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One of the major challenges that plant breeders face in the 21st century is food safety for growing human population coupled with extreme climate changes. Accordingly, the most important breeders' goal is to find appropriate methods in response to these challenges in order to create high-yielding varieties resilient to abiotic and biotic stressors. The aim of this study was to determine optimal doses of gamma irradiation in two wheat and one barley varieties and to apply the identified doses for development of mutant populations. Wheat and barley varieties showed different reactions to applied doses of gamma irradiation. Wheat varieties had germination rate over 90% at all applied doses while barley seeds showed to be more susceptible to gamma irradiation. Gamma irradiation had greater influence on seedling height which was clearly demonstrated by growth reduction with increasing radiation doses. ANOVA showed a significant difference between genotypes, applied doses of gamma radiation as well as genotype by doses interaction for seedling height. At highest dose of 600 Gy, the reduction of seedling height was 94.6%, 96.5% and 96.8% in Simonida, Rudnik and NS 40S, respectively. The irradiation doses that resulted in seedling growth reduction by 50% (GR50) were 210 Gy for barley Rudnik and wheat NS 40S, and 310 Gy for wheat variety Simonida. Identified doses were used for the irradiation of 2000 seeds of each variety in order to produce mutant populations that will be further used in a breeding program for development of varieties with increased resilience to climate change.

The genetic variability of 13 rapeseed genotypes created in Serbia was assessed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, in three consecutive years. The genotypes were evaluated and classified based on 10 quantitative traits (plant height, height to the first branch, stem width, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, number of pods, seed yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, oil content and protein content), using principal component analysis (PCA) and two-way cluster analysis. The first four PCs with eigenvalues >1 contributed to 83% of the total explained variance. The PC analysis revealed that plant height, height to the first branch, number of lateral branches and number of leaves contributed maximum to the total divergence of the material. The genotypes were classified in two main clusters: the first cluster comprised three genotypes, while the other genotypes belonged to the second cluster which can further be divided to two subclusters. One genotype was not classified in these two clusters. The selected genotypes that have desirable traits may be used in hybridization programs for improvement of seed yield and traits that contribute to seed yield most.

The most frequent oil crops in Serbia today are sunflower and soybean, planted on over 200,000 ha each, followed by rapeseed, which increases significantly in surfaces. Black and white mustard, hemp, oil pumpkin, castor bean, flax, poppy, sesame and safflower are grown on smaller surfaces. In Serbia, a total of 355 varieties of oil plant species were on the variety list in 2017, out of which 188 were sunflower, 83 soybean and 71 rapeseed, followed by oil pumpkin, hemp, white and black mustard and castor bean. Among the domestic and foreign seed companies, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad prevails with 150 registered varieties. Camelina, flax, poppy and safflower are in the registration process. In the ten-year period 2008-2017, the seed production of oil crops averaged 9,955 ha per year, of which the highest were soybean (8,200 ha per year) and sunflower (1,732 ha per year), and on small areas: rapeseed, oil pumpkin, poppy and hemp. In the 2016/2017 season in Serbia, 19,657,116 kg of soybean, 1,666,267 kg of sunflower, 137,179 kg of rapeseed and small quantity of white mustard seed, cannabis and oil pumpkin seeds were certified (all seed categories). Over 86% of declared sunflower seed and over 94% of rapeseed is imported. Serbia belongs to bigger European producers of soy and sunflower, has favorable agroecological conditions for the cultivation of oil crops, long tradition of breeding, strong processing sector, quality human resources and capacities and developed system of state regulation in seed production. The advantages Serbia has in breeding, seed production and growing of oil crops, have not been adequately exploited.

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses influencing performance of crops. Certain stress-related conditions can appear and slow down germination, seedling development and in some cases cause loss of life durability of seed. Assuming that drought in the substrate affects corn seed performance, such conditions were simulated in this study in order to examine their effects on seed germination and length in seven corn hybrids. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 has been used in laboratory studies for simulation of drought conditions. Different osmotic potentials of PEG solutions were used (control; -0.1, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa). Germination percentage decreased as osmotic potential increased at PEG solution.

