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Drivers of change in the reindeer management system are rather well-known. But when developing the gover-nance to support the traditional livelihoods, it is crucial to understand also practitioner perceptions. Systematic research on these is lacking. We analyzed the land-use and climate related drivers within the reindeer man-agement area (RMA) in Finland, and, using a perception geography approach, studied the herder perceptions towards these. We conducted an on-site questionnaire survey with herders from 51 herding districts. Factors directly affecting the welfare of reindeer were perceived as crucial by herders, for example basal icing affecting the forage availability, and land-use related factors limiting the seasonal pasture access. Perceptions of herders on biophysical factors were rather homogeneous. The regional heterogeneities in perceptions towards land-use related factors could be explained by spatial differences in land-use and varying herding traditions. Cumulative land-use impacts raised particular concerns. Our approach can be utilized in the co-planning of the northern land-use and more widely in the co-management of natural resources.

We studied the role of human values in social innovations (SIs) in four forest-dependent communities (FDCs) in Europe. We draw on 71 semi-structured interviews with FDC members in Finland, Slovenia, the UK and Ukraine, and a survey of householders (n = 150) and focus group interviews with related stakeholders in Ukraine. The material collected was analyzed with mixed methods with respect to relational values as catalysts and consequences of SI. Relational values, which are derivative of the relationships between human and non-human world, and responsibilities towards these relationships, were divided into three categories: Doing, Belonging and Respecting. Doing encompasses the individual's perspective of the opportunities offered by nature to individuals. Belonging encompasses a communal dimension of values manifested as the experience of “being at home” in social collectives and landscapes. Respecting addresses environmental and social justice. Common cause for SI was the need of FDCs to sustain or enhance relational values linked to forests while, once emerged, SIs also have potential to become global game-changers. SI encompasses the reconfiguration of: i) forest management and use, ii) decision-making structures and processes, and iii) stakeholder's perceptions of sustainability. Examples include the co-management arrangement between a State forestry enterprise and the local community, buying woodland from the State by the FDCs to enable community forestry, reinvention of traditional forest management, and the active involvement of FDC members in halting illegal logging. As a conclusion, we developed a general value hierarchy accounting for value plurality in which relational, instrumental and intrinsic values can be interpreted from any perspective.

The subarctic Teno River is one of the most significant spawning rivers for Atlantic salmon in Europe. In 2009, research indicated that the Teno salmon stock was in a weak state, and concern about the future of Atlantic salmon in the Teno River arose on both sides of the river, in Finland and Norway. In 2017, the governments ratified the new Teno fishing agreement (Teno Fishing Act 2017). The agreement aimed to reduce the fishing volume by 30%, and the new regulations concerned all users, including the indigenous Sámi, other locals, tourists, and fishing entrepreneurs. This triggered concern and anger in the Sámi community and among other locals generally. The dispute raised a question concerning the management of Teno salmon. We conducted a Q inquiry with 43 statements, covering aspects of interest, knowledge, management, and policy needs related to Teno salmon. We hypothesised that the key reason for the management tensions lay in how scientific and traditional knowledge fitted administrative knowledge requirements. By using self-organising maps (SOMs), four webs of beliefs emerged from the data: traditional Sámi fishing; salmon protection; equal economic opportunity; and evidence-based decision-making. We also further analysed the statements according to how they reproduced diverging and similar beliefs. We discuss the identity-related struggle, rights, and stakes and the underlying issue of confidence and respect.

The need for monetary valuation of recreational ecosystem services in urban areas is greatly acknowledged in several contexts. Most often, studies provide a total value of recreational visits, but a separate contribution of ecosystem, cultural, and commercial services to the value of recreation in urban ecosystems is rarely provided. In this study, the recreational importance of an urban park including streams is assessed, and the welfare implications of planned future improvements in three types of service are revealed, i.e. the restoration of the reproductive brown trout population, an increased number of happenings or events, and the service of a cafeteria-restaurant. Travel cost and contingent behavior methods are combined, which has not previously been applied in such a context. The results show that people perceive the park’s importance for their well-being. The improvements of each service separately tended to increase the value between 14% and 21%, and of all services simultaneously by 66%. Remarkably, individuals with low incomes valued the park more than wealthier individuals. As the park is a free access environment, this suggests that the improvement of its recreational possibilities may especially benefit those with fewer opportunities for chargeable free time activities. Respondents’ awareness of the reconstruction and management project of the park and the streams tended to increase the number of visits to and value of the park. At the societal level, the stream restoration was found to be highly profitable.

