time and total PA, the most active subset (150 min/week) showed lower anthropometric measurements, but only for leisure PA the tendency to decreasing values was significant. Lipid profile improved as PA levels increased. Interleukin-6 concentrations decreased as total and leisure PA increased (p for trend = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), while adiponectin tended to increase in more active subsets only for PA at leisure time (p for trend = 0.03). Tendency for hypercholesterolemia increased significantly as leisure PA duration decreased. High Apo B/Apo A ratio was inversely associated with transportation, leisure and total PA. Significant increase in adjusted OR for insulin resistance from the category of highest to the lowest leisure PA was found (p for trend = 0.04) but statistical significance disappeared when adjusted for BMI. For increased C-reactive protein concentration, no significant association with any PA domain was observed. Conclusion: Our data do not support the hypothesis that good diet quality and PA practice were associated. The expected association of more favorable cardiometabolic profile with PA practice but not with better quality of diet was reinforced

The revised version of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index is an indicator of dietary quality developed according to current nutritional recommendations. Dietary data were obtained from a population-based survey, the 2003 Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA - Health and Diet Survey)-Capital. The Revised Index consists of 12 components: nine food groups included in the 2006 Brazilian Dietary Guidelines, in which daily portions are expressed in terms of energy density; two nutrients (sodium and saturated fats), and SoFAAS (calories from solid fat, alcohol and added sugar). The Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index allows for the measurement of dietary risk factors for chronic diseases, evaluating and monitoring the diet at both individual and population levels.

Materials and methods This crossover clinical trial included 80 overweight individuals who received one of two isocaloric breakfasts (BRAZ: coffee, whole fat milk, french bread, butter and mozzarella cheese; MOD: coffee, 1% fat milk, wheat bread, ricotta cream, olive oil and peanuts) for 4 weeks in a random order. After a 2-week washout, individuals received the other intervention. Before and after each intervention period, individuals underwent a fat tolerance test with breakfasts. Inflammatory markers were assessed by ELISA and gene expression by PCR array. Variables were compared by repeated measures ANOVA and correlations between inflammatory and dietary data using Pearson coefficient.

Background/objectives Cardioprotective effects of Mediterranean-style diet have been shown. Instead of excluding foods, replacement or addition may facilitate compliance with impact on glucose metabolism of individuals at cardiometabolic risk. This study investigated the effect of changing selected nutrients intake on glucose metabolism during a lifestyle intervention tailored to living conditions of prediabetic Brazilians. Subjects/methods 183 prediabetic adults treated under the Brazilian public health system underwent an 18-month intervention on diet and physical activity. Dietary counseling focused on reducing saturated fat replaced by unsaturated fatty acids. Data were collected at baseline and after follow-up. ANOVA and multiple linear regression were used to test association of changes in nutrients intake with changes in plasma glucose. Results Changes in fasting and 2-h plasma glucose but not in weight, HOMA-IR or C-reactive protein decreased after intervention across tertiles of MUFA changes (p-trend 0.017 and 0.024, respectively). Regression models showed that increase in MUFA intake was independently associated with reduction in fasting (β -1.475, p = 0.008) and 2-h plasma glucose (β -3.321, p = 0.007). Moreover, increase in soluble fibers intake was associated with decrease in fasting plasma glucose (β -1.579, p = 0.038). Adjustment for anthropometric measurements did not change the results but did after including change in insulin in the models. Conclusions Increases of MUFA and soluble fibers intakes promote benefits on glucose metabolism, independently of adiposity, during a realistic lifestyle intervention in at-risk individuals. Mechanisms mediating these processes may include mainly insulin sensitivity improvement.

Background Cytokines secreted by the adipose tissue influence inflammation and insulin sensitivity, and lead to metabolic disturbances. How certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interfere on lifestyle interventions is unclear. We assessed associations of selected SNPs with changes induced by a lifestyle intervention. Methods This 9-month intervention on diet and physical activity included 180 Brazilians at high cardiometabolic risk, genotyped for the TNF-α -308 G/A, IL-6 -174 G/C and AdipoQ 45 T/G SNPs. Changes in metabolic and inflammatory variables were analyzed according to these SNPs. Individuals with at least one variant allele were grouped and compared with those with the reference genotype. Results In the entire sample (66.7% women; mean age 56.5 ± 11.6 years), intervention resulted in lower energy intake, higher physical activity, and improvement in anthropometry, plasma glucose, HOMA-IR, lipid profile and inflammatory markers, except for IL-6 concentrations. After intervention, only variant allele carriers of the TNF-α -308 G/A decreased plasma glucose, after adjusting for age and gender (OR 2.96, p = 0.025). Regarding the IL6 -174 G/C SNP, carriers of the variant allele had a better response of lipid profile and adiponectin concentration, but only the reference genotype group decreased plasma glucose. In contrast to individuals with the reference genotype, carriers of variant allele of AdipoQ 45 T/G SNP did not change plasma glucose, apolipoprotein B, HDL-c and adiponectin concentrations in response to intervention. Conclusion The TNFα -308 G/A SNP may predispose a better response of glucose metabolism to lifestyle intervention. The IL-6 -174 G/C SNP may confer a beneficial effect on lipid but not on glucose metabolism. Our findings reinforce unfavorable effects of the AdipoQ 45 T/G SNP in lipid profile and glucose metabolism after intervention in Brazilians at cardiometabolic risk. Further studies are needed to direct lifestyle intervention to subsets of individuals at cardiometabolic risk.