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In recent years there has been significant development of non-destructive technologies for on-stream inspection using remotely operated tools. Many operator companies have a keen interest in adopting such technologies to fulfil the integrity, reliability, and regulatory requirements while minimizing the operational impact. There has been substantial development of in-line inspection tools for pipeline defect characterization, but there is an industry gap of such tools for in-service floor inspections of crude oil storage tanks. Further research and development are required to overcome the challenges of sludge removal, sensor data acquisition under sediments, tool navigation in a viscous product, and electrical hazards in flammable and combustible products. To accelerate industry innovation, Enbridge has designed and constructed a test tank environment which is a small-scale version of a large-capacity crude storage tank with prefabricated floor defects for vendors to evaluate their robotic in-service inspection equipment. This paper will describe the test tank design as well as the stages of the project for evaluating tool performance in different product environments. In the first stage, the tools will be tested in water, and their performance will be compared with conventional technologies used in out-of-service inspections.

As routine care was suspended in most countries, one could anticipate progression of undiagnosed and managed oral disease. Patients are usually unaware of the development of oral disease as it is not visible to them and largely asymptomatic, especially in its early stages. The natural progression of conditions such as caries and periodontitis is inevitable without diagnosis and management. The full extent of patient harm because of the suspension of routine dental care can only be estimated when routine oral examinations are fully re-established, and even then, we will probably never know the number of individuals impacted or the extent of disease progression and harm. In first-world countries, there has always been a back-up emergency treatment system for dental problems. For example, in the UK, the safety net for life-threatening swellings and for acute pain relief is the accident and emergency services. This system remained in place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Courts could be expected to understand the coronavirus context and would take this into account should there be a complaint against the clinician about access to care. The suspension of routine dental care to save lives will lead to the closure of many dental practices due to substantial financial impact. The return to routine care will be slow, with prioritisation of non-aerosol generating procedures while we look to further understand methods to mitigate transmission risk via infected aerosol and spatter. Inevitably, the cost of personal protective equipment and the lower volume of patients pose a continued threat to businesses., Key points Natural history of oral disease progression if not managed is described.Concerns about the medico-legal consequences of reduced access to dental care are discussed.The economic repercussions of the COVID-19 need for suspension of routine care and the future increased costs of practice are presented.

Background Tobacco smoking is estimated to account for more than 1 million annual deaths in China, and the epidemic continues to increase in men. Large nationwide prospective studies linked to different health records can help to periodically assess disease burden attributed to smoking. We aimed to examine associations of smoking with incidence of and mortality from an extensive range of diseases in China. Methods We analysed data from the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank, which recruited 512 726 adults aged 30–79 years, of whom 210 201 were men and 302 525 were women. Participants who had no major disabilities were identified through local residential records in 100–150 administrative units, which were randomly selected by use of multistage cluster sampling, from each of the ten diverse study areas of China. They were invited and recruited between June 25, 2004, and July 15, 2008. Upon study entry, trained health workers administered a questionnaire assessing detailed smoking behaviours and other key characteristics (eg, sociodemographics, lifestyle, and medical history). Participants were followed up via electronic record linkages to death and disease registries and health insurance databases, from baseline to Jan 1, 2018. During a median 11-year follow-up (IQR 10–12), 285 542 (55·7%) participants were ever hospitalised, 48 869 (9·5%) died, and 5252 (1·0%) were lost to follow-up during the age-at-risk of 35–84 years. Cox regression yielded hazard ratios (HRs) associating smoking with disease incidence and mortality, adjusting for multiple testing. Findings At baseline, 74·3% of men and 3·2% of women (overall 32·4%) ever smoked regularly. During follow-up, 1 137 603 International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10)-coded incident events occurred, involving 476 distinct conditions and 85 causes of death, each with at least 100 cases. Compared with never-regular smokers, ever-regular smokers had significantly higher risks for nine of 18 ICD-10 chapters examined at age-at-risk of 35–84 years. For individual conditions, smokers had significantly higher risks of 56 diseases (50 for men and 24 for women) and 22 causes of death (17 for men and nine for women). Among men, ever-regular smokers had an HR of 1·09 (95% CI 1·08–1·11) for any disease incidence when compared with never-regular smokers, and significantly more episodes and longer duration of hospitalisation, particularly those due to cancer and respiratory diseases. For overall mortality, the HRs were greater in men from urban areas than in men from rural areas (1·50 [1·42–1·58] vs 1·25 [1·20–1·30]). Among men from urban areas who began smoking at younger than 18 years, the HRs were 2·06 (1·89–2·24) for overall mortality and 1·32 (1·27–1·37) for any disease incidence. In this population, 19·6% of male (24·3% of men residing in urban settings and 16·2% of men residing in rural settings) and 2·8% of female deaths were attributed to ever-regular smoking. Interpretation Among Chinese adults, smoking was associated with higher risks of morbidity and mortality from a wide range of diseases. Among men, the future smoking-attributed disease burden will increase further, highlighting a pressing need for reducing consumption through widespread cessation and uptake prevention. Funding British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Kadoorie Charitable Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust.

