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Introduction Calcium silicate dental cements have a wide range of applications in clinical dentistry. Many formulations were developed in the last decade and successfully employed for dental healing. In this paper, several clinical applications of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA+, Cerkamed, Stalowa Wola, Poland) were presented. Outlines of cases The first case report reflects the application of the MTA+ for the healing of the root perforation of the upper premolar. The second case report was the usage of MTA+ for indirect pulp capping in patient who came with pain of the tooth previously restored with composite filling. The third case report was a patient with periapical cystic lesion that was removed surgically and root canal filled retrogradely with MTA+. Conclusion Altogether, current calcium silicate based dental cements bear a great potential for solving numerous issues in the dental practice regarding huge or problematic defects of dentine or alveolar bone.

Background/Aim: Radiopacity enables radiographic visualization, which is significant in diagnostic procedures and assessment of the quality of endodontic filling. It is important to compare newly developed endodontic sealers with materials that are already in clinical use in order to promote evidence-based dentistry. The aim of our study was to evaluate radiopacity of different calcium silicate-based sealers in comparison with control, epoxy resin-based sealer. The null hypothesis was that there were no statistically significant differences in radiopacity of the tested sealers. Material and Methods: Premixed (TotalFill BC Sealer, EndoSequence BC Sealer, Ceraseal, Bio-C Sealer), two-component (BioRoot RCS, MTA Fillapex, Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer, GuttaFlow Bioseal) calcium silicate-based sealers and AH Plus, as a control, were used. Specimens were radiographed using a Radiovisiography (RVG-4) CCD (charge-coupled devices)-based digital sensor. Results: Ceraseal had the highest, while Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer had the lowest radiopacity. Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer and MTA Fillapex had radiopacity significantly lower than all other sealers. Radiopacity level of AH Plus, was similar to premixed and significantly higher than radiopacities of all two-component endodontic sealers. Conclusions: Calcium silicate-based sealers radiopacity ranged from slightly above minimal required value (3mm), to a value higher than control sealer. Premixed endodontic sealers showed similar radiopacity as AH Plus which suggests that their clinical performance, in terms of visibility on dental radiograms, should be similar

Introduction Deformations and fractures of Ni-Ti instruments during chemomechanical instrumentation of root canals occur due to the action of cyclic and torsional forces. The aim of this research was to analyze the surfaces of the working parts of Mtwo instruments after preparation of root canals with different curvatures using SEM and determine possible changes and deformations after instrumentation. Materials and methods The study included 3 sets of Mtwo (VDW, Munich, Germany) instruments. Each set was used to instrument 10 canals in three experimental groups (straight, slightly curved, and highly curved canals). Instrumentation was carried out using crown-down technique with the following irrigation solutions, 2% NaOCl (CHLORAXID 2%, Cerkamed, Polska) and Distilled water (Iva, Serbia) in the amount of 5 cm³. The apical and middle third of the instruments were scanned in two directions using SEM at different magnifications (150-2000X). The SEM images were analyzed using qualitative analysis for the presence of different irregularities according to Eggert et al. Statistical analysis of obtained data was performed using Fisher test at a confidence level of 5% ( a = 0.05). Results Most defects (37.3%) were observed in instruments used in highly curved canals, followed by the instruments of the second group (35.6%), and the least defects were (27.1%) observed in the group with straight canals. Higher prevalence of defects was observed in the apical thirds of instruments (54.2%), especially in the experimental group of curved canals where the highest presence was observed (20.3%). The presence of production grooves was observed in all instruments, and the most common types of defects after instrumentation were the appearance of corrosion and changes in the cutting edges. In the group with extremely curved canals fractures were observed in two instruments (10/0.04 and 15/0.05). Conclusion Root canal curvature significantly affects the occurrence of deformations and fractures of Ni-Ti rotating instruments. The most common types of defects were grooves, corrosion and changes in the blade edges. Mtwo instruments showed deformations in terms of thread changes, microfractures and two complete fractures.

The importance of physical activity (PA) for the psychological well-being of children is well documented. COVID-19 lockdown implied a severe reduction in organized and unorganized PA. Our goal was to examine how parents perceive their children's PA and their own PA related behaviours during the first month of COVID-19 lockdown in Serbia compared to the usual circumstances, to investigate the relationship between parents' evaluations of PA and children's PA level during the lockdown, and to examine the relationship between children's PA level and changes in psychological well-being and daily routines. The sample included 127 parents of preschool and school children. We constructed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic information, parents' ratings of children's PA, their own children's PA-related behaviours, their evaluations of children's PA engagement before and during the lockdown, and their perception of psychological well-being and daily routines of their children during the lockdown. Results showed that the amount of daily PA in children decreased during the lockdown, especially the organized forms, which indicated that online PA programs have failed to replace regular PE classes and sports training. Also, parents valued regular forms of organized PA more than their online counterparts. We confirmed the relationship between parental evaluations and children's PA and showed that it depends on the specific aspect of PA the parents valued. Parents perceived that changes in children's psychological well-being and daily routines during the lockdown were of moderate intensity. PA frequency was related to attention, mood swings and PC and TV use. Our study offers several practical recommendations for children's PA in restrictive circumstances.