Increasing yield of seed and oil in sunflower is certainly one of the most important imperatives in modern sunflower breeding. The aim of this experiment was to cross the sunflower genotypes in order to create a new genetic variation that will contribute in order to increase seed and oil yield. The material for this research included 6 sunflower genotypes selected on the basis of their agronomic and production characteristics. The crossing was done by incomplete dialel method in early morning hours by manual emasculation. The analysis of variance revealed the existence of a statistically significant difference between the genotypes used in crossing, which confirms that the selected parents differ in the examined properties. Comparing parents the highest average value of seed yield per plant was achieved by parent R1 (98.29 g), while the lowest seed yield per plant was achieved with parent R3 (46.52 g). The highest average value of seed yield per plant in the F2 generation was achieved with the combination R5 x R6 (79.75 g), while the lowest value was achieved with the combination R1 x R6 (49.85 g). In terms of oil yield, the highest aver-age value was measured at parent R1 (43.59 g), while in the F2 generation the highest oil yield was achieved by the combination R5 x R6 (38.66 g). Of the total of 15 F2 populations, higher average yield of seed and oil per plant compared to parents were achieved in 4 cross combinations. This result leads to the conclusion that the obtained F2 generations can represent an important source of new genetic variability to be used in the breeding program in order to obtain more productive sunflower hybrids. Calculated coefficient of inheritance, heritability, indicated that depending on the crossing combination, genetic material, non-hereditary factors had a greater or lesser impact on the expression of investigated traits.

Phytoextraction is an efficient and cheap way to extract copper from soils in riparian zones. In this work five genotypes of the endangered tree species Populus nigra L. were tested for their copper tolerance and accumulation in vitro when cultivated on media with three Cu concentrations: 10-3, 10-4 and 10-7 M (buffered with citric acid/Na-citrate buffer, pH 3 before sterilization). After five-weeks cultivation of rooted shoots, the highest increases in morphological and biomass parameters were observed at 10-7 M Cu2+. As the medium with 10-3 M Cu2+ exhibited a toxic effect, the effect of 10-4 M Cu2+ and pH 3 was used for further genotype evaluation. According to the measured morphological and parameters of photosynthetic pigment contents, the best performance was achieved by the genotype Populus nigra cl. DN3. The highest copper accumulation on the same medium was achieved by genotype Populus nigra cl. BN5. The obtained data point to the considerable potential of the applied method in the evaluation of Populus nigra genotypes for use in projects of copper phytoextraction. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 43007: Studying climate change and its influence on the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation]

Lanik (Camelina sativa L.) is a relict agricultural oilseed crops from Brassicaceae family. It has several agronomic advantages relative to the other crops, including short vegetation (85- 100 days), low requirements for water and nutrients, great adaptability to different environmental conditions and resistance to insect attack and disease-causing agents. The aim of this work was to do preliminary characterization of Camelina sativa through plant height. The obtained information of germplasm genetic variability will be helpful in making decisions in future crosses. Field exam were performed using 54 hexaploid genotype of Camelina sativa, and 2 of them are result of genotype Serbian Selection (NS Slatka and NS Zlatka). The experimental plot was alpha lattice in four (4) replications in Novi Sad. Phenotyping of Camelina sativa for plant height was consisted of two statistical analysis. The first is descriptive statistics of plant height, and the second analysis was a cluster analysis (Cluster Analysis). Analyzing parameters through basic statistics for individual clusters it is evident that there is a statistically significant difference between the clusters. ANOVA was applied only to confirm the accuracy of the group. A statistically significant difference was found between but not within clusters. Genotypes of cluster 5, with small average plant height, are selected as genotypes of particular importance.

The aim of this research is to characterize wild annual sunflowers on the basis of achene micro-morphology. Plant material was grown up on an experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad during 2015. Achene samples were hand-collected at the time of physiological maturity. Morphological measurements of achenes were performed using stereoscopic microscope Leica MZ16 with Leica DFC 320 Camera. The micro-morphological diversity of achenes was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Obtained results indicated the presence of some quantitative and qualitative differences in achene characteristics among analyzed species, such as in their size, color, carpopodium and stylopodium shape, and distribution of trichomes on the achene surface. The carpopodium of examined species was asymmetrical at the maturity. Differences in the cuticle and wax ornamentation in different parts of the achenes, on the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, were identified. The SEM analysis revealed the presence of non-glandular, multicellular bi-seriate trichomes (twin hairs) on the achene surface. This trichome type consisted of two elongated, parallel cells of different length. Considering the distribution of trichomes among the apical, median and basal regions of the fruit, most of the species demonstrated greater trichome density in the apical part. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR31025]