Strain-based design (SBD) method has evolved over the years for use in the construction of large-diameter, high pressure gas and liquid transmission pipelines. It has not been widely materialized for major construction projects because of the technical complexity which requires multidisciplinary expertise including, but not limited to, pipeline material properties, welding processes, mechanical testing, field construction, and weld inspection. The industry has been showing more interest in using this methodology for strain capacity assessment of in-service stress-based pipelines, especially those that are subjected to ground movement. The strain capacity assessment of the stress-based pipelines is essential to ensure structural integrity and operational safety of the pipeline. This has become more apparent due to recent incidents in pipeline industry caused by geotechnical hazards. This paper provides a case study of assessing the tensile strain capacity (TSC) of existing modern linepipes manufactured through thermomechanical controlled process (TMCP). The TSC was predicted using two main methodologies in the public domain: the CSA Z662-11 Annex C approach and the PRCI-CRES TSC model. Actual pipeline information and construction data are used to perform TSC assessment when possible. This includes pipe material properties, welding procedures qualified on the project pipe, and test weld properties. The predicted TSC and the estimated strain demand will allow for effective remediation decisions. This work helps to enhance pipeline strain management systems in response to the geotechnical and hydrotechnical issues and therefore fills the gaps in present day’s pipeline threat management programs in addition to crack, corrosion and mechanical damage threats. Through such a program, prevention, monitoring and mitigation strategies can be deployed to existing stress-based pipelines, especially in areas where pipeline strain is identified as a potential risk.

In March 2019, snow melt and heavy rainfall resulted in major flooding at one of Enbridge’s (Company) pipeline river crossings. Based on an earlier hydrotechnical assessment, it was identified that the estimated scour in the river channel during a flood event of this magnitude could have the potential to create a pipe span of length where vortex induced vibration (VIV) may be initiated, potentially causing pipe failure and product release. As a precautionary measure, the Company shut down and isolated the pipeline; the two mainline block valves on either side of the river were closed for several days. This un-planned pipeline shut down impacted customers and resulted in revenue loss. An extended shutdown period would have also impacted downstream refineries. In order to promptly restart of the pipeline, bathymetric surveys (measuring the depth of a water body as well as mapping the river bottom profile and the underwater features of a water body) were performed in high flow conditions to verify the pipeline burial condition. This crossing had been identified in the Company’s long range forecast with a planned remediation completion in 2020. However, the potential residual threat to the integrity of the pipeline due to high flow events existed until the remediation could be completed. Consequently, Company Pipeline Integrity group had been closely monitoring this crossing. The Company’s Pipeline Integrity (PI) Department is on the journey to become a High Reliability Organization (HRO) where there is a strong preoccupation with failure and emphasis on determining the root cause of an incident, with the goal of striving for error free performance. As such, this incident was treated with as much emphasis as a pipeline failure, and several lessons learned from this incident were identified. This paper will discuss the enhancements made to the Company’s flood monitoring program, including the incorporation of the flood forecast monitoring into the flood monitoring program, identification of high priority crossings, development of purge plan, utilization of new technology for surveying during flooding and the development of a flood response guideline.