Vast empirical evidence suggests a high significance of physical activity (PA) for health and well-being. Still, researches show a decline of PA in youth worldwide. Early adolescence is a particularly sensitive period because then children adopt healthy habits and build a positive attitude towards PA. Examining the significance and contribution of potential factors to overall PA in early adolescence is of theoretical and practical relevance. Thus, this study aimed to explore the validity of physical fitness and physical self-concept in the prediction of overall PA in early adolescence, taking into account gender and Body Mass Index (BMI). The sample consisted of 417 primary school students (54.9% boys), the average age 13.6 years (SD=0.73) who participate in regular physical education classes three times per week, each class 45 minutes. Physical self-concept was measured using the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ). To assess everyday physical activity, we used the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). Anthropometric measurements included the body height and bodyweight of the respondents. Physical fitness, i.e., flexibility, muscular strength (abdominal endurance strength and lower-limb explosive strength), and cardiorespiratory endurance were measured using the EUROFIT test battery. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that physical self-concept predicts 35% of the variance of PA over and above gender and dimensions of physical fitness. Significant predictors of physical activity were dimensions of physical self-concept: Physical Activity, Sports Competence, and Endurance. The interaction of Gender and Self Esteem contributed significantly indicating that higher Self Esteem had a significant role in the level of PA only in male adolescents. The main finding is that physical self-concept plays a crucial role in the prediction of the level of overall PA in which early adolescents will be engaged. The results support findings showing that intervention programs aimed to improve PA should encourage positive physical self-concept of adolescents with appropriate content and procedures.

Physical education teaching is recognized as one of the key factors in promoting and increasing the physical activity of children and youth. However, the analysis of studies dealing with the students physical activity in physical education classes in primary school, showed that the share of time that students spend in physical activity in classes does not meet half of the total time duration of the class. Therefore, an active workout time of students during physical education classes was chosen to be the subject of this research. The goal of this research was to establish an active workout time of students in relation to different organizational-methodical forms of work in the main phase of the physical education class. Also, the goal of this research was to assess the activity of a physical education teacher in the physical and health education class, in relation to the applied organizational-methodical form of work. The research was conducted on a sample of 22 fifth grade elementary school students, where three classes of sports gymnastics were held. For providing information about students' physical activity and teacher's didactic-methodical activity, validated instrument SOFIT was used. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It is determined that an active workout time of students in each class was over 50% of the total time duration of the class. The students' most active workout time was during a parallel-class form of exercises - 24.17 min, or 65.32%, in comparison with the total time of the class. During additional exercises, activity was 57.21%, while the shortest active time was during stops method (56.62%). The teacher spent most of the time giving instructions to the students, where, while applying a parallel-class form of exercises this task was using 49.55% of the total time of class, stops method 44.66% and additional exercises 36.04%. The rest of the time, the teacher was using "promotion of fitness" (encouraging students) and exercise assistance.

Physical education, as an integral part of compulsory education, plays a significant role in promoting and improving the physical activity of children and youth. Having regard to the changes occurred in some segments of physical education, during the period of the full state sovereignty of the Republic of Serbia, the analysis included the following: legal framework and adopted documents, PE curriculum and program, physical education teaching conditions, educational standards, teaching staff, physical education exemptions and research in the field of physical education. The importance of physical education, which has been recognized in the legal framework, by the recommendations contained in the adopted regulations and measures, has not been implemented or practically applied. In this sense, an increased number of PE classes and uniform conditions for physical education teaching at the state level, i.e. throughout the country, should be set as a priority. The emphasis which has moved away from the curriculum and learning content towards the learning process and its outcomes, introduction of the mandatory monitoring, evaluating and recording of pupils' physical abilities and allowing pupils to be exempted only from a practical part of the PE course with an obligation to attend PE classes represent significant novelties within the subject bearing a new name (Physical and Health Education). It is necessary to assess the achievement level of educational standards, i.e. to examine the extent to which pupils have acquired knowledge and skills and developed their motor abilities upon completion of their compulsory education. Mandatory professional development of PE teachers aimed at acquiring new competences and strengthening the existing ones is important for the improvement of educational work. The research results have indicated that it is necessary to continuously monitor the prevalence of obesity and level of physical activity and motor abilities in pupils at the national level, as well as to promote healthy eating habits and encourage children to engage in physical activity and exercise.