Controversy between alternative uses of forests in Finnish Upper Lapland has been going on for decades, and in recent years it has been escalated to a serious conflict. The core of the conflict is the adverse impacts of forestry on old forests which are important grazing areas for reindeer and which are regarded as intact nature and wilderness areas. This paper describes the experiences of applying multi-criteria decision analysis interview approach on this conflict. The approach provides tools for structuring the problem and preferences of the stakeholders as well as for analyzing the effects of different alternatives in a common framework. We focus on the practical experiences gained from the application of this approach in this context. Multi-criteria decision analysis was found to be a useful approach to evaluate the economic, ecological and cultural aspects of this intense conflict. The obtained experiences also support the view that the approach works best when tightly integrated into the planning process.

Many current fabrication protocols for dental fiber-reinforced composites use hand lay-up techniques and technician design input. Little information exists regarding how the manipulation of the cross-sectional design of a prosthesis might affect the modulus of elasticity and toughness.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of simple and complex cross-sectional designs on the modulus of elasticity and toughness of fiber-reinforced composite used for dental prostheses.Two particulate composites (BelleGlass HP and Targis) were reinforced with ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fiber ribbon (Connect), woven E-glass fibers (Vectris Frame), or unidirectional R-glass fibers (Vectris Pontic). A range of fiber positions, orientations, or geometries were incorporated into the rhombic specimens (2 x 2 x 25 mm(3)) to achieve simple and complex experimental cross-sectional designs. The control specimen did not contain fiber reinforcement. Specimens (n=6) were stored 1 week in distilled water at 37 degrees C prior to 3-point load testing to determine the modulus of elasticity (GPa) and toughness (MPa). The data within each main fiber group were subjected to 1-way analysis of variance and a Tukey post hoc test (alpha=.05). Cross-sections of randomly selected test specimens (n=2) were made for scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the fiber distribution.The mean modulus of elasticity varied from 8.7 +/- 2.0 GPa (Targis control) to 21.6 +/- 1.4 GPa (2 unidirectional glass fiber reinforcements, 1 each at the tension side and the compression side). Mean toughness varied from 0.07 +/- 0.02 MPa (unidirectional glass fiber positioned at the compression side) as the lowest mean, to 4.53 +/- 0.89 MPa (unidirectional glass fiber positioned at the tension side) as the highest. Significant differences were identified between specimen groups in each main category (all groups P.001, except modulus of elasticity of the woven E-glass groups, where P=.003). SEM micrographs showed fiber distribution in the cross section of test specimens to correspond with the intended fiber geometry.The modulus of elasticity of the composite specimens increased when 1 or more glass fiber groups were located at the compression side of the specimen. Toughness was most effectively increased when 1 or more fiber groups were located at the tension side of the specimen.

The extant literature on the focused factory has not explored the contingencies associated with the de facto adoption and use of focused factory principles: Why are some plants focused while others are not? Is focus—or unfocus—a strategic choice, best practice or perhaps a reflection of an environmental constraint? In his pioneering work, Skinner [W. Skinner, 1974. The focused factory. Harvard Business Review 52 (3), 113–121] prescribes companies to ensure that the manufacturing task of their manufacturing units is simple and focused, for instance, by assigning a narrow product mix for each factory or concentrating on a narrow mix of production technologies. Especially in the absence of compelling empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the focused factory approach, we argue that we still do not understand why some plants may remain unfocused. We observe that in the international process industry case examined in this paper, some factories are unfocused and their manufacturing tasks are all but simple. Yet, some of them appear to be high performers. This presents an opportunity to seek empirical insight on the questions raised above. Specifically, we examine why manufacturing companies in the process industries may or may not follow the focused factory strategy. Our results suggest that in certain operating environments and with certain competitive strategies, choosing not to focus the manufacturing task should be viewed as a viable alternative manufacturing strategy, perhaps even a constraint imposed by the operating environment. We develop four contingency propositions to explain why focused manufacturing strategy may not be desirable or even possible.

