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This paper discusses the recent completion of Scotland’s Historic Land-use Assessment (HLA) project, a long-term partnership between Historic Scotland and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) (now merged as Historic Environment Scotland) to map time-depth within the present-day landscape was completed in 2015. This paper places HLA within the wider context of historic landscape characterisation (HLC) in Europe and outlines some of the new insights and perspectives that this resource provides for Scotland’s landscapes. In particular, the historical complexity and time-depth inherent within the Scottish landscape is emphasised, along with the importance of HLA’s landscape-scale data and nationwide coverage. The paper finishes with a discussion of some of the possibilities and challenges for the future of HLA and HLC projects in general, concluding that HLA/HLC data have a significant part to play in understanding and communicating the role of the past in ...

SUMMARY Tar or bitumen deposits in the Canning Basin, Western Australia, indicate possible paths of petroleum migration. Neutron and X-ray tomography is applied to rocks containing biodegraded tar in order to investigate the distribution of petroleum within the pore system of the samples. Neutron tomography allows the imaging of hydrogen-rich components, such as tar and bitumen, within a sample, whereas X-ray tomography assists density analysis of the grains and pore space. The results indicate that the methodology discriminates excellently between tar and the other rock matrix and open void components. The images permit analysis of the connectivity of pore paths and enable conclusions to be drawn about petroleum migration. In the case history presented, the images demonstrate the injection of petroleum into a dilated fault zone, and the interaction of the petroleum with the fault gouge material. The images also demonstrate the nature of petroleum movement into sandstone beds, which were in communication with this fault zone.

SUMMARY Shallow anomalous high speed events, evident on the shot gathers, are observed to be associated with gas chimneys in the Central Perth Basin. Shot gathers in the vicinity of gas chimneys display these events, which have apparent speeds of around 3000 m/s in the uppermost 300 ms, and appear to localised around the gas chimneys. These high speed events have been investigated using existing seismic data from the region, with these high speed events modelled using wide aperture seismic (WAS) techniques. Understanding the effect of these shallow high speed layers is important for the following reasons 1. they may provide support for a petroleum prospect, 2. they may represent a possible geohazard during drilling, 3. these high speed layers can have a profound effect on the seismic imaging of the underlying strata.

Knowing the physical properties of rock, enhances the knowledge of engineers to predict more accurately e.g. the flow of water / gas or oil, the production rate and/or capacity of reservoirs and the composition of resources beneficial and important to geo- and petrophysicists. Through this study, being conducted at the newly established South African National Center for Radiography And Tomography (SANCRAT) at Necsa in South Africa, it is experienced that neutrons, being extracted from the SAFARI-1 Nuclear Research reactor, have the ability to penetrate more easily certain geological laboratory samples than X-rays and provide important imbedded information on an 2D or 3D scale to geologist and scientists on a non-destructive basis. This paper focuses on neutron radiography and - tomography as a radiation based analytical imaging technique that complements X-ray radiography and tomography to determine or validate existing data of some important physical properties of rock.