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belongs to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. It is primarily grown for seeds used for bird feed or as edible oil. Stamens are used in traditional medicine and nutrition. Breeding for high resistance to dry growing conditions has initiated intensive studies of this plant species in recent years. Six safflower genotypes of different geographical origins (Ukraine, Italy, Turkey) were collected and added to the collection of less cultivated oil plant species of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Phenotypic observations during two growing seasons revealed that analysed genotypes differed in flower colour (yellow, orange, red), in the presence of spines, and in seed oil and protein content. Oil and protein content differed between years and genotypes, indicating large influence of genotype and environmental conditions on variations of these quantitative traits that are negatively correlated. Genetic variability of the analysed genotypes was tested by use of molecular markers. Given that sunflower and safflower belong to the same family, the possibility of applying SSR markers developed for sunflower for molecular analysis of safflower was analysed. The obtained results proved that sunflower markers can be successfully transferred to safflower. Future studies should include larger number of markers in order to identify polymorphic and informative ones. Significant variations within a relatively small number of the analysed safflower genotypes justify further work on the evaluation of the collection, taking into account both genetic and environmental factors. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development]

The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of the the day of farrowing induction on the number of newborn piglets (live born and dead born), body mass and mortality of neonatal pigs in litter by the tenth day of age. For the investigation purpose, there were chosen 167 pregnant animals, 34 gilts and 133 sows, divided into 3 groups each, according to the day of pregnancy when prostaglandin analogue, dinoprost-tromethamine, was applied (from 112th to 114th day). Fastest- induced parturition was in gilts which were administered dinoprost on the 113th day of pregnancy, (34,30 ± 6,23) h after application, that is, in sows which were administered prostaglandin on the 114th day of pregnancy, (29,57 ± 4,14) h after application of dinoprost. Most gilts (75 %) and sows (90,91%) started farrowing 24-36 h after dinoprost application, when it was given on the 113th day of pregnancy. During daily twelve-hour working time (7-19 h), 67,07% out of all the treated animals started farrowing. When farrowing was induced on the 112th day of pregnancy, 17 sows (12,78%) needed obstetric assistance for dystocia, while 47 (35,34 %) sows had troublesome farrowing. Along with the delayed induction, body mass of newborn pigs increased, and the largest recorded weight was 1,27 kg in sows, that is 1,38 kg in gilts, which were given dinoprost on the 114th day of pregnancy, with the lowest number of live born pigs of body mass less than 1 kg (23,76%). In this experiment there was determined the connection between the body mass and vitality of newborn piglets, so the lowest mortality rate of the pigs by the 10th day of age was noticed in sows and gilts which were given dinoprost on the 114th day of pregnancy (11,05%), in regard to the pigs born of sows and gilts which were given dinoprost on the 112th day of pregnancy (15,39 %).

A rapid laboratory test for detection of tribenuron-methyl resistant sunflower genotypes was developed. Four homozygous and four heterozygous tribenuron-methyl resistant hybrids, as well as a susceptible one were grown on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of herbicide (2.0 µM, 2.5 µM, 3.0 µM, 3.5 µM and 4.0 µM) and with pH either 7 or 8. The effect of medium pH and herbicide concentration on above-ground part and root mass of sunflower seedlings was observed. The test enabled visual discrimination between resistant and susceptible genotypes in 5 days, and discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous resistant genotypes in 12 days. All tested herbicide concentrations and morphological parameters were found to be suitable for discrimination of tribenuron-methyl susceptible genotypes. The best pH and herbicide concentration combination and morphological parameter for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous resistant sunflower genotypes were 3.0 µM at pH 7 and root mass, respectively.

