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Background: High and stable production requires quality seed. Seed quality is the basis of efficient crop production and farmers need such seeds for optimum yield production. Therefore, various procedures are applied in seed production technology that aim to improve not only the germination of seeds but also the speed of its germination. These methods can reduce of seed aging and the effects of different agroecological factors. Methods: For research the impact of priming used seed aged seven months (fresh seeds) and seed was nineteen months old (aged seed). The seed was treated with following solutions: potassium nitrate (1%), ascorbic acid (100mgl-1) and potassium chloride (1%) for 6 hours and then germinated at 25C in 8 days. Result: The analysis showed that seed aging resulted in a decrease in its germination energy and germination. Moreover, time required for germination is prolonged, the lipid peroxidation intensity and content of free proline are increased and the amount of vitamin C is reduced. The results showed that the effect of priming is dependable on variety selection, seed age and treatments. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no universal use of one only primer, as it may not be suitable for each particular cultivar and can ultimately lead to a decrease in the germination energy and germination.

The aim of this paper was to examine the influence of electrostatic field on the quality parameter of unprimed and primed soybean seeds. The experiment was conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on soybean seeds of NS Blackstar variety. Seeds were exposed to different values of electrical voltage: 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V and 9 V. Before exposure, the seeds were primed in water for 0, 1, 2 and 3 hours. Results of the conducted experiment showed that the influence of the electrostatic field on the unprimed soybean seeds depended on the strength of applied electrical voltage to conducting electrodes. By applying electrical voltage of 6 V to conducting electrodes, germination energy was increased by 10%, while germination was increased by 5% compared to control. However, the application of electrical voltage of 3 V and 9 V, showed that germination energy was significantly decreased, 19% and 21%, respectively. On primed soybean seeds, the use of electrostatic field led to a significant reduction in seed quality, regardless of the time of primed. The results also showed that the treatment that significantly increased the germination energy and germination of unprimed seeds, was treatment with applied electrical voltage of 6 V. This treatment had a significant effect on the germination rate parameter, but only on MGT and T50. In other treatments, applied electrical voltage did not affect or prolong the time of seed germination.

Seed germination and seedling growth are the most sensitive plant stages towards salinity. Various techniques can improve emergence and stand formation under salt conditions. Seeds priming is one of the most frequently used technique. Seed priming could develop different defence mechanisms of seeds against salinity stress. This experiment aims to examine the seed priming into potassium nitrate - KNO3 (1%), ascorbic acid - ASA (100mgl(-1)) and potassium chloride - KCl (1%) solutions, that may reduce harmful effects of salinity stress. Salinity was imposed by treatment of seeds with different concentrations of NaCl [0 (control), 50, 100, 200m MNaCl]. All data were analysed statistically by three-way ANOVA. Individual testing of probability was carried out using Tukey's method p lt = 0.05 and p lt = 0.01. Correlation dependence was determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Test results demonstrated positive effect of seed priming. This was showed by improved soybean seed quality and increased seed germination rate. The intensity of lipid peroxidation, free proline concentration and Na+ was decreased, while K+ in seedlings increased due to priming treatment. Priming of seeds into ASA solution resulted in increased vitamin C concentration, while priming into KNO3 and KCl solutions reduced the content of vitamin C in soybean seedlings.

