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Mercury has become a ubiquitous hazardous element even ending up in pristine areas such as the Arctic, where it biomagnifies and leaves especially top predators vulnerable to potential health effects. Here we investigate total mercury (THg) concentrations and dietary proxies for trophic position and habitat foraging (δ 15 N and δ 13 C, respectively) in fur of 30 Arctic wolves collected during 1869-1998 in the Canadian High Arctic and Greenland. Fur THg concentrations (mean ± SD) of 1.46 ± 1.39 μg g -1 dry weight are within the range of earlier reported values for other Arctic terrestrial species. Based on putative thresholds for Hg-mediated toxic health effects, the studied Arctic wolves have most likely not been at compromised health. Dietary proxies show high dietary plasticity among Arctic wolves deriving nutrition from both marine and terrestrial food sources at various trophic positions. Variability in THg concentrations seem to be related to the wolves' trophic position rather than to different carbon sources or regional differences (East Greenland, the Foxe Basin and Baffin Bay area, respectively). Although the present study remains limited due to the scarce, yet unique historic study material and small sample size, it provides novel information on temporal and spatial variation in Hg pollution of remote Arctic species., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

North America is currently home to a number of grey wolf (Canis lupus) and wolf-like canid populations, including the coyote (Canis latrans) and the taxonomically controversial red, Eastern timber and Great Lakes wolves. We explored their population structure and regional gene flow using a dataset of 40 full genome sequences that represent the extant diversity of North American wolves and wolf-like canid populations. This included 15 new genomes (13 North American grey wolves, 1 red wolf and 1 Eastern timber/Great Lakes wolf), ranging from 0.4 to 15x coverage. In addition to providing full genome support for the previously proposed coyote-wolf admixture origin for the taxonomically controversial red, Eastern timber and Great Lakes wolves, the discriminatory power offered by our dataset suggests all North American grey wolves, including the Mexican form, are monophyletic, and thus share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other wolves. Furthermore, we identify three distinct populations in the high arctic, one being a previously unidentified "Polar wolf" population endemic to Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Genetic diversity analyses reveal particularly high inbreeding and low heterozygosity in these Polar wolves, consistent with long-term isolation from the other North American wolves., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction: This study describes the survival possibility in a population of Danish multitraumatized patients. The analysis is related to international standards and to development over time as well., Material and Methods: The study included 1664 patients admitted as trauma patients to the Odense University Hospital during the period January 1st 1996 to December 31st 2001. Demographic and injury related data were registered prospectively, as were basic data for scoring systems such as Abbreviated Injury Scale, Injury Severity Score, and Revised Trauma Score. These data were used in an analysis of the survival probability using the Trauma and Injury Score method., Results: A number of 598 (36 per cent) patients had ISS > 15, whereas 724 (44 per cent) had NISS > 15. 71 per cent came from road traffic accidents. The overall mortality was 14 per cent. The survival probability using the Trauma and Injury Score method was significantly better than in American and British trauma databases despite comparable trauma severity., Discussion: The treatment of multitraumatized patients at the Odense University Hospital is at least comparable to international standards and there seems to be an improvement of the survival probability during the study period 1996 to 2001. National cooperation aiming towards a national database would be desirable since it would then be possible to make regression analysis taking special Danish factors into consideration. This could lead to an improvement of the trauma care in trauma centres as well as in small hospitals.

Introduction: In recent years, a number of elderly patients have been treated at the Odense University Hospital following injuries caused by bag-snatching. The aim of this study was to discover how many of elderly patients sustained such injuries., Material and Methods: The study comprised all inhabitants in the Odense Municipality aged 60 years or more treated at Odense University Hospital in 1996-2000 for injuries caused by bag-snatching., Results: We registered 95 patients. The annual number rose significantly from 1996 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2000 it declined. The mean age was 78 years and 95% were women. Most of the injuries occurred during the daytime. Many patients were injured, because of falls as the bag-snatcher grabbed the bag and got away (74%). Fewer patients were beaten or kicked (26%). The patients were generally pedestrians (86%), and the bag-snatchers mostly pedestrians (47%) or cyclists (29%). The injuries were commonly contusions/sprains (45%) and fractures/dislocations (37%). Twenty-seven per cent were admitted to hospital with a median stay of 15 days (1-54 days). One patient died as a result of the injury. Most patients sustained minor injuries (Maxsimal abbreviated injury scale-score = 1) (62%)., Discussion: Over a period of years we have observed an increasing number of injuries in the elderly caused by bagsnatching. The victims often fell and fractured or dislocated a limb. More than a quarter of the victims were hospitalised.

: In this retrospective study 48 humeral shaft fractures in 48 patients were operated on using the Seidel interlocking nail. The length of follow-up ranged from 6 to 60 months (median, 26 months). The treatment of fractures was satisfactory with the Seidel nail, but we emphasize the importance of countersinking the tip of the nail into the humeral head to avoid impingement. In 5 of 12 patients with non-unions, the procedure failed, and we found that the distal locking seemed to be inadequate. Pathological fractures (i.e., those caused by metastatic tumors) were all efficiently treated with the Seidel nail.