Sunflower oil is among the highest quality oils of plant origin. The oil of standard sunflowers has an average of 10% saturated fatty acids, 20-30% oleic acid and 60-70% linoleic acid. The total content of tocopherols in standard sunflower oil is 700-1000 mg/kg with the predominant being alpha-tocopherol (vitamin-E). Following the trends of the food and non-food industries sunflower breeders have been able to significantly change the fatty acid composition of the oil. The oil of high-oleic hybrids (more than 80% of oleic acid in sunflower oil) has excellent nutritional properties, as well as oxidative stability, and is a suitable raw material for many derivatives of the chemical industry and for the production of high quality biodiesel. In addition to creating high-oleic sunflower hybridis also possible to direct selection towards increasing or decreasing other fatty acids content (linoleic, palmitic and stearic). Achievements in sunflower breeding have allowed changes in the type and content of tocopherols in the oil.

The study describes the rooting effect of naphthenates and their fractions on in vitro grown Robinia pseudoacacia L. shoots. Natural naphthenic acids have been isolated by alkaline extraction from middle fraction of crude oil type “Velebit” from Vojvodina, characterized and fractionated. Black locust shoot bases were immersed in ACM medium [Ahuja, 1984] without agar supplemented with either 10, 50 or 100 μM of basic naphthenate preparation, naphthenate fractions obtained by extraction at different pHs (pH 2, pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9), or indole- 3-butyric acid (IBA). Treated shoots have been then grown on hormone-free medium for four weeks. Significant differences among test treatments were recorded during the third and the fourth week of in vitro cultivation. Final evaluation was performed on the basis of rooting percentage after four weeks of cultivation. The highest rooting percentage (>70%) was achieved after the treatment with solution containing 50 μM of IBA. However, treatment with 10 μM of naphthenate preparation achieved also positive effect on rooting (>60%). Average rooting percentage in the control treatment was just 45%. Our results with black locust confirm previous results gained with some other agricultural and forest tree species that naphthenates have the potential to stimulate rooting in shoots and cuttings. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 43007: Studying climate change and its influence on the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation]

Introduction: The activities of Recover-E project, which belongs to Horizon 2020 financed programs, started in Montenegro in January 2018. The main project goals include: Establishing Community mental health team within Special Psychiatric Hospital Kotor; Selecting a group of 180 patients with severe mental illnesses (with or without comorbid substance abuse); Dividing them in to assertive community treatment and control group. At the end of 18 months period level of functioning between two subgroups (measured by WHODAS scale) will be compared, as well as health economic evaluation including readmission rate. Objectives: Goals of this research at the end of 5 months period of project activities are: Firstly to establish whether there is a significant difference in readmission rate between two subgroups and secondly to examine if patient's addiction status has also a significant influence at this outcome. Methods: Selected group of 89 study participants was recruited between the end of February 2019 and July 2019. Among themthere were 45 patients treated byCommunity mental health teamand 44 in control group (treatment as usual). 20 patients had dual diagnosis. Readmission rate (depending on study arm or addiction status) as a categorical variable was compared by Pearson's Chi Square test. Results: There was not statistically significant difference between treatment and control group in terms of readmission rate. However, the difference between patients with dual diagnosis and the those without substance abuse was with p value below 0.05. Conclusions: Further investigation is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing confectionery sunflower for consumption is becoming more and more attractive in the whole world. In Eastern European countries production, processing, and breeding of confectionery sunflower differ from oil-type sunflower. There is no precise information on the sowing areas of confectionery varieties and hybrids in Eastern European countries, mostly because, in statistical reports, sunflower producers do not provide separate data on the share of varieties in gross revenue of all manufactured products. Confectionery sunflower seeds are used in bakery products, but also in a number of natural health products and healthy snacks, as well as for direct consumption in the hull, dehulled, raw or backed form. Confectionery sunflower breeding is characterized by the fact that different markets have different demands when it comes to the seed size, hull colour, and other traits, which make this process more difficult and costlier. Market demands and production area of confectionery sunflower show a steady increase due to its nutritional value and use in human nutrition. In Eastern European countries, it is expected that the highly productive confectionery hybrids will replace varieties, which will lead to the increase of surfaces under this crop.

