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This Indigenous-led project aims to better understand historical and contemporary ways in which Alaska Native Peoples steward salmon and the values connected to salmon stewardship. Indigenous Peoples have stewarded Alaska lands and waters for thousands of years yet have been largely excluded from western science and management systems. In this project, we utilize a participatory approach that allows for the equitable valuing of ideas and knowledges to document the breadth and depth of Yup'ik and Athabascan knowledge and governance systems in southwestern Alaska. We reshape research methodologies by centering Indigenous frameworks and methodologies, including circle dialogues and multi-generational interviews led by Indigenous scholars and students in their home communities and regions. In this paper, we share the Yup'ik and Athabascan values, knowledge, management, and governance mechanisms that can improve the long-term sustainability and equity of Alaska salmon systems. This research elevates the voices of Alaska Native salmon stewards and experts from the Kuskokwim Bay and the Kuskokwim River. We elaborate on five key themes that emerged from this research, including traditional Indigenous ways of life, Indigenous stewardship, self-determination, food and livelihood sovereignty, and ecosystem changes, and identify a more equitable and sustainable path forward for salmon and people in Alaska.

Abstract The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a forthcoming powerful high-luminosity facility, represents an exciting opportunity to explore new physics. In this article, we study the potential of the EIC to probe the coupling between axion-like particles (ALPs) and photons in coherent scattering. The ALPs can be produced via photon fusion and decay back to two photons inside the EIC detector. In a prompt-decay search, we find that the EIC can set the most stringent bound for m a ≲ 20 GeV and probe the effective scales Λ ≲ 105 GeV. In a displaced-vertex search, which requires adopting an EM calorimeter technology that provides directionality, the EIC could probe ALPs with m a ≲ 1 GeV at effective scales Λ ≲ 107 GeV. Combining the two search strategies, the EIC can probe a significant portion of unexplored parameter space in the 0.2 < m a < 20 GeV mass range.

Summary: Background: GBP510 vaccine contains self-assembling, recombinant nanoparticles displaying SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domains. We report interim phase 3 immunogenicity results for GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 (GBP510/AS03) compared with ChAdOx1-S (Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca) in healthy adults aged ≥18 years, up to 6 months after the second dose. Methods: This was a randomised, active-controlled, observer-blinded, parallel group, phase 3 study, conducted at 38 sites across six countries (South Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Ukraine and New Zealand). Cohort 1 (no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 vaccination) was randomised 2:1 to receive two doses of GBP510/AS03 or ChAdOx1-S (immunogenicity and safety), while Cohort 2 (regardless of baseline serostatus) was randomised 5:1 (safety). Primary objectives were to demonstrate superiority in geometric mean titre (GMT) and non-inferiority in seroconversion rate (SCR; ≥4-fold rise from baseline) of GBP510/AS03 vs. ChAdOx1-S for neutralising antibodies against the ancestral strain by live-virus neutralisation assay. Secondary objectives included assessment of safety and reactogenicity (long-term 6 months cut-off date: 09 August 2022). This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05007951). Findings: Between 30 August 2021 and 11 January 2022, a total of 4913 participants were screened and 4036 participants (1956 in Cohort 1 and 2080 in Cohort 2) who met eligibility criteria were enrolled and randomised to receive 2 doses of GBP510/AS03 (n = 3039) or ChAdOx1-S (n = 997). Most participants were Southeast Asian (81.5%) and aged 18–64 years (94.7%). The primary objectives assessed in per-protocol set included 877 participants in GBP510/AS03 and 441 in ChAdOx1-S group: at 2 weeks after the second vaccination, the GMT ratio (GBP510/AS03/ChAdOx1-S) in per-protocol set was 2.93 (95% CI 2.63–3.27), demonstrating superiority (95% CI lower limit >1) of GBP510/AS03; the between-group SCR difference of 10.8% (95% CI 7.68–14.32) also satisfied the non-inferiority criterion (95% CI lower limit > −5%). Neutralizing antibody titres sustained higher for the GBP510/AS03 group compared to the ChAdOx1-S group through 6 months after the second vaccination. In Safety analysis (Cohort 1 & 2), the proportion of participants with adverse events (AEs) after any vaccination was higher with GBP510/AS03 vs. ChAdOx1-S for solicited local AEs (56.7% vs. 49.2%), but was similar for solicited systemic AEs (51.2% vs. 53.5%) and unsolicited AEs (13.3% vs. 14.6%) up to 28 days after the second vaccination. No safety concerns were identified during follow-up for 6 months after the second vaccination. Interpretation: Our interim findings suggested that GBP510/AS03 met the superiority criterion for neutralising antibodies and non-inferiority criterion for SCR compared with ChAdOx1-S, and showed a clinically acceptable safety profile. Funding: This work was supported, in whole or in part, by funding from CEPI and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Investments INV-010680 and INV-006462. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supported this project for the generation of IND-enabling data and CEPI supported this clinical study.

