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Background This study aimed to determine weight loss and improvement in glycaemia at 12 and 24 months in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), following a 3-month partial meal replacement and subsequent reduced calorie diet. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with T2DM attending a solo general practice in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Participants were advised to follow a 3-month partial meal replacement plan comprising of two meal replacement shakes plus a healthy meal. Over the subsequent 21 months, patients were encouraged to follow a reduced calorie diet with a particular emphasis on lowering carbohydrate intake. Results Of the 153 patients with T2DM, 51 (33.3%) agreed to follow a 3-month partial meal replacement plan, which was completed by 66.7% (n = 34/51). Compared to baseline, the average weight loss at 12 and 24 months was 7.1 ± 7.0 kg (102.2 ± 20.9 kg vs 95.1 ± 18.7 kg, P

Background Diabetes is a major public health problem affecting about 1.4 million Australians, especially in South Western Sydney, a hotspot of diabetes with higher than average rates for hospitalisations. The current understanding of the international burden of diabetes and related complications is poor and data on hospital outcomes and/or what common factors influence mortality rate in people with and without diabetes in Australia using a representative sample is lacking. This study determined in-hospital mortality rate and the factors associated among people with and without diabetes. Methods Retrospective data for 554,421 adult inpatients was extracted from the population-based New South Wales (NSW) Admitted Patient Data over 3 financial years (from 1 July 2014–30 June 2015 to 1 July 2016–30 June 2017). The in-hospital mortality per 1000 admitted persons, standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated. Binary logistic regression was performed, adjusting for potential covariates and co-morbidities for people with and without diabetes over three years. Results Over three years, 8.7% (48,038 people) of admissions involved people with diabetes. This increased from 8.4% in 2014–15 to 8.9% in 2016–17 (p = 0.007). Across all age groups, in-hospital mortality rate was significantly greater in people with diabetes (20.6, 95% Confidence intervals CI 19.3–21.9 per 1000 persons) than those without diabetes (11.8, 95%CI 11.5–12.1) and more in men than women (23.1, 95%CI 21.2–25.0 vs 17.9, 95%CI 16.2–19.8) with diabetes. The SMR for those with and without diabetes were 3.13 (95%CI 1.78–4.48) and 1.79 (95%CI 0.77–2.82), respectively. There were similarities in the factors associated with in hospital mortality in both groups including: older age (> 54 years), male sex, marital status (divorced/widowed), length of stay in hospital (staying longer than 4 days), receiving intensive care in admission and being admitted due to primary respiratory and cardiovascular diagnoses. The odds of death in admission was increased in polymorbid patients without diabetes (28.68, 95%CI 23.49–35.02) but not in those with diabetes. Conclusions In-patients with diabetes continue to have higher mortality rates than those without diabetes and the Australian population. Overall, similar factors influenced mortality rate in people with and without diabetes, but significantly more people with diabetes had two or more co-morbidities, suggesting that hospital mortality may be driven by those with pre-existing health/comorbidities. Urgent measures in primary care to prevent admissions among people with multiple co-morbidities are needed.

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of underweight and determine the sociodemographic and household environmental correlates of underweight among women of reproductive age in Nepal. This study also compared the time trends in the prevalence of underweight with the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. This cross-sectional study was a secondary data analysis of the nationally representative population-based Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHSs). Firstly, the time trends of the prevalence of underweight (body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2) among women aged 15–49 years were examined at five-year intervals, from the 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 NDHSs (n = 33,507). Secondly, the sociodemographic and household environmental correlates of underweight were examined from the latest NDHS 2016 (n = 6165). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the sociodemographic and household environmental correlates of underweight. From 1996 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased from 25.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 23.8%, 26.8%) to 16.9% (95%CI 16.0%, 17.8%), while the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 1.6% (95%CI 1.2%, 2.1%) to 15.6% (95%CI 14.7%, 16.5%) and 0.2% (95%CI 0.1%, 0.4%) to 4.1% (95%CI 3.6%, 4.6%), respectively. Sociodemographic factors, such as age, educational status, marital status, wealth index, and religion, were independently associated with the risk of underweight. Similarly, household environmental factors, such as province of residence, ecological zone, type of toilet facility, and household possessions, including television and mobile phone, were independently associated with the risk of underweight. Despite the declining trends, the prevalence of underweight among Nepalese women remains a public health challenge. Understanding the key sociodemographic and household environmental correlates of underweight may assist in streamlining the content of health promotion campaigns to address undernutrition and potentially mitigate adverse health outcomes.