The effect of low initial medium pH on shoot and root development of five white poplar (Populus alba L.) genotypes was tested. The shoot height, fresh mass of shoots per jar, dry mass of shoots per jar, number of roots, as well as the length of the longest root were measured and final pH of the media determined, after 35 days of culture in vitro. Three initial pH values of the medium were tested: 3.0, 4.0 and 5.5 as control. Agar solidification at pH 3.0 was not achieved after sterilization in autoclave, but it was successful after sterilizing in a microwave oven. The obtained results indicate that the tested genotypes are able to significantly influence the changes of media pH during culture. The effect of differences among the examined media was significant for biomass accumulation and final media pH. Generally, significantly higher values of fresh and dry shoot mass, shoot height and the longest root length were recorded on a medium with initial pH 3.0 then on a standard medium with pH 5.5.The implications of the obtained results for the improvement of in vitro propagation of white poplars are discussed. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 43007: Studying climate change and its influence on the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation]

The antibacterial potential of essential oil from Serbian Sideritis montana L. (Lamiaceae) on different bacteria was investigated. The essential oil was obtained from air dried aerial parts of the plant with 0.03% (w/w) yield by hydrodistillation for 4 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil analyses were performed simultaneously by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems. Dominant compounds class is sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The main constituents of oil were germacrene D (37,9%) and trans-geraniol (26,1%). The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was tested towards 4 different bacteria, laboratory control strain obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Gram negative bacteria were represented by Escherichia coli ATCC 13706, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 while researched Gram positive strain was Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Essential oil has been found to have antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, with a MIC values ranging from 0.03 to 0.06 μl/ml and MBC values from 0.06 to 0.12 μl/ml. Reference antibiotic tetracycline was active in concentrations between 0.025 to 0.1 μg/ml. Essential oil from Serbian S. montana has high antibacterial potential which should be studied further.

The aim of this study was to evaluate NS sunflower hybrids on the basis of the results of seed yield, seed oil content and oil yield obtained in a network of small-plot trials in Serbia in 2011. The trial included 9 hybrids and 14 locations. Seed yield, seed oil content and oil yield were significantly different in small-plot trials in the investigated regions of Serbia. The highest average seed yield was produced by Sremac (3.67 t ha-1), Velja (3.62 t ha-1), Duško (3.56 t ha-1) and Novosađanin (3.55 t ha-1). On the location Rimski šančevi the seed yield (4.48 t ha-1) was significantly highest. Average oil content for hybrids grown in 14 locations was 47.25%. Hybrids Baća (50.26%), NS-H-111 (48.91%), Bačvanin (48.70%) and Novosađanin (47.83%) showed the highest average seed oil content. The highest average oil yield was produced by Baća (1.71 t ha-1), Novosađanin (1.70), Velja (1.67 t ha-1), Sremac (1.63 t ha-1) and NS-H-111 (1.63 t ha-1). Locations with the highest oil yield were Rimski šančevi (2.03 t ha-1) and Sombor (1.96 t ha-1). In the four-year trials in Vojvodina, the average seed yield of 9 hybrids was 3.35 t ha-1. Seed yield over general mean was reached by three hybrids (Duško, Sremac and Velja). The highest seed yield was reached by hybrid Duško (3.56 t ha-1). AMMI1 biplot showed that most stable and with high seed and oil yield were the hybrids Duško, Sremac and Baća, and for oil content Baća, Bačvanin and NS-H-111.

Seventy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) inbred lines were screened for tolerance to white rot on stalk. Plants were inoculated at the budding stage with 4-day old Sclerotinia mycelium grown on PDA medium. Mycelium was placed on the leaf top and covered with tin foil, and the leaf was put into transparent nylon bag in order to maintain high humidity. Spot length on leaf was measured and plant tolerance was determined at the full flowering stage. Obtained results were analyzed by analysis of variance. Tested lines showed significant variability in response to disease. Eleven lines had lesion length less than 50% compared to susceptible control, so they could be considered tolerant and potentially interesting for breeding program.

