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Maternal and neonatal health is one of the main global health challenges. Every day, approximately 800 women and 7,000 newborns die due to complications during pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal period. The leading causes of maternal death in sub-Saharan Africa are obstetric hemorrhage (28.8%), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (22.1%), non-obstetric complications (18.8%), and pregnancy-related infections (11.5%). Diagnostic ultrasound examinations can be used in a variety of specific circumstances during pregnancy. Because adverse outcomes may also arise in low-risk pregnancies, it is assumed that routine ultrasound in all pregnancies will enable earlier detection and improved management of pregnancy complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 1997 that 50% of developing countries had no access to ultrasound imaging, and available equipment was outdated or broken. Unfortunately, besides all the exceptional benefits of ultrasound in obstetrics, its inappropriate use and abuse are reported. Using ultrasound to view, take a picture, or determine the sex of a fetus without a medical indication can be considered ethically unjustifiable. Ultrasound assessment when indicated should be every woman’s right in the new era. However, it is still only a privilege in some parts of the world. Investment in both equipment and human resources has been clearly shown to be cost-effective and should be an obligatory step in the improvement of health care. Well-developed health systems should guide developing countries, creating principles for the organization of the health system with an accent on the correct, legal, and ethical use of diagnostic ultrasound in pregnancy to avoid its misuse. The aim of the article is to present the importance of correct and appropriate use of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology with reference to developing countries.

Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management. Maternal mortality (MM) and morbidity are a public health issue, with scarce knowledge on their levels and causes in low-income (LIC) countries. The data on MM and morbidity should rely on population-based studies which are non-existent. Therefore, maternal mortality ratio (MMR) estimates are based mostly on the mathematical models. MMR declined from 430 per 100,000 live births (LB) in 1990 to 211 in 2017. Absolute numbers of maternal deaths were 585,000 in 1990, 514,500 in 1995 and less than 300,000 nowadays. Regardless of reduction, MM remains neglected tragedy especially in LIC. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) declared reduction MMR by three quarters between 2000 and 2015, which failed. Target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was to decrease MMR to 70 per 100,000 LB. Based on the data from the country report on SDGs in 10 countries with the highest absolute number of maternal deaths it can be concluded that the progress has not been made in reaching the targeted MMR. To reduce MMR, inequalities in access to and quality of reproductive, maternal, and newborn health care services should be addressed, together with strengthening health systems to respond to the needs and priorities of women and girls, ensuring accountability to improve quality of care and equity.

Aim is to present the neonatal and child mortality in high-(HIC) and low-income (LIC) countries and possible influence of COVID-19 pandemic. In recently published sustainable development goals (SDGs) report and other sources the data on infant and under-five mortality (U-5MR) in HIC and LIC are presented. SDG 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal mortality rate (NMR) to less than 12 per 1,000 live births, and reduction of U-5MR to less than 25 per 1,000 live births by 2030. Negative influence of COVID-19 pandemic on performance of SDG 3.2 has been discussed. The lowest NMR was in HIC, almost 10 times lower than in LIC and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Data on the U-5MR between HIC and LIC are even worse because the difference was between 13 and 15 times lower in HIC. More children are dying after the neonatal period in LIC. In HIC, NMR comprises 56.3% of U-5MR, while in LIC it is 40.3%, and in SSA, it is 36.8%. Births attended by skilled birth personnel in HIC was 99.0% and in LIC it was only 58.6%, which might affect early NMR. The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the delivery of perinatal health, with possible negative effects on stillbirth rates, NMR, U-5MR, maternal mortality rates, and many other indicators. The gap of the NMR and U-5MR between HIC and LIC has increasing tendency regardless of COVID-19 pandemic, affecting adversely perinatal health indicators in HIC and LIC.