In 2009 the INSPIRE Directive was adopted as a Statutory Instrument by both the United Kingdom and Scottish Parliaments with a view to developing the metadata, Web Map and Web Feature Services, to an agreed timetable, over the next decade. Both the Scottish Government and Geographic Information community in Scotland recognise that although the mandated datasets are helpful in focusing attention on priorities within the context of creating a Scottish Spatial Data Infrastructure and delivering efficiencies across all tiers of Scottish Government, the INSPIRE Directive should be seen very much as a catalyst rather than a checklist. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) recognises the need to and value in sharing the information it curates on behalf of the Scottish public with partner organisations and the wider community for the benefit of the promotion and appreciation of Scotland’s heritage. Although, the majority of records in Canmore ( http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/ ), the national inventory of the archaeological and built heritage of Scotland and its maritime waters are not protected through statutory designation, RCAHMS has argued that the information it curates is relevant to and should be considered as part of the INSPIRE Annex I Protected Places theme, even if not a mandatory dataset. To date RCAHMS has released a point-based Web Map Service for the information in Canmore and is developing further bespoke services for maritime losses and the results of its own aerial survey mapping programme, the first in a series of richer datasets. Web Feature Services will be developed on release of guidance documents from the Scottish Government. Promoting the undesignated heritage of Scotland through INSPIRE raises a number of questions over the appropriateness of applying specifications for regulatory environmental data to the wider cultural heritage and how information, so published, could be understood and used remotely by non-specialists. Archaeological data is difficult; it is ill-defined and incomplete. Would those accessing data remotely necessarily understand the incompleteness, bias and variability of the record in contrast to the fixed boundaries of most designated datasets? Does the information published under INSPIRE meet both non-specialist and specialist audiences – or are separate services required? The information required to inform a land manager about the evidence for, or character of, a site is very different from the detailed evidence revealed through archaeological investigation. A land manager may need to know if a site is extant, known from documentary sources or revealed through aerial photography or remote sensing whereas an archaeologist should consider evidence from investigation and recording of a site. Delivery of richer spatial datasets for most archaeological investigations remains an aspiration as they require collaborative, participatory approaches from across the profession. Even if the mechanisms to deliver richer datasets are in place, potential barriers include concerns over intellectual property rights and a reluctance to change working practices though inertia may gradually be addressed through demonstrator services and case studies highlighting the potential benefits in the long term.

Neutron radiography can provide images of the internal structure of rocks, through virtue of the differing neutron attenuation characteristics of hydrogen versus other elements commonly found in nature. Thus, pores filled with water, or oil, will attenuate neutrons to a greater extent than the surrounding rock matrix. Similarly, the internal structure of iron ore, which contains mixtures of limonite and goethite, which contain hydrogen in their crystalline lattice, and magnetite (no hydrogen), can also be imaged using neutrons. The ability of the technique to distinguish “effective porosity” versus “total porosity” is derived from the neutron radiographs. Images of two iron ore samples have also been analyzed to demonstrate how both different mineral assemblages and porosity can be determined.

During detailed interpretation of seismic survey JNOC88 and some AGSO lines in the northeastern part of the Offshore Canning Basin (Offshore Fitzroy graben and part of the Rowley sub-basin), different scales of valleys and channels in the Albian to Palaeocene succession were noted. The sediments in the area of valley/channel development are dominantly calcilutite, marl, clay, silt, and fine sand deposited in shelf-to-slope water depths. The most evident valleys are associated with the Upper Cretaceous seismic event C6-2 and the Base Tertiary seismic event C13-1, with dominant north-south and northeast trends that are different from the northwest dip of the paleo-slope and -shelf. Small channels developed between C6-2 and C13-1 with an estimated northwest trend. We classify these channels and valleys into four categories: Type 1 to 3 valleys and Type 1 channels according to their scale, morphology, and related geological processes. Among them, Type 1 and Type 2 valleys are associated with the low point of ...

The effects of porosity and pore geometry on the fluid saturation and immiscible displacement of greensand reservoir rocks were investigated on eight samples from the North Sea basin. Dynamic Neutron Radiography (DNR) was used to image the front stability during displacement experiments where oil was infiltrating water-saturated samples. The flow characteristics were related to petrography and pore geometry, which may be determined by image analysis of backscattered electron (BSE) micrographs. The fluid saturation observed in each DNR image was modelled in a corresponding BSE image as a means of evaluating the effect of pore geometry on front stability. Piston-like displacement and channelling were observed and these flow patterns were found to reflect variations in pore geometry. The samples with piston-like displacement have homogeneous pore space, whereas the samples with channelling have heterogeneous pore space, with spatial variations in porosity and pore size. The modelled saturation distribution was interpreted using results from petrographic and petrophysical analyses. The results suggest that the micropores of the glauconite grains and clay minerals contain water, whereas the oil is moving through the intergranular pore space during the displacement experiment.