In view of the importance of a positive attitude on the part of students without developmental disabilities towards the inclusion of students with disabilities into Physical Education (PE) classes, and also of the specific features of PE, this study aimed to examine the attitudes of students without developmental disabilities towards the inclusion of students with developmental disabilities in regular PE classes. These attitudes were studied in relation to students' gender, grade of primary school, previous experience with persons with disabilities, and their level of competitiveness. The sample comprised 291 students in grades 6 and 7 of three primary schools in Belgrade. The study used the CAIPE-R questionnaire (Block, 1995). The results corroborated the factor structure of the instrument and its basic metric characteristics. The findings suggest that students have a positive attitude to inclusion in PE. Significant predictors of General Attitude - inclusion in PE are gender, school grade and previous experience with disabled students in PE classes, while significant predictors of Specific Attitude - inclusion in sports activities in PE are gender and previous experience with disabled students in PE classes. The paper points out the need for further research into the attitudes of students without developmental disabilities towards inclusive PE that would include other developmental disabilities and a greater age range of students from different educational environments, which could contribute to the planning of inclusive PE programs in schools.

The roles of PE teachers in the teaching process are numerous, complex and varied. The aim of this research was to examine the opinion of students and PE teachers about the importance of the roles of teachers in the teaching process. The opinions were examined in regard to gender and type of school attended for the students, and gender and length of service for the teachers. Additionally, the research aimed at determining whether the students' and PE teachers' opinions and evaluations differ with regard to the importance of some roles of teachers. The sample of respondents consisted of 368 students of the third and fourth grade of four secondary schools and 75 PE teachers from the territory of the city of Belgrade. The Questionnaire for the examination of students' and teachers' opinions on the roles of PE teachers in the teaching process was applied in this research (Lukač, 2016). The obtained results showed that students, and especially teachers, highly value all roles of teachers. Students consider The role as a partner in affective interaction as the most important one. In the students' opinion regarding gender, there is a significant difference in the evaluation of The role as a partner in affective interaction, which was considered more important by the female students. In regard to gender and lenght of service, teachers did not show any differences in opinion on the importance of the roles of teachers. Teachers, in relation to students, evaluate all roles of teachers as more important. The results of this research are important for designing professional development of teachers and improvi ng the teaching process.

The goal of this research was to develop and validate a physical education (PE) attitude scale (PEAS) for students in early and middle adolescence, based on the contemporary theories of attitudes as a summary evaluation of different information related to the attitude object. In the first study, preliminary version of the scale was administrated on the sample of 547 students. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed 4 factors, named Satisfaction, Comfort, Activity and Teacher. Second order PCA showed that these factors are a part of a single construct, general attitude toward PE. Based on the results of the first study, the final version of the PEAS is constructed, consisting of the 43 items. In the second study, on a new sample of 659 students, construct validity of the PEAS is confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. PEAS has good psychometric properties. External validity of the scale is demonstrated through relations with relevant variables. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III47015, Grant no. 179018]

Background: Premixedcalcium silicate-based sealers are ready-to-use, injectable materials with advantageous biological properties that create environment favorable for periapical tissues repair and health. The aim of our study was to examine the radiopacities of premixed calcium silicate-based sealers:TotalFill BCSealer, EndoSequence BC Sealer, Ceraseal, Bio-C Sealer and to compare them with epoxy-basedsealer, AH Plus. Material and methods: Three specimens (2 mm thick and 5 mm in diameter) of each sealer were radiographed using charge-coupled device-baseddigital sensor (Trophy Radiology, Cedex, France) along with an aluminum stepwedge reference.For radiopacity determination, a graph of the logarithm of aluminum thickness versus radiographic density was plotted and a calibration curve was generated. Radiopacities were assessed from the graph and presented as millimeters of aluminum per millimeter of material (mmAl).ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey test was used for statistical analysis and significance was set at 0.05. Results: Radiopacity values of EndoSequence BC Sealer and Bio-C Sealerwere significantly lower than radiopacities of Ceraseal and AH Plus. Differences in values between EndoSequence BC Sealer and Bio-C Sealer as well as between Ceraseal and AH Plus were nonsignificant. TotalFill BC Sealer was nonsignificantly different from all other sealers. Conclusion: Premixed calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers evaluated in our study had radiopacity values higher than 9 mmAl, in ascending order,from Bio-C Sealer, EndoSequence BC Sealer, TotalFill BC Sealer to Ceraseal.