Ylä-Lapin luonnon merkittävimpiä käyttömuotoja ja elinkeinoja ovat keräily ja metsästys, poronhoito, metsätalous, matkailu sekä tässä elinkeinoksi luokiteltu Metsähallituksen luontopalveluista muodostuva luonnonsuojelu.

Tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää inarilaisten käsityksiä ja asenteita metsien eri käyttömuotoja, erityisesti metsä- ja porotaloutta kohtaan sekä heidän käsityksiään eri elinkeinojen taloudellisesta ja kulttuurisesta merkityksestä. Tutkimus sai alkunsa Inarin metsäkiistasta.Tulosten toivotaan helpottavan kiistan kohteena olevien metsänkäyttömuotojen yhteensovittamisen mahdollisuuksien arviointia.

Objectives This study was aimed to determine if short-term water storage would change elastic properties of dental composite materials. Methods Particulate filler composite resin and continuous unidirectional E-glass FRC materials were photopolymerized and additionally post-polymerized by heat for testing elastic properties with the Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy method as a function of time in water storage. The test specimens were stored in 37 °C water for up to 30 days. Results About 1% weight increase due to water sorption was observed in both materials with both polymerization methods. Water sorption did not change the resonance frequencies towards lower values, indicating no significant decrease in elastic properties in these materials. Because of high damping of the polymer composite materials leading to wide resonance peaks and low number of the recorded peaks, accurate determination of the elastic properties was not possible. Significance Results suggest that the most likely explanation for the previously observed decrease in bending stiffness of FRC materials is the decreased yield limit of the hydrated polymer matrix. It is important to recognize that water sorption has the effect on mechanical properties of dental composite materials by changing the yield limit of the matrix rather than by changing the elastic properties of the material.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fiber position and orientation on the initial and final fracture loads of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). Methods. Test specimens made of two indirect particulate composites (BelleGlass HP, Kerr, Orange, CA) or (Targis, Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY) were reinforced with ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber ribbon (Connect, Kerr, Orange, CA), woven E-glass fibers (Vectris Frame, Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY) or unidirectional R-glass fibers (Vectris Pontic, Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY). Fibers were placed with different positions, orientations or geometry into the rhombic test specimens (2×2×25 mm3). Control specimens did not contain fiber reinforcement. The test specimens (n=6) were stored in distilled water for 1 week at 37 °C before testing in a three-point loading test to determine the initial and final fracture load values. Results. Initial failure loads varied from 22.6 to 172.1 N. The lowest value resulted from one UHMWPE reinforcement fiber located in diagonal orientation and the highest from two unidirectional glass fiber reinforcements, one located on the tension side and the second on the compression side. Significance. Position and fiber orientation influenced the load to initial and final failure, and specimen deflection. Tension side reinforcement was most effective in increasing the load to initial and final fracture.

This paper analyses the conflicts and contradictions associated with Reindeer Herding and nature conservation by comparing management discussions related to Malla Strict Nature Reserve (IUCN Ia) and Pallas-Yllas National Park (IUCN II) in Northern Finland. Based on our comparison, we show problems that are created when applying international conservation definitions on the practices of conservation area management, and how these definitions can be inconsistent with local starting-points and as a result become essential parts of conservation disputes. Although, institutions behind these definitions typically acknowledge local rights to natural resources, the actual rights do not reflect in specific applications. Furthermore, these international definitions lean on scientific axioms which are often accepted as self-explanatory in conservation management and concepts like 'natural state' create local conservation opposition because traditional utilisation is easily restricted with fuzzy explanations. To ensure that the actual management decisions are not founded on biased epistemologies, basic concepts and known uncertainties should remain open for debate and especially the local flexibility of conservation applications should be encouraged in international conservation definitions.