Background Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its complications. Significant weight loss has been shown to improve glycaemia in people with T2DM and obesity. National and international guidelines recommend considering bariatric surgery for body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2. We assessed the proportion of people with T2DM meeting criteria for surgery, how many had been offered a bariatric/obesity service referral, and compared the characteristics of people with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 and BMI 2. Methods Retrospective data were collected for all people with T2DM aged ≥18 years, attending a hospital specialist diabetes outpatient service over three calendar years, 2017–2019. Results Of 700 people seen in the service, 291 (42%) had BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 (the “BMI ≥ 35 group”) and met criteria for bariatric surgery, but only 54 (19%) of them were offered referral to an obesity service. The BMI ≥ 35 group was younger than those with a BMI 2 (56.1 ± 14.8 vs 61.4 ± 14.6 years, p p = 0.078), and there was no significant difference in initial HbA1c (75 ± 27 vs 72 ± 26 mmol/mol, p = 0.118) (9.0 ± 2.5 vs 8.7 ± 2.4%) or proportion treated with insulin (62% vs 58%). There was more GLP1 agonist use in the BMI ≥ 35 group (13% vs 7%, p = 0.003) but similar rates of SGLT2 inhibitor use (25% vs 21%, p = 0.202). The BMI ≥ 35 group received more new medication and/or dose adjustments (74% vs 66%, p = 0.016). Only 29% in the BMI ≥ 35 kg group achieved HbA1c Conclusions In spite of frequently meeting the criteria for bariatric surgery and not achieving glycaemic targets, people with T2DM in this specialist clinic received limited medical or surgical management of their obesity. This study suggests opportunities for improvement in care of people with T2DM at several levels including increased referrals from T2DM services to weight management/bariatric services, as well as an increased use of GLP1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors where appropriate. Our data support the need to prioritise obesity management in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Weight Loss Surgery (WLS), including sleeve-gastrectomy (SG), results in significant weight loss and improved metabolic health in severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). Previous studies suggest post-operative health benefits are impacted by nutrient deficiencies, such as Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency, while it is currently unknown whether nutrient levels may actually predict post-surgery outcomes. As such, this study investigated whether 25(OH)D levels could predict metabolic improvements in patients who underwent SG. Patients with severe obesity (n = 309; 75% female) undergoing SG participated in this ethics-approved, non-randomized retrospective cohort study. Anthropometry, clinical data, 25(OH)D levels and serum markers were collected at baseline, 6-, 12- and 18-months post-surgery. SG surgery resulted in significant improvements in metabolic health at 6- and 12-months post-surgery compared with baseline, as expected. Patients with higher baseline 25(OH)D had significantly lower HbA1c levels post-surgery (p < 0.01) and better post-surgical T2DM outcomes, including reduced weight regain (p < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that baseline 25(OH)D could predict HbA1c levels, weight regain and T2DM remission one-year post-surgery, accounting for 7.5% of HbA1c divergence (p < 0.01). These data highlight that higher circulating 25(OH)D levels are associated with significant metabolic health improvements post-surgery, notably, that such baseline levels are able to predict those who attain T2DM remission. This highlights the importance of 25(OH)D as a predictive biomarker of post-surgery benefits.

We aimed to assess weight loss and metabolic outcomes by severity of weight-related complications following an intensive non-surgical weight management program (WMP) in an Australian public hospital. A retrospective cohort study of all patients aged ≥18 years with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 enrolled in the WMP during March 2018–March 2019 with 12-month follow-up information were stratified using the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS). Of 178 patients enrolled in the WMP, 112 (62.9%) completed at least 12 months’ treatment. Most patients (96.6%) met EOSS-2 (56.7%) or EOSS-3 (39.9%) criteria for analysis. Both groups lost significant weight from baseline to 12 months; EOSS-2: 139.4 ± 31.8 kg vs. 131.8 ± 31.8 kg (p < 0.001) and EOSS-3: 141.4 ± 24.2 kg vs. 129.8 ± 24.3 kg (p < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline age, sex and employment status, mean weight loss was similar but a greater proportion of EOSS-3 achieved >10% weight loss compared to EOSS-2, (40% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.024). Changes in metabolic parameters including HbA1c, BP and lipids did not differ between EOSS-2 and 3. Despite increased clinical severity, adult patients with class 3 obesity achieved clinically meaningful weight loss and similar improvements in metabolic parameters compared to patients with less severe complications after 12 months in an intensive non-surgical WMP.

The prevalence of eating disorders is high in people with higher weight. However, despite this, eating disorders experienced by people with higher weight have been consistently under-recognised and under-treated, and there is little to guide clinicians in the management of eating disorders in this population.The aim of this guideline is to synthesise the current best practice approaches to the management of eating disorders in people with higher weight and make evidence-based clinical practice recommendations.The National Eating Disorders Collaboration Steering Committee auspiced a Development Group for a Clinical Practice Guideline for the treatment of eating disorders for people with higher weight. The Development Group followed the 'Guidelines for Guidelines' process outlined by the National Health and Medical Research Council and aim to meet their Standards to be: 1. relevant and useful for decision making; 2. transparent; 3. overseen by a guideline development group; 4. identifying and managing conflicts of interest; 5. focused on health and related outcomes; 6. evidence informed; 7. making actionable recommendations; 8. up-to-date; and, 9. accessible. The development group included people with clinical and/or academic expertise and/or lived experience. The guideline has undergone extensive peer review and consultation over an 18-month period involving reviews by key stakeholders, including experts and organisations with clinical academic and/or lived experience.Twenty-one clinical recommendations are made and graded according to the National Health and Medical Research Council evidence levels. Strong recommendations were supported for psychological treatment as a first-line treatment approach adults (with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder), adolescents and children. Clinical considerations such as weight stigma, interprofessional collaborative practice and cultural considerations are also discussed.This guideline will fill an important gap in the need to better understand and care for people experiencing eating disorders who also have higher weight. This guideline acknowledges deficits in knowledge and consequently the reliance on consensus and lower levels of evidence for many recommendations, and the need for research particularly evaluating weight-neutral and other more recent approaches in this field.The objective of this project was to develop recommendations and clinical considerations to guide clinicians in the management of people experiencing eating disorders who also have higher weight. A Guideline Development Group was formed containing members with academic and/or clinical expertise and people with a lived experience of eating disorder. The guideline was not only informed by reviews of the scientific literature but also clinical expertise and lived expertise. This guideline has undergone extensive review and consultation over an 18-month period involving reviews by key stakeholders, including experts and organisations with clinical, academic and/or lived expertise. The guideline outlines a set of recommendations for clinical practice including the strong recommendation for psychological treatment to be offered as the first treatment for an eating disorder in people who are of higher weight. Considerations in clinical practice including weight stigma, care by professionals from disparate disciplines, and cultural considerations are also discussed. The Guideline Development Group acknowledges a lack of available research evidence specific to people experiencing an eating disorder who are also of higher weight and consequently some recommendations relied on consensus of group members taking into account the expert reviews. The Group also identified areas where additional research is necessary such as research evaluating weigh-neutral and other more recent approached in the field.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of mindfulness‐based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).