Abstract In this work, we explore new spin-1 states with axial couplings to the standard model fermions. We develop a data-driven method to estimate their hadronic decay rates based on data from τ decays and using SU(3)flavor symmetry. We derive the current and future experimental constraints for several benchmark models. Our framework is generic and can be used for models with arbitrary vectorial and axial couplings to quarks. We have made our calculations publicly available by incorporating them into the DarkCast package, see https://gitlab.com/darkcast/releases .

Community driven co-design models can help collaborators to respectfully engage in projects that provide much-needed resources and services to underserved communities. For example, partnerships between tribal, academic, and non-profit collaborators have the potential to generate positive outcomes for communities when individual efforts by those same groups may be less successful. However, cultural and spiritual differences between collaborators (particularly tribal and non-tribal) can lead to misunderstandings and negative project outcomes, despite good intentions and an honest effort by collaborators to achieve a common goal. Here, we provide a case study of a community-driven co-design project involving tribal, academic, and private collaborators to design and build a rainwater harvesting system with the Akiak Native Community (ANC), and their tribal council in Alaska, USA. A novel collaborative co-design process honoring the tribal sovereignty of the ANC is emphasized in this case study; a design model that is poorly represented in the literature with real-world examples. Logistics associated with designing and constructing the community-use rainwater harvesting system on Alaskan tribal lands is reviewed but the focus of this work is on the collaborative design process more so than the construction of the water harvesting system end product. More explicitly, the use of multiple approaches to promote collaborator involvement along with an emphasis on developing community driven project goals are highlighted as essential steps in our co-design process.

Abstract A key challenge in searches for resonant new physics is that classifiers trained to enhance potential signals must not induce localized structures. Such structures could result in a false signal when the background is estimated from data using sideband methods. A variety of techniques have been developed to construct classifiers which are independent from the resonant feature (often a mass). Such strategies are sufficient to avoid localized structures, but are not necessary. We develop a new set of tools using a novel moment loss function (Moment Decomposition or MoDe) which relax the assumption of independence without creating structures in the background. By allowing classifiers to be more flexible, we enhance the sensitivity to new physics without compromising the fidelity of the background estimation.

Abstract This document presents the physics case and ancillary studies for the proposed CODEX-b long-lived particle (LLP) detector, as well as for a smaller proof-of-concept demonstrator detector, CODEX- $$\beta $$ β , to be operated during Run 3 of the LHC. Our development of the CODEX-b physics case synthesizes ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ theoretical approaches, providing a detailed survey of both minimal and complete models featuring LLPs. Several of these models have not been studied previously, and for some others we amend studies from previous literature: In particular, for gluon and fermion-coupled axion-like particles. We moreover present updated simulations of expected backgrounds in CODEX-b’s actively shielded environment, including the effects of shielding propagation uncertainties, high-energy tails and variation in the shielding design. Initial results are also included from a background measurement and calibration campaign. A design overview is presented for the CODEX- $$\beta $$ β demonstrator detector, which will enable background calibration and detector design studies. Finally, we lay out brief studies of various design drivers of the CODEX-b experiment and potential extensions of the baseline design, including the physics case for a calorimeter element, precision timing, event tagging within LHCb, and precision low-momentum tracking.

Ammonia (NH3) emission from nondigested nutrients in poultry creates additional adverse environmental impacts on soil, water, air, and health. Mitigating NH3 emission has become vital for the poultry industry to remain sustainable. As the presence of large particles in the feed stimulates the broiler gizzard to retain ingesta in the gastrointestinal tract longer and improve digestive efficiency, the inclusion of large particles in feed may lead to less nitrogen (N) and moisture content (MC) in feces such that lower NH3 production would be expected. This chamber study investigated the effects of dietary coarse corn (CC) inclusion on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, and NH3 emission. One hundred eighty female broilers (Ross 344 × 708 strains) at day 21 were randomly placed in 6 chambers with 2 dietary treatments (0% CC and 50% CC), with 3 chambers per treatment and 30 birds per chamber for 3 wks. The results showed that the 50% CC inclusion (1) decreased broiler feed intake and BW without affecting mortality-adjusted feed conversion ratio from day 21 to 42; (2) increased gizzard weight and decreased proventriculus weight; (3) decreased N content and MC in litter; and (4) decreased NH3 concentrations in the chambers, as well as NH3 emission from the chambers. Dietary CC inclusion could be an effective way to mitigate broiler litter N content and MC as well as NH3 emission.