It is very complicated to give correct answer to the question “How to define human life?” Nowadays dilemmas consider the respect of human life from the birth to death involve not just biology but also other sciences like philosophy, theology, sociology, psychology, law and politics. These sciences evaluate the topic from different points of view. Integration of all of these perspectives could result with a proper definition. The principal purpose of this paper is to try to determine when a human individual begins. If this proves to be too difficult, we might have to settle for a specific stage in the reproductive process before which it would be impossible to say with any plausibility that a human individual exists. It is necessary to return the moral dimension of observation to the science of life. The point is to reconcile the universal ethical principles concerning the absolute value of life with the everyday challenges and dilemmas. It is our deepest conviction that life has an absolute value and that there always remains something indestructible and substantial in life, which may neither be evaluated by anything final, nor completely reduced to the material biological equivalent and the genetic substratum.

Hypertensive syndrome in pregnancy complicates up to 15% of pregnancies, and preeclampsia (PE) occurs in about 3–10% of pregnant women. Inadequate prenatal care is associated with higher mortality from PE, possibly due to reduced monitoring, detection, and missed opportunities for early intervention. The imperative of the clinician’s work is to monitor the symptoms and clinical signs of PE, and stratification of patients in relation to the risk of PE is essential. PE represents a multisystem inflammatory response, and the consequences can be expected in all organs. The question of the effect of PE on long-term maternal health is raised. The aim of the paper is to present the effect of PE on the patient’s health through the prism of low-income countries.

Background: The key considerations for healthy aging are diversity and inequity. Diversity means that there is no typical older person. Policy should be framed to improve the functional ability of all older people, whether they are robust, care dependent or in between. Objective: The aim of this article is to describe negative influence of Corona pandemic (COVID-19) for realization of the WHO project about Healthy Aging global strategy proposed in the targets "Health for all". Methods: Authors used descriptive model for this cross-sectional study based on facts in analyzed scientific literature deposited in on-line databases about healthy aging concept of the prevention and treatment of the people who will come or already came to the "third trimester of the life". Results and Discussion: Some 80-year-olds have levels of physical and mental capacity that compare favorably with 30-year-olds. Others of the same age may require extensive care and support for basic activities like dressing and eating. Policy should be framed to improve the functional ability of all older people, whether they are robust, care dependent or in between. Inequity reflects a large proportion (approximately 75%) of the diversity in capacity and circumstance observed in older age is the result of the cumulative impact of advantage and disadvantage across people's lives. Importantly, the relationships we have with our environments are shaped by factors such as the family we were born into, our sex, ethnicity, level of education and financial resources. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic "celebrated" one year of existing in almost all countries in the world with very difficult consequences for whole population. But in the first risk group are old people who have in average 6 to 7 co-morbidities. WHO recommended some measures to improve prevention and treatment this category of population, but COVID-19 pandemic stopped full realization of Decade of Healthy Aging project.

Recent catastrophic consequences of coronavirus pandemic stimulate some deeper analysis of present level of globalization, particularly connected with public health problems One definition of globalization may be that it is the integration of capital, technology, and information across national borders in a way that is creating a single global market and, to some degree, a global village Besides economic, it includes many different processes such as development of communications systems, the increase in human mobility, the integration of trade and investment across boundaries, the spread of democracy and human rights, the increasing role of nongovernmental organizations in international politics, the growing concern about global epidemics, and ecological matters such as climate change that are happening at the same time and in many cases reinforcing one another Up till now, in June 2020, there have been over 20,000 published scientific papers on Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), which is an unprecedented level of interest in any topic in the entire history of science Besides the described effect of remdesivir on reducing the length of the illness and the announced research on the effect of dexamethasone on reducing the mortality rate, science has not offered any other news on medication effectiveness so far After the vaccine’s effectiveness in developing antibodies and protecting from COVID-19 is proven, then its safety will need to be proven Vaccines have to be harmless and their only effect on the organism should be the developing of permanent immunity to the novel coronavirus However, never have we in history, as humanity, had planned to simultaneously vaccinate 4 or 5 billion people Most of us welcomed positive globalization process, but with the recent pandemic of corona disease, we are introducing negative part of globalization with many unpredictable developments Indeed, globalization is both inevitable and usually desirable and contains advantageous and disadvantageous issues It is a source of both hope and of apprehension and is an accelerating process in flow of information, technology, goods and services, and production means Globalization has a complex influence on perinatal health The bonds that link perinatologists together transcend geographic, political, religious, and lingual differences, resulting in a globalization that optimizes perinatal care