Background South Western Sydney (SWS) is a hotspot for diabetes in Australia. We compared intensive care unit (ICU) admission risk between people with and without diabetes admitted to public hospitals in this metropolitan health district. Methods Retrospective study of all admissions to ICU in the New South Wales Admitted Patient Data Collection (APDC) over three years. Data on demographic and health insurance status, primary admission diagnosis, comorbidities including death in admission for public hospital inpatients aged ≥18 years residing in South Western Sydney were analysed. The ICU length of stay was the main outcome variable classified into short stay (≤48hrs) and long stay (>48 hrs) were analysed. Potential predictors were analysed for possible association with long ICU stay among people with and without diabetes admitted to the hospital. Results Of the 187660 inpatients from SWS in the three years, 3.5% spent at least one hour in ICU [5.0% with diabetes versus 3.3% without diabetes, P

This study examined the changes in the prevalence of obesity and associated lifestyle factors using data from repeated cross-sectional, self-reported surveys (Crossroads I: 2001–2003 and Crossroads II: 2016–2018, studies) and clinic anthropometric measurements collected from regional and rural towns in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria. Given that past community studies have only focused categorically on dietary intake, or assessed caloric energy intake, we examined the difference in broad dietary practices at two different times. Clinical assessments from randomly selected household participants aged ≥18 years were analyzed. Differences in obesity prevalence were calculated for each individual variable. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals (CI)) with and without adjustment for key lifestyle factors. There were 5258 participants in Crossroads I and 2649 in Crossroads II surveys. Obesity prevalence increased from 28.2% to 30.8% over 15 years, more among those who ate fried food, but decreased significantly among rural dwellers (31.7: 27.0, 36.8% versus 25.1: 22.9, 27.5%) and those who had adequate fruit intake (28.5: 25.0, 32.3% to 23.9: 21.8, 26.2%). Obesity was associated with older age (≥35 years), use of fat-based spreads for bread (adjusted odds ratio, aOR:1.26: 1.07, 1.48) and physical inactivity. The increase in obesity prevalence especially in the rural towns, was associated with unhealthy dietary behaviour which persisted over 15 years. Understanding and addressing the upstream determinants of dietary intake and choices would assist in the development of future health promotion Programs.

Background Although there is a strong association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), the effects of OSA and CPAP therapy on weight loss are less well known. The aim of this study in adults with class 3 obesity attending a multidisciplinary weight management program was to assess the relationship between OSA and CPAP usage, and 12-month weight change. Methods A retrospective cohort study of all patients commencing an intensive multidisciplinary publicly funded weight management program in Sydney, Australia, between March 2018 and March 2019. OSA was diagnosed using laboratory overnight sleep studies. Demographic and clinical data, and use of CPAP therapy was collected at baseline and 12 months. CPAP use was confirmed if used ≥4 h on average per night on download. Results Of the 178 patients who joined the program, 111 (62.4 %) completed 12 months in the program. At baseline, 63.1 % (n=70) of patients had OSA, of whom 54.3 % (n=38) were using CPAP. The non-OSA group had more females compared to the OSA with CPAP group and OSA without CPAP group (90.2 % vs. 57.9 % and 62.5 %, respectively; p=0.003), but there were no significant baseline differences in BMI (50.4±9.3 vs. 52.1±8.7 and 50.3±9.5 kg/m2, respectively; p=0.636). There was significant weight loss across all three groups at 12 months. However, there were no statistically significant differences across groups in the percentage of body weight loss (OSA with CPAP: 6.3±5.6 %, OSA without CPAP: 6.8±6.9 %, non-OSA: 7.2±6.5 %; p=0.844), or the proportion of patients who achieved ≥5 % body weight loss (OSA with CPAP: 57.9 %, OSA without CPAP: 59.4 %, non-OSA: 65.9 %; p=0.743). In patients with T2DM, there was a significant reduction in HbA1c from baseline to 12 months (7.8±1.7 % to 7.3±1.4 %, p=0.03), with no difference between groups (p=0.997). Conclusions This multidisciplinary weight management program resulted in significant weight loss at 12 months, regardless of OSA diagnosis or CPAP use in adults with class 3 obesity. Larger studies are needed to further investigate the effects of severity of OSA status and CPAP use in weight management programs. Until completed, this study suggests that the focus should remain on implementing lifestyle changes and weight management regardless of OSA status.

Background Diabetes is a major public health problem affecting about 1.4 million Australians, especially in South Western Sydney, a hotspot of diabetes with higher than average rates for hospitalisations. The current understanding of the international burden of diabetes and related complications is poor and there is paucity of data on hospital outcomes and/or what common factors influence mortality rate in people with diabetes in Australia. This study determined in-hospital mortality rate and the factors associated among people with and without diabetes. Methods Retrospective data for 554,421 adult inpatients was extracted from the population-based New South Wales (NSW) Admitted Patient Data over 3 financial years (from 2014-15 to 2016-17). The in-hospital mortality per 1000 admitted persons, standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated. Binary logistic regression was performed, adjusting for potential covariates and co-morbidities for people with and without diabetes over three years. Results Over three years 8.7% (48,038 people) of admissions involved those with diabetes. This increased from 8.4% in 2014-15 to 8.9% in 2016-17 (p = 0.007). Across all age groups, in-hospital mortality rate was significantly greater in people with diabetes (20.6, 95% Confidence intervals CI 19.3–21.9 per 1000 persons) than those without diabetes (11.8, 95%CI 11.5–12.1) and more in men than women (23.1, 95%CI 21.2–25.0 vs 17.9, 95%CI 16.2–19.8) with diabetes. The SMR for those with and without diabetes were 3.13 (95%CI 1.78–4.48) and 1.79 (95%CI 0.77–2.82), respectively. There were similarities in the factors associated with in hospital mortality in both groups including: aged > 54years, men, the widowed, those who stayed longer than 4 days or received intensive care in admission and had respiratory and cardiovascular comorbidities. Conclusions The study found that in-patients with diabetes continue to have higher mortality rates than those without diabetes and the Australian population. Overall, similar factors influenced mortality rate in people with and without diabetes in this region indicating that continued improved management of all inpatients is needed in order to minimise the persistent poor outcomes.