Background and aims Observational studies have associated resting heart rate with incident diabetes. Whether the associations are causal remains unclear. We aimed to examine the shape and strength of the associations and assessed the causal relevance of such associations in Chinese adults. Methods and results The China Kadoorie Biobank enrolled 512,891 adults in China. Cox proportional hazard regression models was conducted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the associations of resting heart rate with type 2 diabetes and total diabetes. Among 92,724 participants, 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to resting heart rate were used to construct genetic risk score. We used Mendelian randomization analyses to make the causal inferences. During a median follow-up of 9 years, 7872 incident type 2 diabetes and 13,349 incident total diabetes were documented. After regression dilution bias adjustment, each 10 bpm higher heart rate was associated with about a 26% higher risk of type 2 diabetes (HR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.23, 1.29]) and 23% higher risk of total diabetes (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.20, 1.26]). Instrumental variable analyses showed participants at top quintile compared with those at bottom quintile had 30% higher risk for type 2 diabetes (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.17, 1.43]), and 10% higher risk for total diabetes (HR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.02, 1.20]). Conclusions This study provides evidence that resting heart rate is an important risk factor for diabetes risk. The results suggest that novel treatment approaches targeting reduction of high heart rate for incidence of diabetes may be worth further investigation.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes COVID-19, is highly contagious. Dentistry is a high-risk profession for occupational virus transmission because of the close proximity of the operator to the patient during treatment and the procedural generation of aerosols. The impact on the provision of dental care has been profound, with routine care restricted or paused for a period around the world. There have been adverse consequences for dental education and clinical research. Emergency and urgent care provisions have generally proceeded. However, even when a patient's condition is deemed urgent, access to the appropriate care may not have been possible due to lack of the recommended personal protective equipment. The common dental diseases of caries and periodontitis usually present with signs and symptoms after some advancement, hence the recommended regular dental examination so that these may be diagnosed early by a professional with suitable lighting, instruments and radiography. Conditions such as oral cancer similarly present in their early stages without symptoms. Many countries introduced telephone and video consultations for patients with symptoms but much disease has gone undiagnosed and without management. It is difficult to ascertain the full effect of the disruption to dental services, education and research but it is likely to be substantial. The immediate future will focus on return to routine care provision with likely longer-term permanent changes., Key points Emergency and urgent care descriptions are presented.The need for the UK to pause routine dental care due to COVID-19 is discussed and compared with Hong Kong.Planning for a safe return to routine dental care and associated dental education is discussed.

In strain-based design and assessment, accurate measurement of pipe longitudinal strain demand is a key element in performing proper strain assessments. Quick pipeline strain assessments are usually needed after widespread natural disasters such as earthquakes or heavy rainfalls that affect multiple lines at several sites. Finite Element Analyses (FEA) and In-line Inspection (ILI) tools are the most common methods to measure/estimate the longitudinal strain demand of in-service pipelines. However, because they are rather time-consuming methods, they cannot be relied on when quick fitness-for-service evaluations of pipelines is needed. ILI needs considerable amount of time for planning and preparation as well as post-run analyses, and FEA needs extensive efforts to gather input data which might not be readily available for each site. Enbridge recently used a method of strain demand estimation during a rapid response process to several sites affected by lateral landslides after major weather events. The method involves gathering basic field measurements of pipe deformed shape and performing analytical strain calculation by using curve-fitted deformed shape functions. This paper describes this method, its key elements, and the assumptions on which it is based. It also presents the evaluation of this method via FEA of several pipes, soil conditions, and landslides scenarios. And finally, it concludes the capability of this method for different cases of pipes and landslides.

A variety of off-highway vehicles are subject to significant steering wheel vibrations during operation. Typical examples of such machines are vibratory asphalt and soil compactors. Large compacting forces, while essential for the proper compacting operation, will inevitably cause undesired effects such as severe vibrations of steering wheels. Traditional vibration control measures are often found either impractical or less effective in reducing the level of hand vibrations which is considered an important quality and safety issue in compacter design and sales. In this paper, an advanced concept of reducing hand vibrations is presented in the context of Multi-degree-of-freedom Tuned Dynamic Absorbers (MTDA). The MTDA essentially represents an assembly of simple dynamic absorbers individually tuned to different targeted vibration modes in different degree of freedoms. While the design concept and associated parameters are numerically determined by FEA, the prototype is fine tuned to the desired vibration modes through a bench test. The effectiveness of the MTDA is experimentally verified in-situ through a sequence of tests which are carefully designed to adequately reflect its performance under field conditions.

To apply the term ‘magical’ to modern economic thought is to suggest that there remains within it an unassimilated and unexamined residue of irrational thought. Further, it is to hold that this remnant persists despite the discipline’s century long attempt to “submit the abstract laws of theoretical political economy or ‘pure’ economics to experimental and quantitative verification, and thus to the extent possible to constitute pure economy as a science in the narrow sense of the term” (Frisch, 1926: 1, our translation). The specific instance of irrationality to which we refer is perfectly visible but systematically overlooked because it exists in economics’ most basic assumptions: not only the assumptions about the causal mechanisms that determine human action, but even more in what is increasingly acknowledged to be the theoretical Achilles heel of economics, the concept of the market itself.