The Northern Carnarvon Basin is located at the southern end of the North West Shelf of Australia. It was developed by rifting during the Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous. Heat flow and thermal maturity in seven wells, from three sub-basins, Rankin Platform and Exmouth Plateau of the Northern Carnarvon Basin, were modelled using BasinMod 1D program. Multiple thermal maturity parameters were used to constrain the influence of anomalously low vitrinite reflectance. Those T max data with reliable quality can be applied to correlate with vitrinite reflectance, establish thermal maturity and calibrate the modelled results. The modelled results indicated that the measured maturity data in some wells were consistent with the rift heat flow model (Jarvis & McKenzie) associated with the Jurassic rift and the earliest Cretaceous seafloor spreading events. The maximum values of heat flow were in the range from 67 mW/m 2 (Jurabi-1) to 105 mW/m 2 (Bowers-1) in the Exmouth and Barrow Sub-basins. On the Exmouth Plateau, the maximum values of heat flow were modelled to be 72 mW/m 2 in the Jupiter-1 well and 78 mW/m 2 in the Investigator-1 well. These maximum values were modelled to occur during syn-rift phase, which were 29–88% and 33–37% greater than their current heat flow values in the sub-basins and on the Exmouth Plateau, respectively. This study suggests that maturity indicators are less diagnostic of rifting thermal histories if the maximum thermal effect is associated with Cretaceous and Cainozoic burial in this basin.

Thermal maturity within the Jurassic thick, overpressured source rocks of the Bambra-2 and Barrow Deep-1 wells, Barrow Sub-basin, Western Australia, was investigated and modelled using a temperature–time-related kinetic model. The aim of this study is to investigate whether overpressure has a determinable influence on thermal maturation. Repeat formation tests (RFTs), drill stem tests (DSTs) and mud weights indicate that the Jurassic section in the Barrow Sub-basin is highly overpressured. It appears that the overpressured zone is associated with high sonic transit times and low resistivity values in the Jurassic fine-grained rocks. Anomalously low measured vitrinite reflectance ( R o ) values in the overpressured zone appear to be due to either R o suppression or inaccurate identification of vitrinite. Anomalously low T max values are found to be caused by contamination from drilling-mud additives. A good correlation is found between the reliable maturity data including biomarker maturity and predicted maturity values ( R o between 0.8 and 2.2%) and suggests that the anomalously low R o and T max values are probably not related to the overpressuring (fluid pressure about 40–80 MPa at 3000–4600 m). These results demonstrate that the true maturity level in the Jurassic overpressured section probably depends on temperature and time alone. We, therefore, conclude that overpressure is not an important factor in thermal maturity and hydrocarbon generation in this region.

Petrophysics, when applied to the fields of petroleum and groundwater resources, has the special connotation of fluid-rock interaction. Neutron radiography imaging techniques have been applied in the present study to evaluate fluid-rock behaviour for three specific experiments. The basic experimental set-up entails a beam of thermal neutrons intersecting a thin slice (5 mm thick) of fluid-filled porous rock, which is encased in aluminium to retain the fluid within the rock. Neutrons are attenuated by the fluid in the rock, and comparison of the neutron intensity in a dry and saturated state permits one to estimate the rock's porosity (ratio of pore volume to total volume) and relative fluid saturation, The three experiments are (I) Water inflitration into a porous rock, Displacement of heavy water by oil and 3 Water flooding of a clay-rich rock. Each experiment is analogous to a practical geological resource problem.

The western Liaoning, northern Liaoning, and Songliao areas represent three different tectonic units with different lithospheric thermal-mechanical properties in terms of composition, thickness of the thermal lithosphere, effective elastic thickness, depth of the detachment surface, and strength of the lithosphere. Western Liaoning is characterized by a thick lithosphere with high rigidity and strength, whereas Songliao and northern Liaoning are characterized by relatively thin lithosphere with low rigidity and strength. These differences controlled the development of distinct types of basins under an extensional regime during the Early Cretaceous. The basins in western Liaoning are controlled by faulting rather than by thermal subsidence. The Songliao basin is controlled both by faulting and by thermal subsidence, and thus both syn- and post-rift sequences developed with the same thickness in the center of the basin. In contrast, in northern Liaoning, the basins are mainly controlled by faulting, and to ...