Experiment was conducted in 2014, 2015 and 2016 at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, to study the effects of water deficit treatments during a soybean reproductive stage. Two water deficit treatments were conducted T-1 (from beginning of blossom to seed maturation) and T-2 (from beginning of seed filling to seed maturation period) and control (no water deficit). The results showed that water deficit during seed formation has a significant effect on germination energy, germination precentage and abnormal seedling. Obtained results are of great importance for farmers, because under favorable conditions, a large number of abnormal seedling has the ability to sprout, reach the reproductive stage and participate in yield formation.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the successful production of cultivated plants. One of the most sensitive stage to the water deficit in plants is seed germination. There are various methods of pre-sowing treatments that aim to reduce the negative impact of drought stress and improve seed germination. One of them is priming seeds. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of priming seeds in solutions - KNO3 (1%), ascorbic acid - AsA (100 mgl-1) and potassium chloride KCl (1%) on the reduction of the negative effect of drought stress. The effect of drought stress was simulated using different concentrations of PEG 6000 (0 (control), -0.30, -0.51, -0.80 MPa). The results of the research showed that with the increase of water deficiency, the effect of priming seeds is greater. At the water potential of the solution of -0.30 MPa, germination energy and seed germination increased on average by 6.77% and 5.08%, while at the water potential of the solution of -0.80 MPa, the increase was 19.28% and 16.75%, respectively. Also, priming seeds significantly reduced the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the content of free proline. From all the above, it can be concluded that priming of seeds is a method that can serve to improve the germination of soybean seeds in conditions of drought stress., Suša je jedan od najvažnijih faktora koji ograničava uspešnu proizvodnju kulturnih biljaka. Jedna od najosetljivijih faza na nedostatak vode kod biljaka je klijanje semena. Postoje razne metode odnosno predsetveni tretmani koj imaju cilj da smanje negativan uticaj nedostatka vode i poboljšaju klijanje semena. Jedan od njih je potapanje semena. Cilj ovog eksperimenta bio je da se ispita uticaj potapanja semena u rastvore - KNO3 (1%), askorbinsku kiselinu - AsA (100mgl-1) i kalijum hlorid KCl (1%) na smanjenje negativnog uticaja suše. Dejstvo suše simulirano je primenom različitih koncentracija PEG-a 6000 (0 (kontrola), -0,30, -0,51, -0,80 MPa). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je sa povećanjem nedostatka vode efekat potapanja semena veći. Pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od -0,30 MPa enerija klijanja i klijavost semena povećani su, u proseku, za 6,77% odnosno 5,08% dok je pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od - 0,80 MPa povećanje iznosilo 19,28% odnosno 16,75%. Takođe, potapanje semena značajno je smanjilo intenzitet lipidne peroksiacije i sadržaj slobodnog prolina. Iz svega navedenog može se zaključiti da je potapanje semena metod koji može da poboljša klijanje semena soje u uslovima suše.

The aim of the research was to test the effect of foliar-applied solutions of ascorbic acid (AsA), glycine betaine (GB), salicylic acid (SA) and water as a second control on the yield and seed germination of the soybean (Glycine hispida (Moench) Maxim.) cultivar 'Sava' as well as their influence on the content of N, P, K and Ca in soybean seeds, and to estimate the intensity of lipid peroxidation and free proline content in soybean seedlings. The plants were treated with the solutions twice. The 1st spray treatment was done at growth stage 6: flowering (main shoot), when first flowers opened (sporadically in population), and the 2nd spray treatment was done at growth stage 7: development of fruits and seeds, when the first pod had reached final length of 15-20 mm. Foliar application of the solutions had a significant impact on seed yield and seed germination in both years of the experiment. In a favourable year 2016, treatments with ascorbic acid, glycine betaine and salicylic acid solution significantly increased seed yield by 6.21-9.67%. However, in an unfavourable year 2017, the effect was significantly greater with the application of water (yield increase 6.48%), while the application of glycine betaine solution even reduced the seed yield. In a favourable year 2016, treatments with ascorbic acid and salicylic acid solution significantly increased seed germination by 7% and 8%, respectively. In an unfavourable year 2017, also only ascorbic acid and salicylic acid significantly increased seed germination by 11% and 9%, respectively. However, when using cold test, when the seed was exposed to a low temperature of 10 degrees C for 7 days and then placed under optimal seed germination conditions for 4 days, ascorbic acid and glycine betaine solution reduced seed germination in both experimental years. Therefore, further research is needed on the methods designed to increase seed germination of soybean, both in favourable and adverse conditions in Serbia.

The aim of this study was to determine the grain protein content of wheat varieties grown under different application rates of effective microorganisms (EM) and nitrogen, and two sowing rates. Three-year research was conducted at the experimental filed of the Scientific Institute PKB Agroekonomik Padinska Skela, using four varieties of wheat (Ratarica, Pobeda, Nogal and Apache), two sowing densities of 400 and 500 seeds/m2 and T1 fertilization (150 kg/ha N); T2 (150 kg/ha N + one foliar treatment, T3 (100 kg/ha N + two foliar treatments), and T4 (50 kg/ha N + three foliar treatments). The preparation EM Aktiv 7 l/ha, a mixture of multiple selected microorganisms, was used for foliar treatment with EM. The average protein content was 13.95% and was statistically significantly dependent on the variety, fertilization, and their interaction p<0.01. The Ratarica and Pobeda varieties had the highest grain protein content. T3 treatment had the greatest impact on grain protein content in all three years of research, by using effective microorganisms, the level of protein in the grain can be maintained when the amount of nitrogen is reduced.