The biosynthesis of the major human red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, was studied in the erythroleukemia cell line K562 with emphasis on O-glycosylation. The cells were pulse-chase labeled with [35S] methionine, and either directly immune precipitated with anti-glycophorin A antiserum or detergent-solubilized extracts first passed through columns containing the N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin from Helix pomatia or the glucose/mannose specific lectin from lentil beans. From the sugar-eluted fractions anti-glycophorin A antiserum was used to identify precursor molecules. After 5 min of labeling the first glycophorin A precursors were seen. The largest had an apparent molecular weight of 37,000, and bound to lentil lectin-Sepharose, but not to H. pomatia lectin-Sepharose. The lentil lectin-reactive glycophorin A molecules increased to Mr = 39,000 during chase and obtained sialic acids after 9 min of chase reflecting terminal N- and O-glycosylation. After 5-6 min of labeling two H. pomatia-interacting glycophorin A precursors with apparent molecular weights of 24,000 and 30,000 were obtained. These did not bind to lentil lectin-Sepharose. During chase also these molecules increased in size to Mr = 39,000. The immune precipitation of all antiglycophorin A-reactive precursor molecules was inhibited by purified red cell glycophorin A. The carboxylic ionophore, monensin, caused the accumulation of incompletely O-glycosylated glycophorin A molecules, which bound to H. pomatia lectin-Sepharose. These were degraded by treatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H reflecting incomplete processing of the N-glycosidic oligosaccharide.

The human leukemia cell line K562 is erythroid and expresses the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A. With this cell line we have studied the biosynthesis of glycophorin A after pulse-chase labeling with [35S] methionine. Using lectin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and immune precipitation with specific anti-glycophorin A antiserum followed by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis a precursor of glycophorin A was visualized. This had an apparent molecular weight of 37000 and contained an incompleted N-glycosidic oligosaccharide and unfinished O-glycosidic oligosaccharides. After chase for 10 min, the completed glycophorin A with an apparent molecular weight of 39000 was seen and it appeared at the cell surface in about 30 min. Using tunicamycin N-glycosylation was inhibited but not O-glycosylation. The absence of the N-glycosidic oligosaccharide did not affect the migration of the protein to the cell surface but the yield of glycophorin A was diminished. Translation of glycophorin A messenger-RNA was achieved in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. This yielded a non-glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 19500, which exceeded that of the glycophorin A apoprotein with about 5000. This indicates the presence of a "signal sequence" in the preprotein. When the translation was performed in the presence of microsomal membranes from dog pancreas the glycophorin A apoprotein aws both N-and O-glycosylated and the apparent molecular weight (37000) of the synthesized protein was identical to that of the precursor obtained from cells.

Erythrocytes of the rare human blood group En(a−) lack the major sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, and the cell population heterozygous for the En(a) antigen contain half the normal amount of glycophorin A. With such cells we have studied whether glycophorin A influences the phospholipid composition and the availability of aminophospholipids to external labeling reagents. We here demonstrate that the amounts of all phospholipids are closely similar in normal and variant membranes. However, using the amino-reactive reagent trinitrobenzenesulfonate, we show that phosphatidylethanolamine is more easily labeled in intact En(a−) cells as compared to normal cells, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine shows an intermediate labeling in En(a) heterozygous cells.

The human continuous leukemia cell line K562 synthesizes and expresses on its surface the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A. Glycophorin A contains 1 N-glycosidic and 15 O-glycosidic oligosaccharides, which are attached to known sites on the polypeptide chain. By immune precipitation with specific anti-glycophorin A antiserum of radioactively labeled cells followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have been able to study its biosynthesis in considerable detail. The synthesis of the N-glycosidic oligosaccharide of glycophorin A is inhibited by the antibiotic tunicamycin, while the O-glycosidic oligosaccharides are not affected. Incomplete glycophorin A, lacking the N-glycosidic oligosaccharide, is apparently incorporated normally into the surface membrane, but the total amount of glycophorin A is decreased. Thus, N-glycosylation is not necessary for externalization of glycophorin A.

The pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strain 1 H 11165 specifically agglutinates human erythrocytes carrying the M blood group antigen. The polymorphic forms of this antigen, M and N, are located in the NH2-terminal region of the major human red-cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A. Radioactively labeled glycophorin A from M cells specifically bound to the bacteria. Purified glycophorin AM, but not glycophorin AN, efficiently inhibited for binding. Mild periodate treatment oxidized the NH2-terminal serine in glycophorin AM and this resulted in loss of binding to the bacteria. High concentrations of serine and alkali-labile oligosaccharides derived from glycophorin AM inhibited the binding, whereas the synthetic M-specific NH2-terminal pentapeptide Ser-Ser-Thr-Thr-Gly did not. Neuraminidase treatment of glycophorin AM did not destroy the binding. The most efficient inhibition of binding was observed with the N-terminal glyco-octapeptide obtained from glycophorin AM by CNBr cleavage. This peptide contains both the essential serine residue and the alkali-labile oligosaccharides, which both are recognized by the bacterium.