The suppression of vitrinite reflectance can cause problems for the oil industry if not properly considered. The scope of this paper is to emphasise the errors that suppression could lead to in the estimation of heat flow and transformation ratio of hydrocarbons. Two cross-sections from the Carnarvon Basin, North West Shelf, Australia, are modelled and compared to a model from the North Sea of Europe, in order to study the effect of suppressed vitrinite reflectance in a sedimentary basin. The North Sea modelling implies that neglecting the suppression effect of the vitrinite reflectance could lead to the heat flow being erroneously estimated by as much as almost 40% (40 mW/m2 instead of 55 mW/m2). Further, modelling of the Australian profiles suggest that the local effect might be even higher. This will lead to an underestimation of source u rock maturity. As a result of this underestimation of the source rock maturity. maior errors will occur in the predictions of the transformaratio of hydrocarbons and thereby the quantity of generated hydrocarbons.

Various palaeotemperature estimates from preserved Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks in Sweden indicate the existence of a considerably higher temperature in the past. Earlier workers have suggested that the reason for this higher palaeotemperature was due to the development of a foreland basin which buried the sediments, during the Caledonian orogeny. Palaeotemperature estimations from vitrinite reflectance are indicating a maximum palaeotemperature of approximately 165 °C for the autochthonous Alum Shale in Jamtland and 100 °C for the Alum Shale in Vastergotland. These palaeotemperature estimations converted to burial depths are used as boundary conditions in the modelling of the Caledonian mountain range and the connected foreland basin. This study suggests, that to accommodate a basin fitting palaeotemperature constraints, a mountain chain similar to the Himalayas must have occurred, which implies a flexural rigidity of the lithosphere in the order of 4×1024 Nm. The heat flow is assumed to have be...

Dynamic neutron radiography is a method to image fluid flow in porous media, based on the tendency of neutrons to be preferentially attenuated by hydrogen. Fast neutrons with energies of several MeV can be produced by particle accelerators, and are suitable for detecting fluids in rock samples of 0.15 to 0.30 m (15 to 30 cm) thick. Slow (thermal) neutrons with energies of about 0.03 eV are produced by nuclear reactors, and are ideal for imaging fluid flow in rock samples in the order of 0.01 m (1 cm) thick. Thermal neutrons are attenuated by an exponential law, which relates the incident intensity of a neutron beam (Io) to the transmitted neutron beam (I): I = Io exp(-rmh), where r is the bulk density of the rock in the neutron path, m is the bulk neutron attenuation coefficient in the neutron path, and h is the thickness of the rock in the neutron path. The exponent term (rmh) can be linearly related to the components making up the rock: rmh = (r1m1V1 + r2m2V2 + rmmmVm)h, where V1 is the volume fraction of fluid 1, V2 is the volume fraction of fluid 2, Vm is the volume fraction of the rock matrix, the subscript "m" refers to the rock matrix, and "1" and "2"refer to fluid 1 and fluid 2, respectively. Knowing that V1 + V2 = f, which is the rock's porosity, an estimate of the relative fluid saturations can be made. These are the principal economic quantities required for either a hydrogeological or petroleum reservoir. Examples of water infiltration and petroleum imbibition into the Visingso Sandstone, Sweden, are provided to illustrate the application of the technique.

Palaeotemperature studies of rocks on the Scandinavian Platform suggest heating of the near-surface Cambrian to Silurian sequence to temperatures between 80 and 120°C. A foreland basin has been proposed to have formed on the eastern side of the Scandinavian Caledonides, during the Silurian and Devonian, as a result of the Caledonian Orogeny. The aim of the paper is to model the thickness and horizontal extent of such a basin over Sweden. The thickness is estimated using two different approaches (i) by a thermal model based on measured thermal conductivities of preserved sediments, and (ii) by a flexural-subsidence model due to loading of an elastic lithosphere from the Caledonian mountain chain. The thermal model gave sediment thicknesses for southern-central Sweden in the range 2.4 km to 3.9 km, and the flexural model gave an estimate of approximately 2.4 km, but was strongly dependent on the assumed flexural rigidity. The width of the basin, also estimated by the latter modelling, was found to be approximately 300 km.