The sustainable production of agricultural commodities, such as vegetable proteins and oils, is currently facing the challenge of developing new cropping strategies more e fficient in terms of water, nutrients, and land, while being able to increase the supply of domestic feedstocks. Double cropping of camelina (Camelina sativa L.), sown in the autumn, with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) can be proposed as a sustainable way to produce in the same growing season and land, multiple feedstocks for both energy, feed and food uses. A preliminary trial was conducted in Novi Sad (Serbia) during the 2018/19 growing season to test: yield performance, oil content and 1000 seed mass of two early sunflower hybrids (NS Dukat and NS H 7749) sown just after the harvest of two camelina varieties (NS Slatka and NS Zlatka which average yield was 920 kg/ha). Sunflower hybrids were also grown in the monocropping system as control. Both sunflower hybrids had higher seed yields in the monocropping system (+24%), but when considering the total yield of the two crops in the double cropping seed yield resulted slightly higher (+1-3%) than that of sunflower in the monocropping system. Although the average oil content and oil yield of sunflower was 6% and 27% higher in the monocropping system, respectively, the high nutritional value of camelina’s oil, which is rich in omega-3, should be also carefully evaluated.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most commonly consumed legume crops worldwide, cultivated in more than 55 countries (FAO 2017). However, in Serbia it is a novel crop grown on approximately 120 acres, but the area under this crop slightly increases each year. Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the most economically important diseases in most chickpea-growing areas, but there has been no formal report of the Fusarium wilt of chickpea in Serbia. In June 2018, the first symptoms of Fusarium wilt were registered at Rimski Sancevi (Vojvodina Province), Serbia (N 45'19.3119, E 19'49.9339), as wilted chickpea plants grouped in patches on approximately 5% of plants in a 3-acre area. Symptoms of yellowing and necrosis of foliage appeared as late wilt in the podding stage. Roots of affected plants showed no external discoloration, but a cross-section showed dark-brown discoloration of xylem tissue. To isolate the causal agent, symptomatic plants were collected and 10 cuttings of root symptomatic tissue were surface disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, air dried on sterilized filter paper, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and water agar (WA) amended with streptomycin sulfate. After 7 days incubation at 25C in the dark, isolates were preliminarily identified according to their morphological characters described by Leslie and Summerell (2006).

Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] has increased cold, heat, and drought tolerance and decreased susceptibility to diseases and pests than oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Because water deficit at sowing leads to unsatisfactory stand establishment due to irregular seed germination and emergence, the aim of this study was to understand the response of camelina germination under osmotic stress and identify critical soil moisture levels for successful establishment. Two spring cultivars, NS Slatka and NS Zlatka, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, Serbia, were compared under 9 levels of osmotic stress, ranging from 0 MPa to - 1.6 MPa. Polyethylene glycol was used to obtain the osmotic potential of the solutions. Results showed that the tested cultivars did not decrease germination under mild and medium osmotic stress levels (down to - 0.8 MPa). However, germination significantly decreased in both cultivars under higher levels of osmotic stress, and NS Zlatka was more sensitive. Germination speed significantly increased at - 0.4 MPa. The estimated osmotic potentials to stop germination were - 1.45 MPa for NS Slatka and - 1.46 MPa for NS Zlatka. Time to 50% germination also showed a significant bi-linear trend in response to osmotic potential, but in the opposite direction than the one observed in germination. Inflection points were recorded at - 0.77 MPa for NS Slatka and - 0.78 MPa for NS Zlatka, thereafter time to 50% of germination rapidly increased. This study confirmed that camelina can withstand increased levels of drought stress at germination, so it could be considered a more suitable option than oilseed rape on marginal land, or environments with irregular precipitation.

Nove sorte soje testiraju se u mreži makroogleda, a ovi rezultati, uz rezultate demonstracionih i proizvodnih ogleda doprinose odabiru najprinosnijih sorti soje za određene lokalitete gajenja. Cilj ovoga rada je sagledavanje prinosa, sadržaja proteina i ulja, kao i prinosa proteina i ulja po jedinici površine NS sorti soje u 2018. godini. Sorta soje NS Kraljica ostvarila je najviši prinos zrna (4369 kg ha-1), sorta NS Kolos imala je najviši sadržaj proteina (41,4%), sorta NS Atlas najviši sadržaj ulja (21,7%), dok je najviši prinos proteina (1745 kg ha-1) i ulja (915 kg ha-1) po jedinici površine ostvaren sa sortom soje NS Kraljica., New soybean varieties are tested in the macro trials and these results, together with the results of demonstration and production experiments contribute to the selection of the most yield producing of soybean for certain cultivation sites. The aim of this research is to examine the yield, the content of proteins and oils, and the yield of proteins and oils per unit of NS surface of soybean varieties in 2018.The NS Kraljica variety had the highest grain yield (4369 kg ha-1), the NS Kolos variety had the highest protein content (41.4%), the NS Atlas variety was the highest oil content (21.7%), while the highest protein yield (1745 kg ha-1) and oil (915 kg ha-1) per unit area realized with the variety NS Kraljica soybean.