The human erythroid cell line, K562, synthesizes the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A. We have isolated an mRNA fraction which codes for glycophorin A from K562 cells and studied the synthesis of the sialoglycoprotein in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. In the absence of membranes a precursor form of glycophorin A was synthesized. This was identified using specific anti-(glycophorin A) serum. The apparent molecular weight of the carbohydrate-free precursor of glycophorin A was 19 500. This exceeds the molecular weight of the glycophorin A apoprotein by approximately 5000. In the presence of membranes from dog pancreas, the synthesized glycophorin A precursor was N-glycosylated and probably also O-glycosylated. The oligosaccharide chains remained incomplete and the glycoprotein synthesized in vitro corresponded to the glycosylated precursor of glycophorin A obtained in intact cells.

We have found that the human leukemic cell line K562 (Lozzio, C.B., and Lozzio, B.B. (1975) Blood 45, 321-334) synthesizes a surface membrane glycoprotein which is identical or closely similar to the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A. The protein can be precipitated by specific anti-glycophorin A antiserum both from surface-labeled and metabolically labeled K562 cells. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of glycophorin A from red cells and the K562 cell protein gives apparently identical fragments, and the glycopeptides and oligosaccharides obtained after Pronase and mild alkaline treatment are closely similar. An antiserum made against intact K562 cells and absorbed with normal human white blood cells precipitated surface-labeled glycophorin A from erythrocytes. The amount of glycophorin A per cell in erythrocytes and K562 cells was very similar when determined by radioimmunoassay. The K562 cells contained blood group MN activity when tested with rabbit anti-M and anti-N sera. When incubated at 37 degrees C with rabbit anti-glycophorin A F(AB)2 fragments and fluorescent sheep anti-rabbit IgG, partial redistribution of glycophorin A (patching and capping) was seen in K562 cells but not in erythrocytes.

MURINE erythroleukaemic cell lines can be induced by various low molecular weight compounds to differentiate in vitro1. Corresponding human cell lines have not previously been described but we now report that human leukaemic cells of the K562 cell line can be induced to red cell differentiation in vitro.

The 2 types of erythrocytes from a person with persistent mixed-field polyagglutinability (Tn abnormality) were separated from each other by preparative cell electrophoresis. Surface labelling using the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 technique followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a strong labelling in the glycophorin A region of Tn positive erythrocytes indicating exposed galactosyl N-acetyl/galactosaminyl residues. Tn positive cell membranes were labelled by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 technique and solubilized in non-ionic detergent. After chromatography on Helix pomatia lectin-linked Sepharose, glycophorin A was immunoprecipitated from the sugar eluate using specific antiserum. Glycophorin A from Tn negative cells and normal red blood cells did not bind to Helix pomatia lectin but to Lens culinaris lectin-Sepharose. Glycophorin A and band 3 were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis from normal cells and the two red cell populations of the Tn individual. Pronase treatment of labelled glycophorin A followed by gel filtration revealed a more efficient proteolysis in molecules isolated from Tn positive cells. Mild alkaline treatment of galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 or periodate/NaB3H4 labelled glycophorin A liberated 3 different oligosaccharides from Tn positive cells. No significant difference was found between the oligosaccharides of band 3 protein from normal and Tn positive cells and the amounts of glycophorin A were identical in both cell types when determined by radioimmunoassay.

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on the synthesis of the glycophorin A polypeptide in the K562 cell line and its intriguing posttranslational modifications, including N- and O-glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation. The chapter also discusses its cell-free synthesis using glycophorin A mRNA obtained from K562 cells. The methods involve radioactive cell surface labeling of erythrocytes, radioactive metabolic labeling of K562 Cells, isolation of mRNA from K562 Cells, translation of mRNA in vitro, preparation of Lectin-Sepharose columns, preparation of anti-glycophorin A antiserum, Lectin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and immune precipitations, treatment of glycophorin A with endoglycosidase H, and polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The illustrative data and interpretation shows that tunicamycin inhibits N-glycosylation of proteins, and endoglycosidase H has no effect on either the lentil lectin- or wheat germ lectin-adsorbed molecules. The tunicamycin experiments clearly shows that the absence of the N-glycosidic oligosaccharide does not affect the intracellular migration of glycophorin A.