U konstrukcijskim pristupima jeziku, npr. kognitivnoj gramatici, ključnu ulogu igraju konstrukcije. Konstrukcije su obrasci koji svojim oblikom ili značenjem nisu predvidljivi na temelju sastavnica, a mogu imati sasvim ili djelomice određen leksički i gramatički sastav (npr. tko bi (ga/to) znao, (ali) malo (više) [IMENICE] [KOMU] ne bi škodilo[.]). Značenje konstrukcija u kognitivnoj se lingvistici shvaća široko i obuhvaća semantičke i pragmatičke elemente. Konstrukcijski se pristup prirodno veže uz učenje i poučavanje inih jezika jer za uspješnu komunikaciju na inom jeziku učenici moraju razumjeti strukturne, značenjske i komunikacijske karakteristike konstrukcija. U ovom radu raspravljam o rječniku konstrukcija (engl. constructicon) kao resursu za poučavanje inog jezika. Pokazujem da rječnik konstrukcija spaja elemente lingvističkog opisa, pedagoške gramatike i leksikografskog opisa za inojezične govornike. Temeljno je pitanje pri njegovoj izradi kako postići ravnotežu tih elemenata. U radu iznosim prijedlog pet načela koja to omogućuju: realističnost opisa bez suvišnih detalja, ustroj u skladu s potrebama korisnika, navođenje značenjskih i komunikacijskih informacija, korištenje informativnih konstrukcijskih shema i semantičkih uloga te upućivanje na obitelji konstrukcija. Ta se načela ilustriraju primjerima natuknica za sedam konstrukcija dobivenih na temelju korpusnog istraživanja, što je ujedno i prilog nekom budućem rječniku hrvatskoga za inojezične govornike., In constructional approaches to language such as cognitive grammar, constructions play a key role. Constructions are patterns whose meaning and/or structure cannot be predicted based on their components, and they may have a completely or partially determined lexical or grammatical structure (e.g. What’s X doing Y?). In cognitive linguistics meaning (of constructions) is seen broadly and includes both semantic and pragmatic elements. Constructional approaches form a natural link with foreign language teaching and learning, because for successful communication in a foreign language, learners need to understand structural, semantic, and communicative characteristics of various constructions. This paper deals with the constructicon as a resource in foreign language instruction. I claim that a constructicon should combine elements of linguistic descriptions, pedagogical grammar and lexicographic practices aimed at foreign language learners. The main issue is how to strike the right balance between these elements. The paper discusses five principles that enable this: balance between realistic descriptions and not too much detail, structure geared towards user needs, including semantic and pragmatic information, providing informative constructional schemas and information of semantic roles, and referring to families of constructions. Based on a corpus study of seven Croatian constructions, I illustrate the principles by constructing possible entries for a future constructicon aimed at learners of Croatian as a foreign language.