This study aimed to evaluate the risk of eating disorders, psychological distress, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people with class 3 obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2), and the effect of multidisciplinary weight management over 12 months. This retrospective cohort study included all adults with class 3 obesity who enrolled in a weight management program from March 2018 to December 2019. Questionnaires included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) for HRQoL. Physical and Mental Component Summary scores (PCS and MCS) were derived from the SF-36. Of 169 participants who completed 12 months in the program, 65.7% (n = 111) completed questionnaires at baseline and 12 months, with 6.0 ± 6.8% weight loss over this period. Compared to baseline, there was significant improvement at 12 months in EDE-QS (15.7 ± 6.6 vs. 13.6 ± 6.2, p = 0.002), K10 (25.7 ± 9.7 vs. 21.2 ± 9.4, p &lt, 0.001), PCS (29.4 ± 10.1 vs. 36.1 ± 10.9, p &lt, 0.001), and MCS scores (40.2 ± 12.4 vs. 44.0 ± 13.4, p = 0.001). All, apart from EDE-QS scores, remained significant after adjusting for weight change. This study highlights the importance of multidisciplinary management in people with class 3 obesity to help reduce eating disorder risk and psychological distress, and improve HRQoL, in addition to weight loss.

AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of a new locality-based integrated diabetes care service for people with Type 2 diabetes in an inner regional area. METHODS A quasi-experimental evaluation comparing baseline and follow up clinical data collected from general practices and specialist services participating in an integrated diabetes care programme in an inner-regional area. Patients had at least one specialist service consultation. The primary outcome was glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). RESULTS Clinical data were collected for 178/239 patients (74.5% participation; aged 65± 11(SD) years, 46% female; median [interquartile range (IQR)] diabetes duration 19 (11.0-24.0) years from seven general practices over 33 months (median 18.5 months). There were reductions in HbA1c -0.7±1.6 % (8±18 mmol/mol) (p

Obesity is associated with significant comorbidities, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Given its potential to progress to advanced liver disease, monitoring the extent and progress of liver fibrosis and assessing its fibrosis stage are essential. Although liver biopsy is considered to be the gold standard for liver fibrosis staging, it is an invasive procedure with risk of complications. Considering the rising prevalence of obesity and NAFLD globally, developing non-invasive diagnostic methods is a priority. Transient elastography (TE) is increasingly being used to assess the severity of liver disease. However, in the presence of severe obesity, the increased thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue and changes in anatomy may affect its diagnostic accuracy. Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) assesses the liver stiffness in real time along with simultaneous anatomic B-mode ultrasound imaging and allows selection of the region of interest. This would suggest that 2D-SWE has several advantages over TE in patients with severe obesity. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature addressing the use of 2D-SWE in the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. This review also examines the evidence on the use of 2D-SWE in patients with obesity and NAFLD and compares it to TE as a novel and non-invasive method of assessing liver fibrosis.

Introduction. Class 3 obesity (BMI≥40 kg/m2) is a growing health problem worldwide associated with considerable comorbidity including Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The multidisciplinary medical management of obesity can be difficult in T2DM due to potential weight gain from medications including sulphonylureas and insulin. However, newer weight-neutral/losing diabetes medications can aid additional weight loss. The aim of this study was to compare weight loss outcomes of patients with and without T2DM, and in patients with T2DM, to compare diabetes outcomes and change in medications at 6 months.Methods. All patients entering a multidisciplinary weight management metabolic program in a publicly funded hospital clinic in Sydney between March 2018 and March 2019, withBMI≥40 kg/m2and aged ≥18 years were included. Data was collected from patient clinical and electronic notes at baseline and 6 months.Results. Of the 180 patients who entered the program, 53.3% had T2DM at baseline. There was no difference in percentage weight loss in those with or without T2DM (4.2±4.9%vs.3.6±4.7%,p=0.35). Additionally, T2DM patients benefited from a 0.47% reduction in HbA1c (p<0.01) and a reduction in the number of medications from baseline to 6 months (1.8±1.0/patient vs.1.0±1.2/patient,p<0.001). T2DM patients who started on weigh-neutral/losing medications in the program lost more weight than those started on weight-gaining medications (7.7±5.3%vs.2.4±3.8%,p=0.015).Conclusions. Patients with class 3 obesity had significant weight loss at 6 months in this program. Patients with T2DM at baseline had comparable weight loss at 6 months, a significant improvement in glycaemic control, and a reduction in diabetes medication load. Additionally, patients with T2DM who were started on weight-neutral/losing medications lost significantly more weight than those started on weight-gaining medications, and these medications should be preferentially used in class 3 obesity and comorbid T2DM.