During biosynthesis of glycophorin A in K562 cells a precursor is rapidly transferred through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane with the COOH-terminal remaining in the cytoplasm. This is glycosylated within the cell and appears at the cell surface after about 30 min. The biosynthetic pathway resembles that described for viral membrane glycoproteins.

Glycophorin A (GpA), which is the major sialoglycoprotein on human red cells, is one of the best characterized mammalian integral membrane proteins (Marchesi et al. 1972; Tomita and Marchesi 1975). Its amino acid sequence is known. The protein molecule contains three distinct domains. A large hydrophilic portion, carrying the NH2-terminal, is located on the external surface of the red cell, and the COOH-terminal is located in the cytoplasm (Bretscher 1975) and probably interacts with peripheral proteins on the inner aspect of the membrane. These two hydrophilic sequences are connected by a hydrophobic segment of 23 amino acids which must be embedded within the lipid bilayer.

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin Sysmän yksityismetsien omistajien suhtautumista maa- ja metsätalousministeriön ja ympäristöministeriön laatimiin, ympäristönäkökulmat huomioon ottaviin metsänhoito-ohjeisiin. Tämän lisäksi selvitettiin metsänomistajien metsiin liittämiä aineettomia merkityksiä sekä suhdetta luontoon. Tutkimus toteutettiin lomakekyselynä.

Democratic societies’ emphasis on individual rights and freedoms inevitably opens them up to political disputes. Conflict management should thus be seen as an integral part of democratic institutional design. The evolution and management of policy disputes concerning the use of different natural resources in Finland is analysed by using the theoretical models of frame analysis and strategic interaction. The studied disputes include lake fisheries, watercourse regulation, reindeer herding, and forestry. The institutional design in the case studies varies. Despite the differences, many common features are identified that could explain their successes or difficulties in achieving sustainable and cooperative use of the resources. Among these are problems involving complex and uncertain knowledge, differences in frames held by multiple users of a resource, and distrust between the users and other parties. The analysis concludes with preliminary conclusions on how various disputes related to sustainable resource use could be managed. These include addressing the knowledge and frame problems in order to initiate a learning process; establishing sub-processes in which mutual trust between the parties – including a managing authority or a third party – can emerge; giving explicit roles and a clear division of entitlement to the parties; and providing a credible alternative for co-operation that affects the parties’ payoff assessments during the process. Finally, the conflict management process shouldn’t be regarded as a distinct phase of dispute resolution, but as an essential aspect of ongoing co-management practices of resource use.

Measles virus was propagated in VERO cells and purified from the culture supernatants by two successive tartrate-density-gradient centrifugations. Surface carbohydrates were labelled both in vitro and in vivo with 3H after treatment with galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 or with [3H]glucosamine. The major labelled glycoprotein in measles virions had a mol.wt. of 79 000. After labelling with periodate/NaB3H4, which would result in specific labelling of sialic acid residues, the 79 000-mol.wt. glycoprotein was very weakly labelled. This suggests that there is no or a very low amount of sialic acid in the virions. Further analysis of the glycoprotein showed that galactose is the terminal carbohydrate unit in the oligosaccharide, and the molecular weight of the glycopeptide obtained after Pronase digestion is about 3000. The oligosaccharide is attached to the polypeptide through an alkali-stable bond, indicating a N-glycosidic asparagine linkage.

The major sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes (glycophorin) is one of the most-studied membrane proteins. Although the structure is relatively well known, almost nothing is known about its expression in erythroid cells. To study this we raised an antiserum that reacted specifically with this protein. This was accomplished by immunization of rabbits with a preparation of glycophorin followed by absorption with En(a-) erythrocyte membranes, which lack glycophorin. By use of this antiserum and a staphylococcus protein A technique we could establish that only bone marrow cells of erythrocyte lineage express glycophorin at the cell surface. This occurs in basophilic normoblasts and later stages of erythrocyte differentiation, whereas pronormoblasts do not seem to contain glycophorin.