Unlike other species in the nature, the human offspring and the birthing mother are protected institutionally by the whole society. This protection has to be in line with the natural rules and laws as much as possible in order to preserve natural evolutionary potentials of the human race. This means that the human race should make efforts to remain the part of the natural circle throughout the life cycle. Caring for the normal healthy newborn is particularly important on that track. Caregivers should use as much as possible the intrinsic potential of the mother and her newborn baby to preserve their health, with salutogenic approach and by strengthening their resilience. In this chapter you will find some answers connecting prenatal environment with postnatal life, with influence of birthing process on the neonate and its transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life, with initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth. The importance of microbiome for human health is discussed and emphasized. Postnatal assessment of the newborn should enable one to find what may interfere with the natural process of transition. This approach includes provision of care minimizing medicalization and iatrogenic intervention, with the promotion and enhancement of positive state of health.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic spread to Croatia on February 25, 2020, which required a change in the organization of health care institutions and the provision of health services with as few contacts as possible between staff and patients. Besides, Sisak-Moslavina County on December 29, 2020 hit by a strong earthquake that destroyed most of the facilities of the health care system. The pandemic and earthquake have affected adversely the physical, mental, and social well-being of children and their families. Aim To present the organization of pediatric primary health care in Sisak-Moslavina County in the complex conditions of lack of staff, facilities, and equipment after the earthquake during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results In 2020 749 newborns were born In the Sisak maternity hospital, and about 13,000 children live in the earthquake-affected area. Primary pediatric care covers 8,348 children up to 14 years of age, of which 4,736 children up to 7 years of age are cared for by 7 primary pediatric teams. Out of 4 pediatric outpatient clinics (covered by 3 pediatric teams) in Sisak caring for 5,140 children, two work in containers, and one is dislocated in the suburbs of Sisak. From Glina, the primary pediatric outpatient office caring for 1,247 children was moved to Topusko. In the Petrinja area, two primary pediatric teams are working at the same location as before the earthquake and caring for a total of 1,961 children. Thanks to the UNICEF Office for Croatia and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, containers, and the most necessary equipment for pediatric teams were acquired. The salutogenic approach to the health of families and children was maintained in an emergency, which included breastfeeding support, continued implementation of pediatric preventive health care measures, including vaccination, care for vulnerable groups of children with disabilities and socially deprived children, and intersectoral cooperation. Conclusions It is needed to increase awareness of the community that delivering pediatric health care in emergencies is essential and could be realized if the appropriate number of health care teams is available. Ensuring spatial and all other conditions for their work should be the highest priority in restoration after the earthquake.

An extensive review of the literature on the diagnostic and clinical accuracy of Kurjak’s antenatal neurodevelopmental test (KANET) and the summarized results of the multi-center study involving 10 centers revealed that four-dimensional ultrasonography (4D US) has become a powerful tool and KANET a valuable test that empowers the clinicians worldwide to evaluate the fetal behavior in a systematic way and contribute to the detection of fetuses that might be at high risk for neurological impairments and in particular cerebral palsy (CP). After 10 years of clinical use, many published papers and multi-center studies, hundreds of trained physicians and numerous tests performed all over the world, KANET has proven its value and has been showing encouraging results so far. The aim of this paper is to show the results from the studies done so far and to reveal the clinical value of the KANET. We expect that data from the larger ongoing collaborative study, the short- and long-term postnatal follow-up will continue to improve our knowledge. Ultimately, we all strive to prevent the CP disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurological impairments and we are convinced that KANET might be helpful in the realization of this important aim.

The main contribution of this paper is the procedure that constructs a good approximation to the non-dominated set of multiple objective linear fractional programming problem using the solutions to certain linear optimization problems. In our approach we propose a way to generate a discrete set of feasible solutions that are further used as starting points in any procedure for deriving efficient solutions. The efficient solutions are mapped into non-dominated points that form a 0th order approximation of the Pareto front. We report the computational results obtained by solving random generated instances, and show that the approximations obtained by running our procedure are better than those obtained by running other procedures suggested in the recent literature. We evaluated the quality of each approximation using classic metrics.

Optimization problems in the fuzzy environment are widely studied in the literature. We restrict our attention to mathematical programming problems with coefficients and/or decision variables expressed by fuzzy numbers. Since the review of the recent literature on mathematical programming in the fuzzy environment shows that the extension principle is widely present through the fuzzy arithmetic but much less involved in the foundations of the solution concepts, we believe that efforts to rehabilitate the idea of following the extension principle when deriving relevant fuzzy descriptions to optimal solutions are highly needed. This paper identifies the current position and role of the extension principle in solving mathematical programming problems that involve fuzzy numbers in their models, highlighting the indispensability of the extension principle in approaching this class of problems. After presenting the basic ideas in fuzzy optimization, underlying the advantages and disadvantages of different solution approaches, we review the main methodologies yielding solutions that elude the extension principle, and then compare them to those that follow it. We also suggest research directions focusing on using the extension principle in all stages of the optimization process.