The objective of this study was the evaluation of NS sunflower hybrids on the basis of the results of seed yield, seed oil content and oil yield obtained in a network of small-plot trials in Vojvodina and central Serbia in 2010, as well as recommendations for the sowing season 2011. Seed yield, seed oil content and oil yield were significantly different in small-plot trials in the investigated regions. In Vojvodina, the highest average seed yield was produced by Duško (3.08 t ha-1), Sremac (2.98 t ha-1), Orfej (2.97 t ha-1) Velja (2.93 t ha-1) and NS-H-111 (2.92 t ha-1). In the region of central Serbia, the highest seed yield was achieved by the hybrids NS-H-111 (2.97 t ha-1) and Duško (2.87 t ha-1). Hybrid Baća showed the highest average seed oil content both in the region of Vojvodina (48.54%) and central Serbia (48.80%). The highest average oil yield (over 1.30 t ha-1) was produced by Duško, Bačvanin and NS-H-111 in the Vojvodina region, and in central Serbia oil yield (over 1.30 t ha-1) by NS-H-111, Oskar and Novosađanin. In the three-year trials in Vojvodina four hybrids (Duško, Sremac, Velja and NS-H-111) showed seed yield over general mean. The highest seed yield was reached by hybrid Duško (3.54 t ha-1).

Sclerotinia sclerotiorim is a facultative parasite that can cause diseases on more than 400 plant species. Sclerotinia wilt presence was observed in Vojvodina during the period 2007-2009 at seven sites (Bečej, Kikinda, Kula, Pančevo, Sombor, Vršac and Zrenjanin). Assessment was done on 8 hybrids (Baća, Bačvanin, Branko, Duško, NS-H-111, Sremac, Šumadinac and Velja). Disease intensity was calculated according to McKinney's formula. AMMI analysis was used in order to estimate stability of hybrid tolerance to Sclerotinia wilt in different environments. Average Sclerotinia wilt occurrence on sunflower was the lowest in 2007 and the highest in 2009. Sclerotinia wilt was not observed in Zrenjanin and Vršac in 2007, nor in Pančevo in 2008. The lowest average Sclerotinia wilt occurrence during 3-year period was in Sombor and Pančevo. Hybrids Duško, NS-H-111, Sremac and Velja can be recommended for future growing on sites where Sclerotinia wilt of sunflower occurs.

The antibacterial effects of essential oils from Serbian cultivated plants, Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiace) and Lavandula angustifolia L. (Lamiace) on different bacteria were investigated, with an emphasis on an antibacterial activity-chemical composition relationship. Essential oil was obtained from airdried aerial parts of the plants by hydrodistillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil analyses were performed simultaneously by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems. The main constituents of thyme oil were thymol (59.95%) and p-cymene (18.34%). Linalyl acetate (38.23%) and linalool (35.01%) were main compounds in lavender oil. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils samples was tested towards 5 different bacteria: laboratory control strain obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and clinical isolates from different pathogenic media. Gram negative bacteria were represented by Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 43895 and Salmonella enteretidis ATCC 9027 while researched Gram positive strains were Bacillus cereus ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Essential oils from thyme have been found to have antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms tested, with a range of MIC values from 0.025 to 0.10 l/ml and MBC values from 0.05 to 0.78 l/ml. Lavender oils demonstrated MIC values from 0.025 to 0.20 l/ml and MBC values from 0.05 and 0.78 l/ml. Reference antibiotic tetracycline was active in concentrations between 0.025 and 0.05 l/ml. The Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the essential oil of thyme, while Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to the essential oil of lavender. Essential oils from thyme and lavender may be used at low concentrations for prevention and treatment of infective diseases in animals and humans caused by pathogenic bacterial species.

Leaves of growing-wild species Astragalus onobrychis L. var. chlorocarpus (Griseb.) S. Kožuharov et D. K. Pavlova were collected during the different stages of growth and analyzed for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), soluble proteins, reduced glutathione (GSH), total flavonoid and total carotenoid contents. Iron, copper and manganese have shown similar seasonal pattern, increasing of metal content in leaves during the vegetative period. The highest values of the examined elements were in seed forming stage, except zinc. The highest value of this element was recorded in initial stage of vegetation. Antioxidant compounds have the highest values in blooming stage of vegetation. The results from the present study suggest that researched plant species represent a good source of trace elements and antioxidant compounds.