Interpretation of a seismic, gravity and magnetic traverse across the western margin of the Yilgarn Craton, undertaken approximately 110 km north of Perth, together with new RbSr and UPb geochronological data from the southwestern portion of the craton, have led to a re-evaluation of the geological relationships and to the development of a terrane accretion model for the region. The geophysical data established the three-layered nature of the crust, with E-dipping reflectors present throughout its thickness of 32–40 km. Reflectors in the upper crust correlate with shear zones mapped at the surface and are interpreted as major thrusts that have transported crustal slices from the east. These ‘sole-out’ at a depth of about 10 km along a well-defined decollement and indicate ‘thin-skinned’ tectonism. The shear zones define the boundaries of three terranes which, from west to east, are herein defined as the Balingup, Boddington and Lake Grace terranes. The Balingup Terrane is composed of trough facies metasediments, believed to have been deposited at ∼ 2.8 Ga and subsequently metamorphosed under medium pressure amphibolite facies conditions. This terrane contains some of the youngest granitoids in the Yilgarn Craton (2612 and 2527 Ma) and these have been extensively sheared by late Archaean movement along the Darling Fault Zone. The boundary with the Boddington Terrane to the east is not precisely defined, partly due to lack of exposure. It is marked in the south by a narrow, 100 km long strip of tectonised quartz monzonite and further north by a change in the RbSr biotite ages of granitoids; from 400–500 Ma in the west to 2300–2600 Ma in the east. The Boddington Terrane contains a sequence of Archaean shelf facies metasediments (part of the Jimperding Metamorphic Belt), believed to have been deposited at ∼ 3.1 Ga, and metamorphosed up to amphibolite-granulite transition facies under low-pressure conditions. These sequences occur mainly in flat-lying nappes, which may have been tectonically transported from the east during assembly with the Lake Grace Terrane. The Boddington Terrane also contains two low-grade greenstone belts, formed between 2650 and 2670 Ma and intruded by 2640 Ma granitoids. The eastern boundary of the Boddington Terrane is marked by a major change in gravity, which also corresponds with a series of shear zones at the surface, a change in structural style and a major change in the nature of the granitoids. East of this boundary in the Lake Grace Terrane, granitoids of two ages have been recognised: charnockites formed at 2640 Ma and post-tectonic granodiorites formed at ∼ 2580 Ma. Metasedimentary rocks, metamorphosed to granulite facies, occur as rafts and lenses with steep upright folds and are enclosed in leucocratic, garnetiferous granitic gneiss. Greenstones, also metamorphosed to granulite facies and recording ages of around 2790 Ma, are also enclosed within the charnockites and are thus substantially older than the low-grade greenstones in the Boddington Terrane to the west. Assembly of the Balingup and Boddington terranes appears to have been completed prior to the emplacement of the Logue Brook Granite at 2612 Ma. The Boddington and Lake Grace terranes came together after the 2640 Ma granulite facies metamorphic event but the precise timing of assembly is not currently constrained. It was certainly completed by 2411 Ma, the time of emplacement of a major set of E-W-trending mafic dykes (the Widgemooltha Dyke Suite) which extend for over 500 km across the Yilgarn Craton. Although the Widgemooltha Dyke Suite appears to be absent from the Balingup Terrane, this is possibly related to extensive NW-shearing during the Proterozoic, which also led to extensional re-activation of the decollement that marks the base of the upper crust in the region.