Objectives To evaluate the strength of association between maternal and pregnancy characteristics and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Methods Secondary analysis of a multinational, cohort study on all consecutive pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from February 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 from 73 centers from 22 different countries. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as a positive result on real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens. The primary outcome was a composite adverse fetal outcome, defined as the presence of either abortion (pregnancy loss before 22 weeks of gestations), stillbirth (intrauterine fetal death after 22 weeks of gestation), neonatal death (death of a live-born infant within the first 28 days of life), and perinatal death (either stillbirth or neonatal death). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate parameters independently associated with the primary outcome. Logistic regression was reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30.6±9.5 weeks, with 8.0% of women being diagnosed in the first, 22.2% in the second and 69.8% in the third trimester of pregnancy. There were six miscarriage (2.3%), six intrauterine device (IUD) (2.3) and 5 (2.0%) neonatal deaths, with an overall rate of perinatal death of 4.2% (11/265), thus resulting into 17 cases experiencing and 226 not experiencing composite adverse fetal outcome. Neither stillbirths nor neonatal deaths had congenital anomalies found at antenatal or postnatal evaluation. Furthermore, none of the cases experiencing IUD had signs of impending demise at arterial or venous Doppler. Neonatal deaths were all considered as prematurity-related adverse events. Of the 250 live-born neonates, one (0.4%) was found positive at RT-PCR pharyngeal swabs performed after delivery. The mother was tested positive during the third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn was asymptomatic and had negative RT-PCR test after 14 days of life. At logistic regression analysis, gestational age at diagnosis (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.8–0.9 per week increase; p Conclusions Early gestational age at infection, maternal ventilatory supports and low birthweight are the main determinants of adverse perinatal outcomes in fetuses with maternal COVID-19 infection. Conversely, the risk of vertical transmission seems negligible.

Objectives The aim of this article was to present a case of premature fetal closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) of unknown cause. Case presentation A 32-year-old pregnant woman came for the regular prenatal visit at 36 + 1 weeks of gestation (WG) at which oligohydramnios and premature closure of DA were revealed. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was excluded by the history, although the patient had the symptoms of common cold 2 weeks before the check-up taking more than 1,000 mL of strong chamomile tea daily till the day before the prenatal visit. The patient was hospitalized at 36 + 1 weeks of gestation due to premature closure of DA and oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index = 4.5/3), which was the indication to deliver the baby by cesarean section at 36 + 6 WG (birth weight was 2,830 g, birth length 49 cm and head circumference 34 cm, Apgar score at 1 and 5 min were 9/9). Postnatal course was uneventful, and postnatal echocardiography at 12 h of life revealed functionally closed DA and mild dysfunction of the right ventricle, which completely resolved after 7 days. The mother and the baby were discharged home healthy, and were doing well 3 months after delivery. Conclusions Although the cause of premature closure of DA in most of the cases will remain undetected, thorough history sometimes with unexpected events should be taken under the consideration as possible causative factor for premature DA closure, as was drinking of high quantities of chamomile tea in our case.

Psycholinguistic databases containing ratings of concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, and subjective frequency are used in psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic studies which require words as stimuli. Linguistic characteristics (e.g. word length, corpus frequency) are frequently coded, but word class is seldom systematically treated, although there are indications of its significance for imageability and concreteness. This paper presents the Croatian Psycholinguistic Database (CPD; available at: 10.17234/megahr.2019.hpb), containing 6000 Croatian nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, rated for concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, and subjective frequency. Moreover, we present computationally obtained extrapolations of concreteness and imageability to the remainder of the Croatian lexicon (available at: https://github.com/megahr/lexicon/blob/master/predictions/hr_c_i.predictions.txt). In the two studies presented here, we explore the significance of word class for concreteness and imageability in human and computationally obtained ratings. The observed correlations in the CPD indicate correspondences between psycholinguistic measures expected from the literature. Word classes exhibit differences in subjective frequency, age of acquisition, concreteness and imageability, with significant differences between nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. In the computational study which focused on concreteness and imageability, concreteness obtained higher correlations with human ratings than imageability, and the system underpredicted the concreteness of nouns, and overpredicted the concreteness of adjectives and adverbs. Overall, this suggests that word class contains schematic conceptual and distributional information. Schematic conceptual content seems to be more significant in human ratings of concreteness and less significant in computationally obtained ratings, where distributional information seems to play a more significant role. This suggests that word class differences should be theoretically explored.