Aims The Wollondilly Diabetes Program (WDP) is testing ways to improve uptake of diabetes prevention services. This project evaluated the reach of WDP in diabetes promotion while assessing diabetes knowledge and risk among residents. Methods A WDP member travelled in the DW weekly to community events including outreach programs between October 2016 and June 2019. Data from diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ), the Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK), HbA1c and Random Blood Glucose (RBG) measurements obtained from participants who attended community events and road shows. Results Over the 32 months period, WDP attended 32 community events reaching 1415 people (∼3% of the Wollondilly adult population). DKQ was completed by 154 people (52.9% females, 78% Australian born, median age 69 years), 39% had diabetes and their mean score (25.0 ± 3.1, maximum possible score = 31) was similar to those without diabetes (24.0 ± 4.6, p = 0.093). AUSDRISK assessment was completed by 166 people with 85% at intermediate or high risk of diabetes. There were 65% results above range for RBG (≥5.5 mmol/l) and/or HbA1c (≥5.7%,39 mmol/mol). Conclusion A community outreach team set up in partnership with local stakeholders that offers opportunistic diabetes screening, is an effective way of engaging with the community to increase diabetes awareness and knowledge.

Aims: Diabetes management in hospital often focuses on tight glycemic control. Insulin use is, therefore, more common in the hospital inpatient setting. We sought to determine the prevalence and patterns of insulin use and hypoglycemia among inpatients with diabetes on medical wards in a tertiary Sydney hospital. Methods: A daily census was conducted on three medical wards (79 beds) over 44 weeks from June 2017. Inpatients with diabetes were audited using a questionnaire based on the UK National Diabetes Inpatient Audit. Those admitted for >7 days were audited for the last 7 days of admission. Results: Among 822 patients with diabetes, 96% had T2DM, mean age (SD) was 69.1(12.3) years, 54.8% male. Overall, 29.6% were on insulin on admission but 44.7% were prescribed insulin during their hospital stay. Hypoglycemia ( Conclusions: Hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia were common among hospital inpatients, and insulin use in this group was high. Insulin use was a major risk factor for hypoglycemia, particularly with new insulin initiation and after hours. These data highlight the need to weigh the risk of hypoglycemia against the benefit of tight glycemic control when considering insulin initiation in hospital. Extra vigilance is also needed after hours when there is a higher risk of hypos with fewer staff. Disclosure M.K. Piya: None. T. Fletcher: None. K. Myint: None. R. Zarora: None. D. Simmons: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sanofi-Aventis. Other Relationship; Self; Medtronic. Funding South Western Sydney Local Health District

Impaired physical capacity is common in people with severe levels of obesity. We aimed to investigate changes in physical capacity outcomes in patients with severe obesity following 12 months of physician-led multidisciplinary care from a "real world" Australian public hospital setting using a case series study design. We extracted data from medical records for all of the eligible patients referred to our clinical obesity service from 2010 to 2015 (69 of 239). We found significant (P < .05) pre-test/post-test (mean ± SD) improvements in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) (339 ± 120 to 417 ± 112 m); 30-second sit-to-stand test (11 ± 4 to 15 ± 6 counts) and sit-and-reach test (-12 ± 13 to -8 ± 15 cm). Using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for repeated measurements over time (baseline vs 12 months) and testing for potential predictors, we found: mean 6MWT was associated with 12-month time period (56 m), body mass index (BMI, -3 m), no walking aid over 12 months (106 m) and no opioid analgesics (75 m); mean sit-to-stand was associated with 12-month time period (3 counts), age at referral (-0.2 counts), BMI (-0.2 counts), and diabetes (3 counts); and mean sit-and-reach was associated with 12-month time period (5 cm), female gender (5 cm) and total medications (-0.9 cm). Using causal mediation analysis, our results show that total exercise classes partially mediates change in walking capacity among those with cardiovascular disease. Our study shows that significant and clinically important improvements in physical capacity outcomes in patients with severe obesity can be achieved following 12 months of intensive specialist obesity services, such as ours.

BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased nitrosative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that OSA is associated with Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) activation, lower intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), and diabetic foot ulceration (DFU). METHODS A cross-sectional study of adults with type 2 diabetes recruited from a secondary care hospital in the UK. OSA was assessed by multi-channel home-based cardio-respiratory device (Alice PDX, Philips Respironics). DPN was assessed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). IENFD and % PAR stained nuclei were assessed using immunohistochemistry staining on skin biopsies. DFU was assessed based on MNSI. RESULTS Skin biopsies and DFU data were available from 52 and 234 patients respectively. OSA was associated with lower IENFD (12.75±1.93 vs. 10.55±1.62 vs. 9.42±1.16 fibers/mm of epidermis for no OSA, mild OSA and moderate to severe OSA respectively, p

Rates of eating disorders (EDs) are increasing in Australia, as are rates of bariatric and cosmetic surgery including weight-related procedures. It is known that binge eating disorder (BED) is common in bariatric surgery candidates and that people with EDs are likely to undergo weight-related cosmetic procedures, however, most of the literature is based on clinic samples and focuses on young women and BED. Aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of (1) actual or intended bariatric surgery and (2) actual or intended cosmetic surgery including weight-related procedures in people with a current ED and a lifetime history of BED or bulimia nervosa (BN), and the associations with actual or intended bariatric or cosmetic surgery and demographic features. Using a general population survey, 2977 individuals were interviewed regarding sociodemographic status, ED symptoms, mental health-related quality of life (MHRQoL) and actual or intended use of bariatric and cosmetic surgery, prevalence estimates of which were 2.0% and 1.1%, respectively. People who had planned or received either type of surgery were more likely to be (1) women and (2) have a higher BMI, (3) poorer MHRQoL and (4) a current ED, lifetime BN or BED or features of EDs (all p &lt, 0.05). Age and household income were not significantly associated with increased use of either type of surgery. Given the potential for an ED to affect outcomes of surgery, screening and treatment for EDs should be considered in such surgical candidates.