The objective of this study was the evaluation of NS sunflower hybrids based on the results of seed yield, oil content and oil yield obtained in a network of small-plot trials in Vojvodina and central Serbia in 2009, as well as recommendations for 2010 sowing season. The hybrid location interaction was evaluated by AMMI model (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction). In small plot trials, 19 NS sunflower hybrids on 11 locations in Vojvodina and 3 in central Serbia were included. Seed yield, oil content and oil yield were significantly different in the small-plot trials in the investigated regions. The highest average seed yields in Vojvodina were produced by Duško (3.75 t ha-1), Novosađanin (3.74 t ha-1), Kazanova (3.66 t ha-1), Sremac (3.62 t ha-1), Pobednik (3.59 t ha-1) and NS-H-111 (3.57 t ha-1). In the region of central Serbia seed yield over 3.50 t ha-1 was achieved by the hybrids Branko (3.57 t ha-1) and Duško (3.53 t ha-1). Hybrid Pobednik showed the highest average oil content in the region of Vojvodina (49.37 %), as well as in the region of central Serbia (49.96 %). Highest average oil yield (over 1.70 t ha-1) was produced by Pobednik, Novosađanin, NS-H-111 and Somborac in the Vojvodina region, and in central Serbia oil yield (over 1.60 t ha-1) was produced by Branko and Duško. In three-year trials in Vojvodina, eight hybrids (Duško, Kazanova, Sremac, Velja, Baća, Novosađanin, NS-H-111 and Pobednik) showed seed yield over general mean. Highest seed yield was given by hybrid Duško (3.63 t ha-1). AMMI biplot for seed yield showed that hybrids Duško, Novosađanin and NS-H-111 had the highest adaptability at all locations (Region Vojvodina and central Serbia), because the interaction had the lowest values. Pobednik and NS-H-111 showed the highest stability for oil content over all locations. The lowest interaction effects for oil yield were found with Duško and NS-H-111. The hybrid NS-H-111, with average mean value over general mean, was stable for all three investigated characters during 2009 sowing season. .

Rapeseed seed is highly valuable raw material in oil and food industry. The main goals of rapeseed breeding are oil as the product with the highest commercial value, oil quality, and yield. Different winter and spring rapeseed cultivars and hybrids were tested at different locations in order to test their value. The environment had significant effect on seed yield. .

The main aim of this paper is to consider pardon in the restorative justice context. Beginning from the basic standpoint that restorative justice imposes request for interests-balancing of different subjects connected by criminal act, the author tries to examine the articulation of the aforementioned standpoint through the pardon concept, accepted in domestic positive law. There is no doubt that the institute is designed in favour of the crime perpetrator, which is confirmed by the analysis of different legal effects produced by its content, while the victim- and society interests remained, at least, insufficiently protected. Therefore, the author points to some positive examples from comparative law and poses certain suggestions, that can be of use for eventual reforming of the institute, in order to achieve values of restorative justice. .

Biochar, which is the product of biomass pyrolysis, has been suggested as a feed supplement to improve performance in livestock systems and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the current study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo potential of biochar to favourably modify rumen fermentation (e.g., an increase in total Short Chained Fatty Acid (SCFA) concentration and a change in SCFA profile), reduce methane emission and increase sheep growth performance. Four concentrates were produced with biochar inclusion of 0, 10, 23 and 46 g/kg DM. The experimental diets for the in vitro experiments consisted of straw and concentrate in a 60:40 ratio and included measurements of total gas and methane (CH 4 ) production, pH, ammonia nitrogen, SCFA, and microbial assays (total bacteria and methanogenic archaea). Two in vivo experiments were performed where the animals received ad libitum forage with 0.4 kg concentrate daily. Experiment 1 investigated the daily DM intake of sheep while experiment 2 investigated daily growth rate and CH 4 emission of lambs. The inclusion of biochar had no impact on in vitro total gas production (ml/200 mg DM substrate) (P = 0.81) and CH 4 production (ml/200 mg DM substrate) (P = 0.93). In vitro total SCFA concentration increased (P < 0.05) while acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) tended to decrease (P = 0.05) with both doses of biochar. Total bacteria decreased with the highest biochar inclusion in vitro (P < 0.05). Sheep's DM intake (kg/d) increased when low and medium levels but not when a higher level of biochar was added to the diet (P < 0.001). The inclusion of biochar did not significantly impact the lamb's daily growth rate (g/d) (P = 0.61) or enteric CH 4 emissions (g/kg DM) (P = 0.43). We conclude that biochar supplementation had no favourable impacts on in vitro and in vivo CH 4 production or on lamb's growth rate. Further research with well-characterised biochar is needed to gain a better understanding of the potential of biochar as a feed additive for ruminant livestock., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)