In this paper, proposing a mathematical model with disjunctive constraint system, and providing approximate membership function shapes to the optimal values of the decision variables, we improve the solution approach to transportation problems with trapezoidal fuzzy parameters. We further extend the approach to solving transportation problems with intuitionistic fuzzy parameters; and compare the membership function shapes of the fuzzy solutions obtained by our approach to the fuzzy solutions to full fuzzy transportation problems yielded by approaches found in the literature.

We approach the full fuzzy linear programming by grounding the definition of the optimal solution in the extension principle framework. Employing a Monte Carlo simulation, we compare an empirically derived solution to the solutions yielded by approaches proposed in the literature. We also propose a model able to numerically describe the membership function of the fuzzy set of feasible objective values. At the same time, the decreasing (increasing) side of this membership function represents the right (left) side of the membership function of the fuzzy set containing the maximal (minimal) objective values. Our aim is to provide decision-makers with relevant information on the extreme values that the objective function can reach under uncertain given constraints.

The goal of perinatal medicine is to provide professionally responsible clinical management of the conditions and diagnoses of pregnant, fetal, and neonatal patients. The New York Declaration of the International Academy of Perinatal Medicine, “Women and children First – or Last?” was directed toward the ethical challenges of perinatal medicine in middle-income and low-income countries. The global COVID-19 pandemic presents common ethical challenges in all countries, independent of their national wealth. In this paper the World Association of Perinatal Medicine provides ethics-based guidance for professionally responsible advocacy for women and children first during the COVID-19 pandemic. We first present an ethical framework that explains ethical reasoning, clinically relevant ethical principles and professional virtues, and decision making with pregnant patients and parents. We then apply this ethical framework to evidence-based treatment and its improvement, planned home birth, ring-fencing obstetric services, attendance of spouse or partner at birth, and the responsible management of organizational resources. Perinatal physicians should focus on the mission of perinatal medicine to put women and children first and frame-shifting when necessary to put the lives and health of the population of patients served by a hospital first.

The standard drift–diffusion model (DDM) was used for calculation of organic solar cells’ (OSCs) J–V characteristics under different assumption sets. One analytical (DDMA) and two numerical (DDMN1, DDMN2) solutions were obtained. In the DDMA, a Beer–Lambert absorption profile, a constant electric field and a monomolecular charge carrier recombination were used. Interference effects as well as space charge effects were included in numerical models. The monomolecular recombination mechanism was applied in the DDMN1, while the Langevin bimolecular recombination was assumed in the DDMN2. Simulated and measured J–V curves are compared for ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al solar cells in the dark regime and under illumination. Experimentally obtained dark J–V curves are best reproduced by the DDMA, while the DDMN2 gives the best prediction for J–V characteristics under illumination. Additionally, it was shown that the recombination of holes and electrons can be neglected in the dark mode and a simple Shockley-like J(V) expression was derived from the DDMA. From our analysis, it can be concluded that in the dark regime the electric field in OSCs is homogeneous and electrons and holes recombine monomolecularly, although to a negligible extent. When the OSC is illuminated, the space charge effects become significant in the active layer, as well as the charge carrier recombination, which gains the bimolecular Langevine character.