Deep seismic reflection data were collected, with a two‐way recording time of 12 s, along a 75 km long traverse that covered 50 km within the Archaean Yilgarn Craton and 25 km within the adjacent Phanerozoic Perth Basin in Western Australia. Magnetic data were recorded at 100 m intervals along the same traverse line and the area within the Yilgarn Craton was mapped at a scale of 1:10 000 along a 2 km wide corridor. The preferred interpretation of the seismic reflection data suggests that the crust beneath the western Yilgarn Craton may be divided vertically into three structural zones: (i) 0 to 7–9 km: a zone of thin‐skinned compressional tectonism expressed as a series of thrusts which link to a detachment surface at about 7–9 km depth; (ii) 7–9 to 25 km: a zone that contains several minor detachments (or shear zones) and seismic events that appear to characterize a large intrusive igneous body; and (iii) 25–40 km: continuous seismic events that dip eastward at about 25°. Reflection events between 11 and...

Deep (12 s TWT) and conventional (6 s TWT) seismic reflection data across the Phanerozoic Perth Basin and adjacent areas of the Precambrian Yilgarn Craton have been interpreted to shed new light on the nature of both the proto-Darling Fault and the basin-bounding Darling Fault. The seismic data, supplemented by gravity modelling, show the proto-Darling Fault to be a sub-vertical feature separating crustal blocks with fundamentally different structures. This is in agreement with geological evidence that shows the crust on either side of the proto-Fault to be of significantly different age. Structural geological evidence suggests the proto-Fault was the locus of significant strike-slip movements. These data collectively support an interpretation of the proto-Darling Fault as a strike-slip suture zone which marks the boundary between two ancient plates/terranes. The Darling Fault is well defined by the seismic data. At New Norcia the fault, based on the structure of its hangingwall sediments, is listric. In contrast, at Moora about 30 km further north, the fault is most likely concave downwards. The difference in structure is probably a function of the geometry of Precambrian strike-slip structures reactivated during Phanerozoic extensional and strike-slip events associated with basin formatiion.

Deep seismic reflection data were recorded along a 75 km long traverse that covered some 50 km within the Yilgarn Craton and 25 km within the Perth Basin, down to 12 s two-way time (TWT). Gravity data were recorded at 500 m intervals and magnetic data at 100 m intervals along the same traverse. The data were processed to stack stage using a conventional land seismic processing sequence. Migration proved difficult because of the poor knowledge of the subsurface velocity distribution in the Yilgarn. Good reflections were obtained for the full 12 s TWT. The preferred interpretation of the seismic reflection data suggests that the crust beneath the western Yilgarn Craton may be divided vertically into three structural zones: 1 (0 km to 7 km) a zone of thin-skinned compressional tectonism which probably occurred between 2650 Ma and 2500 Ma; 2 (7 km to 25 km) a zone that appears to contain several minor detachments (or shear zones) and seismic events characteristic of intruded lenses of magma; and 3 (25 km to 40 km) easterly dipping continuous seismic events. Reflection events between 11 s and 12 s TWT in the east of the profile may represent the top of the Moho "reflection package", but previous work suggests that it may be slightly deeper than this. The seismic reflection data also image well the fault plane of the Phanerozoic Darling Fault. Modelling of the gravity data suggests that the Darling Fault Zone may separate the crust (43 km thick) beneath the Yilgarn Craton from the crust (27 km thick) beneath the Darling Mobile Zone and Perth Basin. This change of crustal thickness is probably coincident with the Proto-Darling Fault, and is not related to the Phanerozoic Darling Fault that is evident on the seismic reflection data. Modelling of the magnetic data indicates numerous intrusive bodies between the surface and approximately 20 km depth. Some of these bodies exhibit strong magnetic remanence.

The aim of the paper is to describe a new, rapid transient method for the determination of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of rocks. The present transient method is based on the application of a constant heat flux to the top surface of a block of rock that is insulated on all other surfaces. Results of a sensitivity analysis of the method indicate that thermal diffusivity can be measured to a best accuracy of about 3 percent, and thermal conductivity of saturated rocks can be determined to a best accuracy of about 8 percent. The method provides estimates of thermal conductivity that are consistent with estimates made using the steady‐state divided‐bar apparatus. The method is applied to determine the thermal conductivity of a suite of rocks from western Australian sedimentary basins.