Analysing existing models in the world and novelties in monitoring physical fitness in physical education classes, as well as similarities in economic and social parameters and conditions in which physical education classes in the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) are conducted, it was assumed that the model and the battery of tests from the Republic of Serbia could be adequate for application in BIH as well. Therefore the aim of this paper was to apply the suggested model and the battery of tests from the Republic of Serbia on a sample of one part of BIH (Una - Sana canton), as well as to compare the obtained data of Bosnian students with the data of the representative sample of students from Serbia. Also, the aim of the paper was to determine a percentage of Bosnian and Herzegovinian students who failed to accomplish acceptable results above the minimum level of 'physical fitness' set on the basis of Serbian Criterion-Referenced Standards. The sample of respondents was comprised of 843 students of eight primary schools that are representative for Una - Sana canton area, aged 11 to 15. For comparison of the obtained results and determination of distribution of frequency of Bosnian and Herzegovinian students with acceptable 'physical fitness' results we used data obtained on the representative sample of students from the Republic of Serbia the basis of which Serbian Criterion-Referenced Standards of physical development and motor abilities of primary school students in Serbia were set. Results of the study show that Serbian Criterion-Referenced Standards are acceptable for Bosnian and Herzegovinian primary school population of boys and girls for assessment of lower limb strength, shoulder girdle and abdominal muscles strength endurance, as well as flexibility, while the achieved results in tests for assessment of agility and general endurance need additional check within a national research in BIH.

Positive attitude towards inclusion of children with disabilities in Physical Education (PE) classes is one quite important factor for successful implementation of inclusive education. The aim of this study was to examine the predictors of attitude of the students as future PE teachers towards inclusion in PE. In this study, the predictors in the field of personality, professional competences for working with children with disabilities and certain personal characteristics (gender) were included. The sample included 221 students of the final year of studies at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Belgrade, Niš and Novi Sad. In order to measure the attitude towards inclusion in PE, the instrument of Attitude Toward Inclusive Physical Education was used. In the field of personality, a trait of openness to experience was examined, which was measured using the HEXACO PI-R instrument. An additional questionnaire was also designed by which the students were asked to indicate their gender and professional competences for working with children with disabilities: their average mark during the studies, subjective assessment of the level of knowledge and skills required for working with children with disabilities acquired in the course of their studies (self-assessment of professional competence) and experience in working with children with disabilities during their professional practice. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that openness to experience, self-assessment of professional competence and gender were significant predictors. The results indicate that, during the training for teaching profession, it is necessary to develop students' specific competences required for the work in inclusive education as well as to create the teaching atmosphere which will enhance inquisitiveness and creativity as significant determinants of the trait of openness to experience.

Starting from the importance of the teacher's competencies for the realization of the Physical Education curriculum the aim of the research was to examine self-evaluation of competencies of the class teachers of Physical Education (knowledge, planning, realization, evaluating) from the aspects of actual and desired levels. Also, the aim was to examine the teachers' self-evaluation regarding the realization of concrete curricular contents. The sample included688 teachers from 54 schools in Belgrade. A specially construed questionnaire was applied. The results show that the class teachers evaluate positively their own competencies for the realization of the subject Physical Education, but also that they would like to reach a higher level of competence. Significant differences in self-evaluation were found concerning years of service and some concrete competences, while there were no differences concerning the teachers' educational levels. Significant differences appeared in self-evaluation of readiness of the teachers to perform adequately the contents of Physical Education and their realization in class. The results indicate the need for better training both through initial teacher education and in-service teacher training.

Introduction Vascular network of dental pulp is supplied through common and external carotid artery and terminal dental branches that supply each pulp tissue. Age related changes of pulp tissue influence pulpal vascularization as well. The aim of this study was to compare and correlate pulpal and common and external carotid artery blood flow in young and middle age individuals of general population. Material and Methods Two groups of 10 participants were included in the study, young (20-25 years) and middle age (50-55 years) group. Pulpal blood flow (PBF) measurements on intact right and left upper central incisors were performed using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method. Carotid arteries blood flow was assessed using carotid ultrasonography. Results PBF levels were significantly higher in young (3.11±0.67 and 3.46±1.11, right and left upper central incisors, respectively) compared to middle age (1.93±0.47 and 2.30±0.64, right and left upper central incisors, respectively) participants (independent sample t test; p