The 3D ultrasound technique with different visualization and manipulation capabilities of stored volume, provides a unique opportunity for a detailed view of normal and abnormal fetal development. If facial anomaly is suspected, this technique will help in the evaluation and gained images will give some answers to question about severity and extent of anomalies. Particularly handy tool may be when communicating the neonatologist, pediatrician, plastic and reconstructive head and neck surgeon and especially when consulting with the parents of the child. However, as in any imaging technique (ultrasound, MSCT, MRI), you need to know the dome and limitations of 3D / 4D rendering and to be aware of possible artifacts and traps. From the first trimester to the next, as soon as it becomes possible to detect congenital anomaly by prenatal ultrasound, the question ariseswhat can and should be done. Many ethical dilemmas present at the time.2, 4 Contemporary medicine faces some major problems when it has the ability to prolong life of severely sick baby with potentially lethal congenital syndromes. Taking specific ultrasonic diagnostics into account, the idea is to find the balance between the advantages and limitations of sonographic assessment. At the same time, it should be possible to optimize recommendations with the expectations of parents of potentially seriously ill baby. Given the complexity of prenatal diagnosis of syndrome, everything involved in the process is also complex. This includes conformation of prenatal diagnosis postnatally and determination of the short and long term prognosis if possible to assist parents who are facing a baby with syndrome. 2, 4 It is essential to point out the necessity of complex, lifelong and costly multidisciplinary care for severely ill baby. All the aforementioned, 3D / 4D US techniques promise to improve the accuracy of clinicians in detection of fetal abnormalities and detecting fetal syndromes as early as possible. There are many advantages in prenatal detection of fetal syndromes already described, but there is also a great room for improvement. Since new 3D / 4D ultrasound technology becomes more available in everyday clinical practice, the clinician should remain well-informed, well trained and monitor new diagnostic capabilities. Continuous education is necessary. In this way, the number of fetal abnormalities and syndromes detected prenatally will probably increase over time.4 Auxiliary tools such as network databases ("online databases") that integrate all the necessary information should be included and used for better diagnostic precision.

BackgroundThe pandemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) is quite a challenging experience for the world. At the moment of birth, the fetus is prepared to face the challenge of labor and the exposure to the outside world, meaning that labor and birth represent the first extrauterine major exposure to a complex microbiota. The vagina, which is a canal for reproduction, is by evolution separated (but not far) from the anus and urethra. Passing through the birthing canal is a mechanism for intergenerational transmission of vaginal and gut microorganisms for the vertical transmission of microbiota not only from our mothers and grandmothers but also from earlier ancestors.MethodsMany national and international instructions have been developed since the beginning of the Covid-19 outbreak in January 2020 in Wuhan in China. All of them pointed out hygiene measures, social distancing and avoidance of social contacts as the most important epidemiological preventive measures. Pregnancy and neonatal periods are considered as high risk for Covid-19 infection.ResultsThe instructions defined the care for pregnant women in the delivery room, during a hospital stay and after discharge. The controversial procedures in the care of Covid-19-suspected or -positive asymptomatic women in labor were: mode of delivery, companion during birth and labor, skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and visits during a hospital stay.ConclusionThere is a hope that instruction on coping with the coronavirus (Covid-19) infection in pregnancy with all proposed interventions affecting mothers, babies and families, besides saving lives, are beneficial and efficient by exerting no harm.