A review is presented of injuries sustained at an ice rink and treated at the emergency room, Odense University Hospital in Denmark, during 1993. Of the 105 patients treated, 67 (64 per cent) were 10-19 years of age. Most patients had been injured during a fall, no other participant being involved. About 25 per cent of the injuries were lesions the face or head. In seven cases the patient had been cut on the hand by the blade of another participant's skate, two patients had tendon lesions and in 16 cases the patient had sustained a fracture of the forearm or hand as the result of a fall. Many of the injuries could have been prevented by the use of protective gear (helmet, gloves and knee and elbow pads).

Purpose: To measure the scapholunate distance in normal wrists in a child population., Material and Methods: In 79 children with unilateral wrist trauma boths wrists were radiographed in p.a. and lateral views., Results: The median scapholunate distance ranged from 9 mm in the 7-year-old to 3 mm in the 15-year-old children. Baseline values are presented.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the value of local versus intravenous anaesthesia in the reduction of acute shoulder dislocations. Patients with a primary traumatic dislocation of the shoulder were randomized to either local lidocaine or intravenous anaesthesia with pethidine/diazepam. The local method was performed with 20 ml of 1% lidocaine. The intravenous method was performed with pethidine/diazepam injected intravenously. The patients were observed for any complication during and after the procedure and the used methods were evaluated using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). In the period from November 1991 to September 1993 81 patients were admitted to our departments and 68 patients were included. Average age was 48 years (range 15-79) with 29 men and 39 women. Thirty-five patients were randomized to intravenous anaesthesia, 33 had a successful reduction and two failed. Thirty-three patients received local anaesthesia, 32 succeeded and one failed. Ten patients treated with the intravenous method had respiratory depression and six required antidote. No systemic or local side effects and no neuro-vascular injuries were recorded with the use of lidocaine. We did not observe any superficial or deep infection in the lidocaine group. There was no statistical difference between the average VAS value in the two groups. Local anaesthesia used to reduce acute primary anterior dislocation of the shoulder is a simple, safe and well-accepted method with significantly fewer respiratory complications.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the value of local anaesthesia versus the commonly used intravenous pethidine/diazepam in the reduction of acute secondary shoulder dislocations. Patients with a traumatic secondary dislocation of the shoulder were randomized to either locally injected lidocaine or intravenously injected pethidine/diazepam. The local method was performed with 20 ml of 1% lidocaine. The patients were observed for any complication during and after the procedure, and the methods used were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS). From November 1991 to September 1993, 62 patients were admitted to our departments of whom 52 were included in the study. Average age was 47 years (range 18-89 years) with 24 men and 28 women. Twenty-six patients were randomized to pethidine/diazepam; 22 had a successful reduction, and 4 were failures. Twenty-six patients received lidocaine, of whom 18 were successful and 8 not. Three patients treated with the intravenous method suffered respiratory depression, and one required an antidote. No systemic or local side-effects, no neurovascular damage and no early or late superficial or deep infection were recorded in the lidocaine group. There was no statistical difference between the average VAS value in the two groups. Lidocaine used to reduce acute secondary dislocations of the shoulder is a simple and safe method. It is as effective as the standard intravenous method and is well accepted by patients.

A review is presented of the registration of all poisoning accidents among children aged 0-6 years treated at the University Hospital, Odense, Denmark during the period 1.1.1980-31.12.1992. There were 1751 poisoning accidents of which 482 were accidents with household chemicals. There were 69 accidents with lamp oil (Petroleum) of which 67 were in the age group 0-3 years. A peak incidence in the age group 0-3 years old is seen in 1986. In 1992 the incidence is at about the same level as in 1980. The incidence in the age group 4-6 years is at almost the same level throughout the entire period. We conclude that it is necessary to continue with campaigns to prevent accidents with household chemicals among children.

This study evaluates the use of local anesthesia in the reduction of acute shoulder dislocations. Patients with a primary traumatic dislocation of the shoulder were randomly assigned to receive either local anesthesia or intravenous anesthesia. The patients were observed for any complication during and after the procedure, and the methods used were evaluated with a visual analog scale. In the period from November 1991 to September 1993, 81 patients were admitted to our departments, and 68 patients were included in the study. Average age was 48 years (range 15 to 79 years); 29 men and 39 women were studied. Thirty-five patients were randomly assigned to receive intravenous anesthesia; 33 had a successful reduction, and two had a failed reduction. Thirty-three patients received local anesthesia; 32 had a successful reduction, and one had a failed reduction. Ten patients treated with the intravenous method had respiratory depression, and six required an antidote. No systemic or local side effects and no neurovasculor injuries were recorded. We did not observe any superficial or deep infection in the local anesthetic group. No statistical difference was found between the average visual analog value scale in the two groups. Local anesthesia to reduce acute primary anterior dislocation of the shoulder is a simple and safe method., (Copyright © 1994 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

An emergency facility was provided at the Midtfyn Rock Music Festival in 1990 (comprising 7,000 musicians and ancillaries and an overall public attendance of 60,000). A total of 329 patients were treated at the facility during the four and a half days that the festival lasted. The numbers of diseases and injuries were recorded, and the economic aspects are discussed in the article. In 74 per cent of cases, treatment was completed at the emergency facility, and the patients could be discharged. In terms of staff costs and the saving in patient transport costs alone, the economic gain to the community was estimated to be about 25,000 DKR. Thus, the provision of an emergency facility was cost-effective, and is recommended at such mass outdoor gatherings as cultural and sports events.

The pattern of injury sustained in an aquascape is described. The most serious and the highest number of injuries were sustained in the water chute (head, face). 15 percent of the injuries were bone or dental fractures. Prophylactic advice is given.