Međuredna kultivacija soje je agrotehnička mera kojom se uništavaju korovi između redova soje, vrši se aeracija površinskog dela zemljišta što doprinosi boljem razvoju kvržičnih bakterija, boljem usvajanju azota i ostalih hranjivih elemenata i prekida se prekomerno isparavanje vlage iz zemljišta. Na osnovu dugogodišnjih istraživanja nastala je preporuka tehnologije gajenja soje, po kojoj se preporučuje vršenje dve međuredne kultivacije za dobijanje visokih i stabilnih prinosa i u cilju sprečavanja oscilacije prinosa u nepovoljnim uslovima proizvodnje. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da se u trogodišnjem ogledu ispita uticaj jedne i dve međuredne kultivacije na tri različite sorte soje po dužini vegetacionog perioda. Rezultati su obrađeni analizom varijanse i dobijene su značajne razlike u prinosu soje između tretmana. Sorta soje Rubin ima najduži vegetacioni period i sa ovom sortom je ostvaren i najviši prinos (2928,9 kgha-1 ), što je značajno više u odnosu na sorte soje Sava (2802,0 kgha-1) i sortu Galina (2742,2 kgha-1). Jedna (2861,0 kgha-1) i dve međuredne kultivacije (2893,7 kgha-1) značajno povećavaju prinos soje u odnosu na varijantu ogleda bez međuredne kultivacije (2718,4 kgha-1)., Inter-row cultivation of soybean is an agrotechnical measure that destroys weeds between soybean rows, aeration on the surface part of the soil is carried out which contributes to the better development of the cluster bacteria, better absorption of nitrogen and other nutrients, and excessive evaporation of moisture from the soil is interrupted. Based on many years of research, the recommendation of soybean cultivation technology was made according to which it is recommended to perform two inter-cultivations in order to obtain high and stable yields and in order to prevent yield fluctuation in unfavourable production conditions. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of one and two inter-row cultivation on three different soybean varieties in the course of the threeyear experiment in the length of the vegetation period. The results were analysed by variance analysis and statistically significant differences in the yield of soybean between treatments were obtained. The variety of soybean Rubin has the longest growing season, and with this variety the highest yield (2928.9 kgha-1) was achieved, which is statistically significantly higher than the varieties of soybean Sava (2802.0 kgha-1) and Galina variety (2742, 2 kgha-1). One (2861.0 kgha-1) and two inter-row cultivations (2893.7 kgha-1) statistically significantly increase the soybean yield compared to the variant of the experiment without inter-row cultivation (2718.4 kgha-1).

Seed vitality and vigour are the two most common parameters related to seed quality. It is crucial to have reliable methods and tests for seed quality and seed vigour testing. The standard germination test can be used to predict field emergence, but laboratory seed testing conditions are often in conflict with field conditions. Validated tests for vigour evaluation in legumes are the conductivity test, the accelerated ageing test and the tetrazolium test. Also, other types of vigour tests have been used to solve different problems in the seed sector. The modern approach, the computerised image analysis of legume seeds and sprouts, based on interactive and traditional methods, is a promising alternative for vigour determination., Vitalnost semena i vigor su dva najčešća parametra u vezi sa kvalitetom semena. Veoma je važno imati pouzdane metode i testove za ispitivanje kvaliteta i vigora semena. Standardni test klijavosti se može koristiti za predviđanje nicanja u polju, ali uslovi u kojima se nalazi seme tokom ispitivanja često su u suprotnosti sa uslovima na polju. Validovani testovi za procenu vigora leguminoza su test provodljivosti, test ubrzanog starenja i tetrazolijum test. U proučavanju životne sposobnosti semena leguminoza, zavisno od problema koji bi trebalo rešiti, koriste se i drugi vigor testovi. Savremeni pristup, zasnovan na interaktivnim i tradicionalnim metodama mašinskog učenja, omogućava pouzdanu ocenu semena i ponika leguminoza i predstavlja dobru alternativu za objektivno određivanje vigora.