Knowing the physical properties of rock, enhances the knowledge of engineers to predict more accurately e.g. the flow of water / gas or oil, the production rate and/or capacity of reservoirs and the composition of resources beneficial and important to mankind. This paper focuses on radiation based analytical techniques such as neutron and X-ray radiography and tomography to determine and validate existing data about some important physical properties of rock. Through this study, it is seen that neutrons have the ability to penetrate more easily geological laboratory samples and provide important information to geologist and scientists on a non-destructive basis.

This report presents the results of a historic building survey and archaeological watching brief undertaken between 1998 and 2001 during restoration work (undertaken as part of the Scottish Dance Base development) on the Flodden Wall running between Edinburgh's Grassmarket and Johnston Terrace. The Flodden Wall is the name given to the 16th-century extension of the capital's town defences, traditionally seen as having been constructed in the months following the defeat at Flodden in 1513. Prior to this project the extent and condition of this particular stretch of the Flodden Wall (the north-western boundary of the Grassmarket and a Scheduled Ancient Monument) was not fully understood. This project has shown that here the Flodden Wall and surrounding area had undergone three major phases of construction and redevelopment, from its origins in the early 16th century to the formation of a drying green (Granny's Green) to the west of the Wall in the late 19th century. In particular the results have demonstrated that the surviving southern section of the Wall here was largely rebuilt during the third quarter of the 18th century, when a complex of buildings was constructed along Kings Stables Road abutting the Wall's western face.

The City of Sacramento's water conveyance system plan included an intertie between its Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant and its E.A. Fairbairn WTP to complete a loop between the systems. This paper discusses the routing study that recommended a water transmission pipeline to be constructed under the American River, which would entail microtunneling a 54-inch pipeline approximately 1,450 feet at a depth of 60 feet below ground. Discussed are the obstacles the project faced because the pipeline will follow a residentially and commercially developed street in which numerous utilities are present. The project will undergo public review in the near future and is scheduled to begin construction in May 2003.

This paper reports experimental data relating the observed dry-bulk thermal conductivities of powdered minerals to the porosities of the powdered aggregates. The mineral samples were obtained by crushing quartz, calcite, and feldspar crystals. Experiments also were conducted on clays from various sources. The experimental data suggest an exponential relationship between the dry-bulk thermal conductivity and the aggregate porosity. The thermal conductivities of the original quartz, calcite, and feldspar crystals were determined in a dry state to estimate their matrix thermal conductivities. An empirical relationship was determined among dry-bulk thermal conductivity, aggregate porosity, and matrix thermal conductivity. This empirical relationship provided estimates of matrix thermal conductivity that were consistent with "theoretical mix" formulae for 50:50 mixtures of combinations of the minerals quartz, calcite, and feldspar, and also a sample of Flag Sandstone from the North West Shelf, Australia. The method was used to estimate heat flows at the sites of two Australian North West Shelf wells: Dampier 1 and Tryal Rocks 1, which are 47.4 mW/m2 and 79.7 mW/m2, respectively. These values are less than sea floor estimates of heat flow in the same region, and suggest nonconductive heat-transfer processes within the North West Shelf sedimentary section.

The characteristics and form of heritage data are fundamental to its utility in a range of applications, particularly so for heritage agencies who have a remit in management, policy, and the creation and curation of national databases of monuments, sites, and landscapes. Written from the perspective of an archaeological survey function in a national heritage agency, this paper draws on preliminary outcomes from a research and development project that aims to proof protocols for creating systematic data across large areas drawing heavily on remotely sensed data. This recognises that a systemic consideration of the implications of changing technology and data is sometimes desirable, rather than gradual assimilation of developments into existing practice. In particular, the issues being addressed relate to the challenges and opportunities of proliferating remote sensed data and digital workflows. These include the strategic assessment of threat, consideration of fitness for purpose of different datasets relative to landscape characteristics, the documentation of processes and sources of information, the suitability of data structures, and the mechanisms for automating site detection and data creation.