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One of the key abilities that every student should learn is mastering math skills. It is particularly difficult for blind students who have problems with access to information that is usually presented graphically for common pupils. One of such information in the case of mathematics is the presentation of graphs of functions and geometric shapes. This article describes one of the approaches for using aural interface in math graphs presentation for blind students, which is especially important for the recognition of graphics by the blind, e.g. during remote teaching. It is based on two steps of math graphic recognition. The first step is general recognition of graph using synthetic speech and non-active sonification of graph and next step consists of an interactive sonification based on conversion of a graph data to sound wave with different attributes. Seven students were examined and it turned out that their recognition in the mathematical graphic in a tactile way with the aural interface took place quickly and gave good results.

Presents results of a retrospective study of cases of peritonitis found in geriatric inpatients. Most common causes of peritonitis in this study; Need for early diagnosis of peritonitis among elderly patients; Prevalence at death of peritonitis among the autopsied geriatric inpatients; Frequencies of symptoms and signs; More.

In a clinical case study (n = 71), a retrospective study (n = 96), and a prospective study (n = 60, 10 cases and 50 controls)--all of a duration of three years--prevalence and kind of symptoms of myocardial infarction in geriatric long-term care patients were studied. The findings suggest a low diagnostic accuracy of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. The clinical features seem to be different compared to those of younger patients. Intense dyspnoea, syncope and weakness are more common than chest pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section offers a look at research on mass culture that has been carried out in Poland on a wide scale since 1957. In 1962 a centre was set up specially to conduct this type of research. The increased interest shown in the mass media by sociologists is due to the increasing popularity of press, television, radio and the cinema, and also to the increasing importance of their function in the life of society. Antonina Kloskowska approached the subject of mass culture from a wide historical and conceptual context. She proposed that mass culture should be defined as cultural content that is commonly available, and she took a quantitative criterion as the main measure of mass culture. A number of empirical and methodological studies have been undertaken by the Press Research Centre. Research done in Lódz in 1958 on the readership among manual workers showed that there are great differences in the readership of books by unskilled workers, semi-skilled workers and skilled workers. The research done by J. Kadzielski on cinema audiences in Lódz enabled him to find out what kind of films appeal to different kinds of cinema goers. Further researches are concerned with the internal structure of the public, with particular stress on the role of opinionleaders. The research that comes into the fourth group may be divided into studies on the effectiveness of the influence of the mass media and on the social functions fulfilled by these media.

Objectives: To record the occurrence of well-differentiated bladder carcinoma reported as T1 G1 to the Swedish Urinary Bladder Cancer Registry, to review the staging and grading of the carcinomas and to scrutinize the validity of the data on T1 G1 tumours reported to the registry during the period 1997-2000., Material and Methods: The primary histopathological diagnoses of 98 cases of well-differentiated bladder carcinoma reported to the Registry were compared with the data delivered by the local urologists. Also, the histopathology slides were obtained from the local laboratories and re-examined., Results: Fifty-five cases had been erroneously reported to the Registry as T1 tumours by the urologists, even though they were clearly described as non-infiltrating G1 tumours by the pathologists. The results of the re-examination of the pathology slides were concordant with the judgements of the local pathologists in only 50% of cases (20 stage T and 29 grade G tumours). Most importantly, the re-evaluation did not reveal a single invasive G1 tumour. Simply by providing the urologists with information about this problem, it was possible to reduce the number of errors in the reports from 27 in 1997 to only five in 2000., Conclusions: Well-differentiated urothelial carcinoma (G1) has no propensity to infiltrate the bladder mucosa. For investigating specific problems the data collected in the Swedish Urinary Bladder Cancer Registry have to be validated.

A post mortem material of 11 consecutive cases of severe atlanto-axial dislocation (a.a.d.) with cord compression is reported. The total number of deaths from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the period of 5 years was 104, and all were autopsied. Neurological symptoms correlated poorly to fatal a.a.d. Hemiplegia was found in three cases, one of which, however, was caused by thrombosis cerebri. Spastic signs were transiently recorded in two patients and dysphagia in a further two. Five patients had a history of recent vomiting. A.a.d. was the sole or main cause of death in 8 cases and contributory in 2. Sudden death occurred in 7 of the cases. Only 2 cases had obtained a correct diagnosis intra vitam. The CNS findings at autopsy consisted of cord compression (11/11 cases), cord malacia (2/11) and cerebral oedema (3/11). One case had polyarteritis and renal amyloidosis and one pulmonary carcinoma with metastatic spread. Signs of active inflammation in the axial joints were present in 4 cases. This study, based on systematic post mortem examinations, revealed an unexpectedly high and not previously reported incidence of fatal medulla compression in RA patients with a.a.d. (10%).

An atypical case of the venereal disease granuloma inguinale, which is very rare in Scandinavia, is reported. The patient presented with recurrent perianal abscess and sinuses, and the diagnosis was not made until histologic examination of an extirpated subcutaneous nodule showed cells containing the pathognomonic Donovan bodies.