Soybean yield depends on the selection of cultivars, soil fertility, applied cultivation practices, and agroclimatic conditions over the years. High-quality and timely primary tillage is essential for stable development and high yields of soybean plants. The effect of autumn and spring primary tillage on soybean yield and 1000-grain weight was examined in a three-year study (2013-2015). The trial included cultivars with different maturity periods, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad: Valjevka and Galina 0 maturity group, Sava and NS Maximus I maturity group, Rubin and Venera II maturity group. Trial subplots were prepared using different periods of primary tillage, which was conducted in autumn (November, 01–05) and spring (March, 25–31). The highest yields and 1000-grain weight were obtained after autumn primary tillage in all the three study years. Yield decrease by 2.72% to 38.91% and 1000-grain weight decrease of 1.33%-11.93% were recorded after spring primary tillage, Prinos soje zavisi od izbora sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, primijenjenih agrotehničkih mjera i agroklimatskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Kvalitetna i pravovremena osnovna obrada zemljišta je uslov za normalan razvoj biljaka soje i ostvarenje visokoh prinosa. U trogodišnjim istraživanjima (2013-2015) proučavan je uticaj jesenje i proljećne osnovne obrade na prinos i masu 1000 zrna soje. U ogledu su bile zastupljene sorte soje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad, različite dužine vegetacionog perioda: Valjevka i Galina–0 grupe zrenja, Sava i NS Maximus–I grupe zrenja) i Rubin i Venera, II–grupe zrenja. Podparcele u ogledu bile su sa različitim vremenom osnovne obrade zemljišta. Osnovna obrada je vršena u jesenjem periodu (01-05. novembra) i u proljećnom periodu (25–31. mart). Jesenjom osnovnom obradom zemljišta za proizvodnju soje ostvareni su najviši prinosi i najviša vrijednost za masu 1000 zrna soje, u sve tri istraživane godine. Kod proljećne osnovne obrade smanjenje prinosa kretalo od 2,72 % do 38,91 % i smanjenje mase 1000 zrna u pojedinim godinama od 1,33 % do 11,93 %.

U cilju sagledavanja uticaja zaoravanja žetvenih ostataka i primene mikrobiiološkog preparata NS Nitragin, na prinos soje, postavnjen je trogodišnji ogled na parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima. Zaoravanje žetvenih ostataka povećalo je prinos soje za 8,46%, primena mikrobiološkog preparata NS Nitragin za 8,63%, dok je na varijanti ogleda sa zaoravanjem žetvenih ostataka i primenom NS Nitragina prinos povećan za 11,22%. Povećanje prinosa je statistički veoma značajno., In order to examine the influence of ploughing in crop residues and the application of microbiological preparation NS Nitragin on the yield of soybean, a three year trial was organized at the parcels of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Rimski Sancevi. Ploughing in crop residues increased the yield of soybean by 8. 46%, the application of microbiological preparation NS Nitragin by 8. 63%, while on the variant with ploughing in crop residues and the use of NS Nitragin, yield increased by 11. 22%. The yield increase is statistically very significant.

In the technology production, various seed enhancement procedures are often applied to improve the quality of the seed, in particular germination and other properties of the seed after the treatment. Seed priming is the method used by the Old Greeks. Today it is a cheap and simple presowing measure that is primarily used in developing countries. However, the biggest problem in applying this measure is the length of storage of the primed seed. Storage possibility of the primed soybean seed was determined by a temperature of 25 °C during the period of 90 days. Th e soybean seed was primed with KNO3 (1%), ASA (100mgl-1) and KCl (1%) solutions, and then stored in paper bags, and its quality is tested every 15 days. The results showed that the reduction in the quality of the primed seed is considerably faster than the no-primed. Primed soybean seed can be stored at a temperature of 25 °C during 60 days after immersion, and after that period the significant reduction in its quality can occurs. After 75 days of immersion germination energy was reduced by 60.33% and germination by 9.33%, while after 90 days the germination energy reduction was 68.33% and germination by 65%. One of the causes for reducing seed quality is an increase in MDA content, especially after 75 and 90 days of storage. Also, the free proline concentration has been reduced while the content of vitamin C increased after 15 days primarily in seeds immersed in ASA and KCl solutions, and after 45 days its content was reduced.