Osteochondral defects of the ankle (OCD) are being increasingly identified as a clinically significant consequence of injury to the ankle, with the potential to lead to osteoarthritis if left untreated. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate a single-stage treatment of OCD, based on bone marrow aspirate (BMA) centrifuged to produce bone marrow concentrate (BMC). In a dual syringe, the concentrate was mixed with thrombin in one syringe, whereas hyaluronan and fibrinogen were mixed in a second syringe. The two mixtures were then injected and combined into the prepared defect. Clinical outcome and quality of life scores (MOXFQ and EQ-5D) were collected at baseline and yearly thereafter. Multilevel models were used to analyse the pattern of scores over time. Ninety-four patients were treated between 2015 and 2020. The means of each of the three components of the MOXFQ significantly improved between baseline and 1 year (p < 0.001 for each component), with no further change from year 1 to year 3. The EQ-5D index also improved significantly from baseline to 1 year, with no evidence for further change. Our results strongly indicate that this BMC treatment is safe for, and well tolerated by, patients with OCD of the ankle as both primary treatment and those who have failed primary treatment. This technique provides a safe, efficacious alternative to currently employed cartilage repair techniques, with favourable outcomes and a low complication rate at 36 months.

There has been a substantial research focus on the presence of pesticides in flowers and the subsequent exposure to honeybees. Here we demonstrate for the first time that honeybees can also be exposed to pharmaceuticals, commonly present in wastewater. Residues of carbamazepine (an anti-epileptic drug) up to 371 ng/mL and 30 µg/g were detected in nectar and pollen sampled from zucchini flowers (Cucurbita pepo) grown in carbamazepine spiked soil (0.5–20 µg/g). Under realistic exposure conditions from the use of recycled wastewater, carbamazepine concentrations were estimated to be 0.37 ng/L and 30 ng/kg in nectar and pollen, respectively. Incorporation of environmentally relevant carbamazepine residues in nectar and pollen into a modelling framework able to simulate beehive dynamics including the honeybee foraging activity at the landscape scale (BEEHAVE and BEESCOUT) enabled the simulation of carbamazepine translocation from zucchini fields into honeybee hives. Carbamazepine accumulation was modelled in 11 beehives across a 25 km2 landscape over three years chosen to represent distinct climatic conditions. During a single flowering period, carbamazepine concentrations were simulated to range between 0 and 2478 ng per beehive. The amount of carbamazepine gathered not only varied across the simulated years but there were also differences in accumulation of carbamazepine between beehives within the same year. This work illustrates a fundamental first step in assessing the risk of pharmaceuticals to bees through realistic scenarios by demonstrating a method to quantify potential exposure of honeybees at the landscape scale. Pharmaceuticals are being inadvertently but increasingly applied to agricultural lands globally via the use of wastewater for agricultural irrigation in response to water scarcity problems. We have demonstrated a route of pharmaceutical exposure to honeybees via contaminated nectar and pollen. Given the biological potency of pharmaceuticals, accumulation of these chemicals in nectar and pollen suggest potential implications for honeybee health, with unknown ecosystem consequences. Keywords: Nectar, Pollen, Plant accumulation, Emerging contaminants, Carbamazepine, Honeybee

Abstract Searches for dark photons provide serendipitous discovery potential for other types of vector particles. We develop a framework for recasting dark photon searches to obtain constraints on more general theories, which includes a data-driven method for determining hadronic decay rates. We demonstrate our approach by deriving constraints on a vector that couples to the B-L current, a leptophobic B boson that couples directly to baryon number and to leptons via B-γ kinetic mixing, and on a vector that mediates a protophobic force. Our approach can easily be generalized to any massive gauge boson with vector couplings to the Standard Model fermions, and software to perform any such recasting is provided at https://gitlab.com/philten/darkcast.