Previous researchers have described the relation between physical self-concept and body mass in adolescents, but those relationships have not been clearly specified by gender. The purpose of this study is to explore physical self-concepts of normal-weight and over-weight Serbian adolescents with respect to gender. The sample consisted of 417 primary school students (229 boys and 188 girls) with the average age 13.6 (SD=0.73) years who were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to body mass index. To assess the multidimensional physical self-concept, Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) was administered. Results showed that overweight adolescents had significantly lower scores than normal-weight on all PSDQ scales except Health and Strength. Differences were greater among girls than boys. Discriminant analysis showed that the scales Body Fat, Endurance and Sports Competence best differentiated normal-weight boys from other students. Also, discriminant analysis showed that, besides the scale Body Fat, scales Flexibility, Self-Esteem, and Coordination best differentiated normal-weight girls from other students. Results indicate that for better understanding of the relationship between adolescent’s physical self-concept and body mass one must take gender into account. Results are potentially valuable for preventing overweight through physical education.

This paper is a presentation of the results of the research of the relation between the physical self-concept and physical exercise of primary school pupils. The starting point is a multidimensional model of physical self-concept by Marsh and his associates. The aim of the research was to study the characteristics of physical self-concept of primary school pupils with regard to the degree of involvement in physical exercise and sports. It was also examined whether there are gender differences in the characteristics of the physical self-concept of pupils, as well as relations between physical self-concept and physical exercise within gender groups, with regard to the degree of involvement in physical exercise and sports. The research was conducted on the sample of 469 primary school pupils (225 boys and 244 girls), from the 6th to 8th grade, of average age of 13,6. The Physical Self- Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) of Marsh and associates was applied. The results indicate the existence of statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the physical self-concept in favour of the group of pupils who, besides physical education classes, are additionally involved in physical exercise and sports. Some differences were expressed in certain characteristics of physical self-concept between boys and girls, and the results also indicate larger differences in the characteristics of the physical self-concept in the sample of girls than boys, when the degree of their involvement in physical exercise and sports is observed.

Background/Objectives: Inexperienced dentists and dental students are especially prone to misdiagnosis, and this represents a huge problem regarding antimicrobial stewardship. We aimed to develop a mobile app for rational antibiotic prescribing in dentistry based on local–systemic symptoms and patient factors, rather than solely on diagnosis, to tackle misdiagnosis. Methods: The study involved 64 participants, 50 of which were third-year dental students attending a pharmacology course focusing on antimicrobials, comprising lectures and practical sessions without (noAPP group, n = 22) or with (APP group n = 28) the assistance of a mobile application. The other 14 participants were practicing dentists who decided to register and use the application. All registered users of the application were asked to take a feedback survey, while learning outcomes were evaluated via a pharmacology quiz. Results: A decision tree was used for application development. In total, 76 impressions were collected on the application. The majority of the impressions were related to odontogenic–endodontic infections. Multiple linear regression analysis did not reveal differences in survey responses between practicing dentists and undergraduate students in the feedback survey responses. There was a significant difference in the mean pharmacology test scores between the noAPP and APP groups (5.50 ± 1.80 vs. 7.21 ± 1.03, p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The dentalantibiotic.com application was developed to support rational antibiotic prescribing, in view of tackling misdiagnosis, among inexperienced dentists, as well as to assist in undergraduates' pharmacology learning, and the current study shows its large impact as an educational tool. The majority of participants considered it easy to use, efficient in facilitating the right antibiotic choice, and useful for everyday decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Providing individual‐ and population‐level data on children's physical fitness (PF) is a crucial public health and education priority. However, few national fitness monitoring or surveillance systems are currently in practice internationally. We aim to summarize the current European PF monitoring and surveillance systems for school‐aged children and to provide experience‐based guidelines on how to design such systems. Methods: The FitBack network consists of experts from diverse backgrounds with the common interest to improve the accessibility of PF monitoring for young people globally. Through FitBack network, we identified and compared the national or regional PF monitoring and surveillance systems currently in operation across Europe. We formulated a 10‐step approach for designing and establishing one's own system, based on analysis of experienced strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to monitoring childhood fitness. Results: We identified a total of eight PF monitoring systems in Finland, France, Galicia of Spain, Hungary, Lithuania, Portugal, Serbia, and Slovenia. The FitBack network recommends the following steps for designing and establishing one's own system: (1) set up mission statements and aims, (2) involve stakeholders, (3) utilize scientific background, (4) governance structure, (5) ensure sufficient funding, (6) data management planning, (7) provide meaningful feedback, (8) conduct pilot testing, (9) plan implementation process, and (10) invest in communication with stakeholders. Conclusions: This study provides an updated overview of the best practices for school‐aged children's fitness monitoring and surveillance in Europe. Additionally, it offers a 10‐step approach to assist in the creation of similar systems in Europe or globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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