Aircraft noise has been regarded as one of the major environmental issues related to air transport. Many airports have introduced a variety of measures to reduce its impact. Several air traffic assignment strategies have been proposed in order to allocate noise more wisely. Even though each decision regarding the assignment of aircraft to routes should consider population exposure to noise, none of the air traffic assignment strategies has addressed daily migrations of population and number of people exposed to noise. The aim of this research is to develop a mathematical model and a heuristic algorithm that could assign aircraft to departure and arrival routes so that number of people exposed to noise is as low as possible, taking into account temporal and spatial variations in population in an airport’s vicinity. The approach was demonstrated on Belgrade airport to show the benefits of the proposed model. Numerical example showed that population exposure to noise could be reduced significantly by applying the proposed air traffic assignment model. As a consequence of the proposed air traffic assignment, overall fuel consumption increased by less than 1%.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unprecedented educational disruption in university programs worldwide, with translator education being no exception. The sudden and unplanned transition from campus or blended to online instructional environments, termed “emergency remote teaching” or ERT (Hodges, Moore, et al. 2020), imposed a unique strain on students, teachers and institutions. Aiming to reassess the concept of ERT so as to enable a better response in the future, this study investigates the reflections of nine translation teachers from three universities in Croatia on their ERT experience in the March-June semester of 2020. To this end, three semi-structured focus groups were conducted in July 2020. Results show that the teachers had to adapt to the new learning environment and cater to their students’ changed learning and emotional needs, while reorganising their home life and learning new skills. In these circumstances, described by one of the participants as “juggling while running,” the social support given and received by teachers was found to be a crucial factor at play. The experience is shown to have had an impact not only on their ERT, but also on their future practices. Some recommendations are drawn in the conclusion., La pandémie de COVID-19 a provoqué une perturbation sans précédent des programmes universitaires dans le monde entier, la formation des traducteurs ne faisant pas exception. La transition soudaine et imprévue du campus ou de la formation hybride à un environnement pédagogique en ligne, appelée « l’enseignement à distance d’urgence » (EDU) (Hodges, Moore, et al. 2020), a pesé sur les étudiants, les professeurs et les institutions. Dans le but de réévaluer le concept de l’EDU afin de permettre une meilleure réponse à l’avenir, la présente étude examine les réflexions de neuf professeurs de traduction de trois universités croates quant à leur expérience de l’EDU au cours du semestre de mars à juin 2020. À cette fin, trois groupes de discussion semi-structurés ont été organisés en juillet 2020. Les résultats montrent que les professeurs ont dû s’adapter au nouvel environnement d’apprentissage et répondre aux nouveaux besoins d’apprentissage et besoins affectifs de leurs étudiants, tout en réorganisant leur vie familiale et en acquérant de nouvelles compétences. Dans ces circonstances, décrites par l’un des participants comme devant « jongler en courant », le soutien social accordé et reçu par les enseignants est considéré comme un facteur essentiel. Il est démontré que cette expérience a eu un impact sur leur EDU, et aussi sur leur pratique future. Certaines recommandations sont formulées en conclusion., La pandemia de COVID-19 provocó una interrupción educativa sin precedentes en los programas universitarios de todo el mundo, incluida la formación de traductores. La repentina y no planificada transición de entornos de enseñanza presencial o semipresencial a entornos de enseñanza en línea, denominada “enseñanza remota de emergencia” (ERE; Hodges, Moore, et al. 2020), ejerció una presión insólita sobre estudiantes, profesores e instituciones. Con el objetivo de reevaluar el concepto de ERE y permitir una mejor respuesta en el futuro, este estudio investiga las reflexiones de nueve profesores de traducción de tres universidades de Croacia sobre su experiencia durante el semestre de marzo a junio de 2020. Para ello, se realizaron tres grupos focales semiestructurados en julio de 2020. Los resultados muestran que los profesores tuvieron que adaptarse al nuevo entorno de aprendizaje y atender a las nuevas necesidades emocionales y educacionales de sus estudiantes, mientras reorganizaban su vida familiar y adquirían nuevas habilidades. Se descubrió que el apoyo social dado y recibido por los profesores fue un factor crucial en el proceso. Se demuestra que la experiencia afectó no sólo a la ERE, sino también a su práctica docente futura. A modo de conclusión, se formulan algunas recomendaciones.

The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive overview of the terms used in phraseological studies in Russian, Croatian, English and German. We outline how terminology is used in these languages with regard to different linguistic traditions, different theoretical and methodological approaches to conventionalized multiword expressions, and the definitions and classifications of units which are considered to be part of phraseology. We demonstrate that the choice and use of specific terms depends on linguistic traditions, theoretical approaches and the language of publication. This leads to the same term being used for different units, as well as units with the same definition being referred to by different terms. This type of variation shows that phraseological terminology is subject to the same principles as terminology in other (non-linguistic) disciplines.