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is increasing in prevalence worldwide, and is closely linked to obesity. Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and Night Eating Syndrome (NES) are eating disorders that are common in obesity, and may affect the management as well as long term outcomes of T2DM. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the prevalence and associations of BED or NES in adults with T2DM. Methods We conducted a systematic review. The databases MEDLINE, CINAHL and AMED were searched for articles which met the inclusion criteria; including patients > 18 years old, with T2DM, and BED and/or NES. The reference lists of included studies were also searched. Meta-analysis was not attempted due to the limited number of studies that measured the outcomes of interest. Results A total of 10 studies (2 included NES) were included in this systematic review. The number screened for BED and NES were 6527 and 1039 participants, respectively. Point prevalence was 1.2–8.0% for BED and 3.8–8.4% for NES. Patients with T2DM and BED had higher BMI than patients with T2DM without BED in the two studies that reported BMI. There was no statistically significant difference in HbA1c between patients with and without BED in the two studies that measured HbA1c. Conclusions BED and NES are common in adults with T2DM, and BED is associated with higher BMI in patients with T2DM. However, only two studies reported important outcomes measures such as BMI and HbA1c in patients with T2DM. Hence, further well-designed studies are needed to assess the impact of BED and NES in patients with T2DM. Health Care Professionals should consider the diagnosis of BED and NES in patients with T2DM.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), although the use of circulating Vitamin D levels as a predictor of weight loss induced T2DM remission is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze whether pre-bariatric surgery vitamin D levels may predict T2DM outcomes 12 months post-SG. Method: A cohort of 220 obese participants (74.5% female) with T2DM (Age: 50±9.5yr, BMI: 51.4±7Kg/m2; n=103) and without T2DM (Age: 46±9yr, BMI: 53.5±6.5Kg/m2; n=117) undergoing SG participated in an ethics approved study in a single bariatric centre in the UK. Patient anthropometric and biochemical data including vitamin D were collected at baseline and 12 months post-SG; no vitamin D supplementation at baseline was given. Results: Baseline vitamin D levels inversely correlated with baseline BMI (P Conclusion: Baseline Vitamin D levels appear to be an independent indicator for successful T2DM remission and weight loss, 12 months following SG. The use of baseline Vitamin D levels may help us predict those more likely to do well and prioritize post-surgery support to achieve success for all participant groups. Disclosure A. Aladel: None. M.K. Piya: None. S. Azharian: None. M. Christian: None. V. Menon: None. P.G. McTernan: None.

Background: Diabetes is a common co-morbidity among hospital inpatients, particularly in medical wards. Diabetes is linked to increased length of stay and mortality in hospital inpatients, and hypoglycemia (hypo) is considered a contributory factor. We sought to determine the prevalence of diabetes in medical wards and the prevalence and patterns of hypo during their hospital stay. Methods: A daily census on three medical wards (79 beds) was conducted over a 4 month period from June 2017 in a 3bed tertiary Sydney hospital. Charts and medications for inpatients with diabetes were audited each Friday using a questionnaire based on the UK National Diabetes Inpatient Audit. Patients admitted under the care of the diabetes team were excluded. Readmissions were counted as separate episodes. Results: The mean prevalence of diabetes was 27%, of which 2.4% had T1DM, with 212 patient episodes audited in 196 patients (16 readmissions). Mean age (SD) was 71 years (11.2), 54% male. Only 5.6% had a diabetes related admission. Insulin use was 34% on admission but 52% during hospital stay. There were 74 events of hypo ( Conclusion: Hypoglycemia is a major burden in patients with diabetes in hospital, particularly in the first week of admission, even when patients are not admitted due to diabetes related problems. Insulin use was the major risk factor and many patients had multiple hypo events. We recommend early involvement of the diabetes inpatient team as well as centralized point of care testing of glucose to allow early identification of patients at risk. Disclosure M.K. Piya: None. R. Zarora: None. T. Fletcher: None. D. Simmons: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Roche Diabetes Care Health and Digital Solutions, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk Inc., Medtronic.

Background: Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19) and FGF-21 regulate glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, which in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) conditions becomes dysregulated. Whilst weight loss can restore this functionality, bariatric surgery can have a specific impact due to mechanical changes on gut/liver physiology. We aimed to analyse the effects of different bariatric surgeries: sleeve gastrectomy (SG), laparoscopic adjusted gastric banding (LAGB) and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) on changes in FGF-19 and FGF-21 levels. Methods: Obese and T2DM women (n=41 BMI>35 Kg/m2) undergoing SG (n=14), LABG (n=13), and BPD (n=14) participated in an ethics approved study. Anthropometry, biochemical data, and adipose tissue (AT) biopsies were collected before and 6 months after surgery. FGF-19, FGF-21 levels and AT inflammation (TLR2, MYD88, TRAF6, IKK and NFkb) was assessed. Results: Post surgery SG led to 63% reduction in FGF-21 whilst LABG and BPD led to 41% and 4% decrease respectively. There was a significant differences in FGF-21 levels between SG and BPD (p=0.021). Moreover, FGF-21 change in SG positivly correlated with changes in glucose (p=0.019), insulin (p=0.047), HOMA-IR (p=0.022) and triglyceride (p=0.027); absent in BPD and LABG. FGF-21 levels in SG appeared as a significant predictor of HOMA-IR change post surgery (p Inflamatory markers post surgery were significantly reduced in all surgeries (TLR2: p Conclusion: SG appears to have a beneficial influence on FGF-21 and FGF-19 levels irrespective of reduced AT inflammation. Our FGF findings therfore suggests that SG provides better glucose homeostatis outcomes than LAGB and BPD. Disclosure S. Azharian: None. A. Murphy: None. P.G. McTernan: None. M.K. Piya: None. G. Tripathi: None.