Indigenous Peoples and salmon in the lands now called Alaska have been closely entwined for at least 12,000 years. Salmon continue to be central to the ways of life of Alaska Natives, contributing to physical, social, economic, cultural, spiritual, psychological, and emotional well-being. Salmon have also become important to Alaskan settlers. Our research and advisory team conducted a synthesis of what is known about these diverse human-salmon relationships, drawing on 865 published scientific studies; Indigenous knowledge; state, federal, and tribal data; archival materials; oral histories; and cross-cultural dialogs at working group meetings. Two important socio-cultural dimensions of salmon-people systems emerged from this synthesis as fundamentally important but largely invisible outside of Indigenous communities and the social science disciplines that work closely with these communities: (1) the deep relationships between Indigenous Peoples and salmon and (2) the pronounced inequities that threaten these relationships and stewardship systems. These deep relationships are evident in the spiritual, cultural, social, and economic centrality of salmon across time and cultures in Alaska. We describe Indigenous salmon stewardship systems for the Tlingit, Ahtna, and Central Yup'ik. The inequities in Alaska's salmon systems are evident in the criminalization and limitation of traditional fishing ways of life and the dramatic alienation of Indigenous fishing rights. The loss of fish camps and legal battles over traditional hunting and fishing rights through time has caused deep hardship and stress. Statewide, the commodification and marketization of commercial fishing rights has dispossessed Indigenous communities from their human and cultural rights to fishing ways of life; as a result, many rural and Indigenous youth struggle to gain access to fishing livelihoods, leaving many fishing communities in a precarious state. These deep relationships and relatively recent fractures have motivated a concerted effort by a group of committed Indigenous and western scholars to better understand the root causes and opportunities for redress, as well as to document the breadth of research that has already been conducted, in an effort to improve the visibility of these often-overlooked dimensions of our salmon systems.

Salmon are intrinsic to health and well-being in Alaska, and sit at the center of myriad social, cultural, and spiritual practices, norms, and values. These practices and values are essential to living and being well in many communities in Alaska, but often remain invisible and unaccounted for in management contexts. This paper stems from the collective efforts of a cross-disciplinary, cross-cultural project team brought together as part of the State of Alaska's Salmon and People (SASAP) knowledge synthesis project. In this paper, we assess the sustainability and equity of Alaska salmon systems through a well-being framework. Key objectives include (1) defining and conceptualizing well-being in the context of Alaska salmon systems; (2) developing and assessing well-being indicators for Alaska salmon systems; and (3) evaluating how well-being concepts are currently incorporated into Alaska salmon management and suggesting improvements. We draw on specific examples to evaluate the application of well-being indicators as a tool to more effectively measure and evaluate social considerations, and discuss how to better integrate well-being concepts into governance and management to improve data collection and decision making. As part of this effort, we discuss trends and inequities in Alaska fisheries and communities that impact well-being, and tensions between equality and equity in the context of Alaska salmon management.

Inherited thrombocytopenias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormally low platelet counts which can be associated with abnormal bleeding. Next-generation sequencing has previously been employed in these disorders for the confirmation of suspected genetic abnormalities, and more recently in the discovery of novel disease-causing genes. However its full potential has not yet been exploited. Over the past 6 years we have sequenced the exomes from 55 patients, including 37 index cases and 18 additional family members, all of whom were recruited to the UK Genotyping and Phenotyping of Platelets study. All patients had inherited or sustained thrombocytopenia of unknown etiology with platelet counts varying from 11×109/L to 186×109/L. Of the 51 patients phenotypically tested, 37 (73%), had an additional secondary qualitative platelet defect. Using whole exome sequencing analysis we have identified “pathogenic” or “likely pathogenic” variants in 46% (17/37) of our index patients with thrombocytopenia. In addition, we report variants of uncertain significance in 12 index cases, including novel candidate genetic variants in previously unreported genes in four index cases. These results demonstrate that whole exome sequencing is an efficient method for elucidating potential pathogenic genetic variants in inherited thrombocytopenia. Whole exome sequencing also has the added benefit of discovering potentially pathogenic genetic variants for further study in novel genes not previously implicated in inherited thrombocytopenia.

Mike WilliamsHead of Service, Cambridge University Dental Service, Cambridge, UKAbstract: This article examines the legal and ethical issues that surround the confidentiality of medical records, particularly in relation to patients who are HIV positive. It records some historical background of the HIV epidemic, and considers the relative risks of transmission of HIV from individual to individual. It explains the law as it pertains to confidentiality, and reports the professional guidance in these matters. It then considers how these relate to HIV-positive individuals in particular.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, confidentiality, medical records