Background Self‐rated health ( SRH ) is a strong predictor of mortality in different populations. However, the associations between SRH measures and risk of ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) have not been extensively explored, especially in a Chinese population. Methods and Results More than 500 000 adults from 10 cities in China were followed from baseline (2004–2008) through December 31, 2013. Global and age‐comparative SRH were reported from baseline questionnaires. Incident IHD cases were identified through links to well‐established disease registry systems and the national health insurance system. During 3 423 542 person‐years of follow‐up, we identified 24 705 incident cases of IHD . In multivariable‐adjusted models, both global and age‐comparative SRH was significantly associated with incident IHD . Compared with excellent SRH , the hazard ratios for good, fair, and poor SRH were 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–1.07), 1.32 (95% CI, 1.27–1.37), and 1.76 (95% CI, 1.68–1.85), respectively. Compared with better age‐comparative SRH , the hazard ratios for same and worse age‐comparative SRH were 1.23 (95% CI, 1.19–1.27) and 1.78 (95% CI, 1.70–1.86), respectively. The associations persisted in all subgroup analyses, although they were slightly modified by study location, education, and income levels. Conclusions A simple questionnaire for self‐assessment of health status was significantly associated with incident IHD in Chinese adults. Individuals and healthcare providers can use SRH measures as a convenient tool for assessing future IHD risk.

In order to meet its cutting-edge scientific objectives, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope requires high-precision frequency references to be distributed to each of its antennas. The frequency references are distributed via fiber-optic links and must be actively stabilized to compensate for phase-noise imposed on the signals by environmental perturbations on the links. SKA engineering requirements demand that any proposed frequency reference distribution system be proved in "astronomical verification" tests. We present results of the astronomical verification of a stabilized frequency reference transfer system proposed for SKA-mid. The dual-receiver architecture of the Australia Telescope Compact Array was exploited to subtract the phase-noise of the sky signal from the data, allowing the phase-noise of observations performed using a standard frequency reference, as well as the stabilized frequency reference transfer system transmitting over 77 km of fiber-optic cable, to be directly compared. Results are presented for the fractional frequency stability and phase-drift of the stabilized frequency reference transfer system for celestial calibrator observations at 5 GHz and 25 GHz. These observations plus additional laboratory results for the transferred signal stability over a 166 km metropolitan fiber-optic link are used to show that the stabilized transfer system under test exceeds all SKA phase-stability requirements under a broad range of observing conditions. Furthermore, we have shown that alternative reference dissemination systems that use multiple synthesizers to supply reference signals to sub-sections of an array may limit the imaging capability of the telescope., 12 pages, accepted to The Astronomical Journal

Enbridge Liquids Pipelines (Enbridge) operates over 26,000 km of liquid pipelines in Canada and the US, administers a system-wide geohazard management program to identify, investigate and monitor geohazards, and performs remediation as required. An integral part of the geohazard management program is real-time flood monitoring, where pipeline watercourse crossings affected by flooding are identified and flood levels monitored. Watercourse crossings where the pipelines have a high potential to become exposed, to span, and potentially to fail during a flood event are studied in more detail. This flood monitoring program automatically monitors publicly available real-time stream gauge flow measurements and compares these measurements to estimated discharge thresholds for the crossing under evaluation. Thresholds are related to the current pipeline depth of cover (DOC) and the amount of scour that can occur over a range of flood magnitudes. Thresholds include: 1) the estimated peak flow to expose the top of the pipe, “exposure flow”, 2) the estimated peak discharge and associated flow velocities that could create enough free spanning pipe for the onset of vortex induced vibration (VIV) fatigue failure, “flow of concern”, and 3) where additional mechanical assessment taking account of specific pipe properties, data requirements and circumstances has been carried out, the “critical flow”, the estimated average peak flow and duration that has the potential to result in product release due to VIV once a sufficient pipe span length has developed, “critical flow”. This paper is a case study of an assessment and flood monitoring of one of Enbridge’s Mississippi River pipeline crossings, which has a history of flood-related pipeline exposure and subsequent mitigations. During real-time monitoring of a 2015 flood event the “exposure flow” and “flow of concern” thresholds for this crossing were exceeded, resulting in a decision by Enbridge to shut down the pipeline. Subsequent surveys revealed that the pipe had become exposed and was spanning adjacent to the previously remediated area. The previous mitigation likely limited the length of pipe exposure and pipe span. Added complexity was encountered during the post shutdown DOC survey, which needed to be completed as quickly and safely as possible after flood levels declined to allow for an assessment of the actual condition of the pipeline prior to restart. This paper presents a methodology that could allow pipeline operators to identify river crossings susceptible to pipe exposure, and the potential for freespan development, due to flooding, by providing an understanding of what is likely happening to the cover over the pipe at a particular crossing during a flood event. This provides a tool to better manage pipeline river crossings experiencing flooding. As far as the authors are aware, this case study represents the first time a pipeline has been shut down based on real-time flows and thresholds in the United States.