Background Irisin, a novel myokine, has been shown to increase following vigorous exercise, with studies suggesting that it mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise. Irisin might play a role in ‘browning’ of white adipocytes, thus increasing energy expenditure. The role of irisin in exercise and energy expenditure in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating irisin and habitual physical activity in subjects with and without DMT2. Material and methods In this cross-sectional study, 164 Saudi adults: 81 non-DMT2 controls [age: (mean ± SD) 51·6 ± 10·9; BMI: 29·6 ± 4·3 kg/m2] and 83 DMT2 subjects [age: 54·3 ± 10·3 year; BMI: 29·4 ± 4·7 kg/m2] were studied. Anthropometric and fasting serum biochemical data were collected. Circulating irisin was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Frequency intensity time (FIT) index was used to assess the level of habitual physical activity. Results We observed significantly higher levels of irisin in DMT2 subjects than in controls (P < 0·001). FIT index was positively associated (r = 0·20, P = 0·03) with circulating irisin in controls only. Additionally, irisin levels were significantly higher in tertile 3 (0·75 ± 0·07 μg/mL) than tertile 1 (0·49 ± 0·06 μg/mL) of the FIT index in healthy controls, whilst no such relation with physical activity was observed in DMT2 subjects. Conclusion This cross-sectional study has shown a weak association of irisin with physical activity levels in healthy controls but not in DMT2 subjects, suggesting the possibility of discordant regulation in the condition of DMT2.

Objective Meal duration may influence cardiometabolic health. The aim of this study was to explore postprandial effects of meal duration on human metabolism and appetite. Design Postprandial comparisons following a standard meal eaten slowly over 40 min (‘D40’) and the same meal eaten quickly over 10 min (‘D10’) on a different day. Each participant therefore acted as their own control, thereby limiting confounding factors. Patients Obese premenopausal Caucasian women (n = 10) with confirmed normoglycaemia were recruited from an obesity clinic at UHCW, Coventry UK. Subjects underwent whole-body calorimetry (8-h) on two separate days. Measurements Following standard lunch (D40 vs D10), 4-h postprandial analysis included thermic effect of food (TEF) and bloods taken at predefined times (including baseline fasting). Analytes included lipid profile, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, ghrelin, leptin, endotoxin, gut and pancreatic hormones. Appetite was measured using visual-analogue scales and ad libitum food intake at subsequent meal. Paired sample t-tests [including area under the curve (AUC)] were used to compare D40 and D10 trials. Results Postprandial TEF (over 240-min) was significantly greater for D40 than D10 [mean (SEM): 80·9 kcal (3·8) vs 29·9 kcal (3·4); 10·6% vs 3·9%, respectively, P = 0·006; AUC 71·7 kcal.h vs 22·4 kcal.h, respectively, P = 0·02]. Postprandial plasma NEFA was significantly lower, and adiponectin levels were significantly higher for D40 than D10 [AUC (SEM): NEFA 627 μmol.h/l (56) vs 769 μmol.h/l (60), respectively, P = 0·02; adiponectin 33·4 μg.h/ml (3·9) vs 27·3 μg.h/ml (3·8), respectively, P = 0·04]. Other postprandial analytes and appetite measures were equivalent. Conclusions In obese women, eating slowly associates with enhanced TEF, elevated serum adiponectin and suppressed NEFA.

A dose-response strategy may not only allow investigation of the impact of foods and nutrients on human health but may also reveal differences in the response of individuals to food ingestion based on their metabolic health status. In a randomized crossover study, we challenged 19 normal-weight (BMI: 20-25 kg/m(2)) and 18 obese (BMI: >30 kg/m(2)) men with 500, 1000, and 1500 kcal of a high-fat (HF) meal (60.5% energy from fat). Blood was taken at baseline and up to 6 h postprandially and analyzed for a range of metabolic, inflammatory, and hormonal variables, including plasma glucose, lipids, and C-reactive protein and serum insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and endotoxin. Insulin was the only variable that could differentiate the postprandial response of normal-weight and obese participants at each of the 3 caloric doses. A significant response of the inflammatory marker IL-6 was only observed in the obese group after ingestion of the HF meal containing 1500 kcal [net incremental AUC (iAUC) = 22.9 +/- 6.8 pg/mL x 6 h, P = 0.002]. Furthermore, the net iAUC for triglycerides significantly increased from the 1000 to the 1500 kcal meal in the obese group (5.0 +/- 0.5 mmol/L X 6 h vs. 6.0 +/- 0.5 mmol/L X 6 h; P=0.015) but not in the normal-weight group (4.3 +/- 0.5 mmol/L X 6 h vs. 4.8 +/- 0.5 mmol/L x 6 h; P=0.31). We propose that caloric dose-response studies may contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic impact of food on the human organism. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01446068.

The aim of this work was to assess the impact of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) on the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a cohort study in adults with type 2 diabetes. Patients with end-stage renal disease were excluded. CKD was defined as the presence of albuminuria (albumin/creatinine ratio GFR > 3.4 mg/mmol) or an estimated (eGFR)

Peripheral action of irisin improves glucose homeostasis and increases energy expenditure, with no data on a central role of irisin in metabolism. These studies sought to examine 1) presence of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and banked human hypothalamic tissue, 2) serum irisin in maternal subjects across varying adiposities with or without gestational diabetes (GDM), and 3) their respective neonate offspring. CSF, serum, and neonatal cord serum were collected from 91 pregnant women with and without GDM attending for an elective cesarean section [body mass index (BMI): 37.7 ± 7.6 kg/m2; age: 32 ± 8.3 yr]. Irisin was assessed by ELISA and correlated with biochemical and anthropometric data. Irisin expression was examined in human hypothalamus by immunohistochemical staining. Serum irisin in pregnant women was significantly lower in nonobese compared with obese and GDM subjects, after adjusting for BMI, lipids, and glucose. Irisin was present in neonatal cord serum (237 ± 8 ng/ml) and maternal CSF (32 ± 1.5 ng/ml). CSF irisin correlated positively with serum irisin levels from nonobese and obese pregnant women ( P < 0.01), with CSF irisin significantly raised in GDM subjects ( P < 0.05). Irisin was present in human hypothalamic sections in the paraventricular neurons, colocalized with neuropeptide Y. Irisin was detectable in CSF and in paraventricular neurons. Maternal serum irisin was lower in nonobese pregnant women after adjusting for BMI and a number of metabolic parameters. These studies indicate that irisin may have a central role in metabolism in addition to the known peripheral role. Further studies investigating the central action of irisin in human metabolic disease are required.

Obesity is a rapidly increasing problem that has wide implications for the National Health Service. At present, obesity is not being addressed in a joined-up and standardised manner. This has downstream effects for the health service, the economy and society as a whole. As highlighted by a recent RCP report, there is a need for a new class of dedicated specialists who can evaluate individuals with health problems that are related to obesity, direct their care in a coordinated fashion, act as an advocate for their needs and be able to liaise with multiple different services to improve the provision of patient care. In this article, we discuss the role of this specialist - the bariatric physician.

There is uncertainty regarding preoperative predictors of a successful outcome for bariatric surgery (BarSurg), on which to determine appropriateness for such a procedure. Our aims were to identify preoperative clinical and psychosocial predictors of success following BarSurg and to explore the influence of body mass index (BMI) on these parameters.Preoperative data, including Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (IWQOL-Lite) scores transformed to Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) scores, were accrued from 76 morbidly obese adults awaiting BarSurg. Pre- and postoperative data were also accrued for 26 patients who had completed 1-year follow-up post-bariatric surgery (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding-LAGB). Statistical analysis was performed to assess the relationships between preoperative HRQOL scores, preoperative BMI and excess weight loss 1 year following BarSurg (EWL-1 year).Preoperative BMI showed a significant independent, negative linear correlation with the public distress domain of preoperative quality of life (QOL) (r = -0.368, p = 0.001; β = -0.245, p = 0.009). Preoperative BMI had a significant, positive and independent association with EWL-1 year (r = 0.499, p = 0.009; β = 0.679, p = 0.015). Preoperative QOL scores had no association with EWL-1 year.Preoperative BMI appears to predict EWL-1 year following restrictive bariatric surgery (LAGB). Preoperatively, patients with higher BMI appear to manifest greater public distress. Preoperative QOL scores, however, do not appear to have any predictive value for EWL-1 year post-LAGB. Preoperative BMI should therefore be employed as a predictor of EWL-1 year post-LAGB. Other measures of successful outcomes of bariatric surgeries (such as effects on QOL scores at 1 year) should be explored in future, larger and longer term studies.

OBJECTIVE Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in type 2 diabetes and increases oxidative stress. Hence, OSA could promote the development and progression of DN. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a cohort study in adults with type 2 diabetes. Patients with known OSA or ESRD were excluded. DN was defined as the presence of albuminuria or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) RESULTS A total of 224 patients were included. OSA and DN prevalence was 64.3 and 40.2, respectively. DN prevalence was higher in patients with OSA (OSA+) compared with those without OSA (OSA−) (49.3% vs. 23.8%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, OSA (odds ratio 2.64 [95% CI 1.13–6.16], P = 0.02) remained independently associated with DN. After an average follow-up of 2.5 (0.7) years, eGFR decline was greater in OSA+ compared with OSA− patients (median −6.8% [interquartile range −16.1 to 2.2] vs. −1.6% [−7.7 to 5.3%], P = 0.002). After adjusting, both baseline OSA (B = −3.8, P = 0.044) and AHI (B = −4.6, P = 0.02) remained independent predictors of study-end eGFR. Baseline serum nitrotyrosine abundance (B = −0.24, P = 0.015) was an independent predictor of study-end eGFR after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS OSA is independently associated with DN in type 2 diabetes. eGFR declined faster in patients with OSA. Nitrosative stress may provide a pathogenetic link between OSA and DN. Interventional studies assessing the impact of OSA treatment on DN are needed.

OBJECTIVE: Central obesity and sub-clinical inflammation increase metabolic risk, this study examined the intracellular inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue (AT) that contribute to this risk. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study therefore addressed the influence of NFκB and JNK activation in human abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) and omental (Om) AT, the effect of adiposity, T2DM status and the role of TNFα in vitro, using molecular biology techniques. RESULTS: Our data showed NFκB activity is increased in Om AT versus AbdSc AT (P

To assess and compare obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevalence in South Asians and White Europeans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Secondary aims included exploring possible causes for observed ethnic differences.A cross-sectional study of patients with T2DM recruited from secondary care diabetes clinics. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 events/h using home-based, multi-channel respiratory monitoring.Two hundred thirty-four patients (105 South Asian and 129 White Europeans) were studied. The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe OSA in South Asians was 36.2% (n = 38/105), 9.5% (n = 10/105), and 5.7% (n = 6/105) respectively. After adjustment, OSA was associated with a higher body mass index in South Asians. OSA was significantly less common in South Asians compared to White Europeans (51.4% [54/105] versus 75.2% [97/129],South Asians with T2DM are at considerable risk of OSA. OSA in South Asians was associated with obesity. However, OSA prevalence was lower in South Asians than in White Europeans. Obesity measures accounted for the observed ethnic differences. Examining factors contributing to ethnic differences will be important to inform screening and treatment strategies.