This essay attempts to disclose a uniquely volatile nexus that implicates – and perhaps, reinvigorates – a postcolonial analytics of insurgency. This nexus includes three strands of inquiry: the first is the so-called Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), which really is – albeit in a qualified sense – revolutionary. War is doing new things with time and space through culture, media, and data technology, and in the process is mutating not only what it means to be a part of this or that national group but is also changing what it means to be human. The second strand of inquiry focuses on the legacy of postcolonial studies, particularly the notion of ‘writing back’ which, I contend, is an apposite starting point for writing critically about the RMA. Apposite though it is, there are limits to postcolonial studies in the contemporary war context. This is so because while the divisions of individual difference are shifting, the coherence of the nation state itself is undergoing radical change. Moving outward i...

Clinical depression is a common medical condition that has pro-found economic implications for individuals, their employers andsociety at large [1].Among others, the Canadian PsychiatricAsso-ciation has fostered research into lowering the work impact ofmental disorders [2]. To reduce the impact of depression onworking Canadians, the Canadian Network for Mood and AnxietyTreatments (CANMAT) has produced a modular continuinghealth education (CHE) programme for family doctors called

This article puts an emerging war doctrine archive through the paces of its philosophical analogues. Establishing in the first part of the article the “weaponizing of culture” (a now-common U.S. military phrase), which is occurring autogenically, that is, within and without the remnants of the liberal representative state, the author argues that war is now a fully operational part of the organizational work that terms like community, culture, and humanity are now doing (and doing differently than before). War in the sense invoked here is activated at various levels of intensity and visibility (think Katrina, the Patriot Act, Wall Street) as a civil or civilian war within the United States that is everywhere present but is hardly recognizable as such. In addressing one essential area of governmentality—demographics—the author makes the case for a change in liberal governmental reason that is evident in the U.S. Census 2000, concluding that demography has taken a uniquely post–civil rights turn in the unprecedented context of a coming U.S. white minority. Categorical self-identification within the permeable race and ethnic categories that the state now endorses paradoxically releases it from whatever previous civil-rights obligations the state may have had. In unpacking how this process works—call it autogenic violence at the level precisely of “recognition”—this article revisits Habermas's reliance on a juridically grounded base for intersubjectivity. Habermas extends the appeal for liberal international law to an updated endorsement of Kant's quest for perpetual cosmopolitan peace. With the problem of history and the relationship between temporality and the “cultural” disciplines such as philosophy in mind, the author updates Habermas's updating of Kant in a context of perpetual war that neither figure is willing to imagine.

This paper examines contemporary debates around the US Census, US National Security Strategy, and various documents of postmodern war doctrine to delineate a mutation in domestic social order that is consistent both with the end of civil rights and with US planetary ambition. At one level this paper serves to critique a liberal progressive-activist tendency in the US that remains preoccupied with the very racial oppositions that such a tendency also ironically condemns. The contemporary juridical ethos finds its political analogue not in a post-white “cosmopolitan legal order,” as many would hope, but in the new absolutism of `World-American' rule. At a second level, then, this paper seeks to complicate and challenge US planetary ambition by describing what is ultimately an autogenic form of warfare, a declaration within civil society of a war between the US and itself. The pervasive fractalization of civil rights based forms of domestic social order, and equally, the new minoritarian condition of whiteness, provide apposite bases from within which to rethink race politics in an age of failed states.

This essay provides critical elaboration of post-Katrina New Orleans as a way to begin theorizing the appearance of a new political order predicated on total warfare. Along these lines, the "gulf war at home," or what has also been called the "Leviathan in Louisiana," are phrases that mark a new form of national order adrift between the militarization of civil society and the ruins of the welfare state. The emergence of the "warfare state" puts into play new political problems, introduces new enigmas of temporality, and fully saturates knowledge with violence and infinite conflict. My argument is that the "strategic polyvalence" implicit to global southern "urbanized insurgence" reveals potential for what might be called a post-white Digger ontology. The lessons of Katrina call for a pan-ethnic, radically militant, minoritarian future that is internal to the decomposition of the welfare state. Such a future holds forth, I suggest, according to an appropriate historical mutation, what Mike Davis calls, a "tropicaliz[ed]... version of the 'City on a Hill'."