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This study investigated the somatic chromosome numbers and morphometric properties of 11 different taxa belonging to the genus Cuscuta L., which is one of the parasitic flowering plants and causes significant economic losses on agricultural products. For this purpose, the species were examined karyologically and compared statistically. Belonging to the genus Cuscuta, C. campestris Yunck., C. hyalina Roth, C. kotschyana Boiss., C. babylonica Aucher ex Choisy, C. europaea L., C. kurdica Engelm., C. brevistyla A.Braun ex A.Rich, C. planiflora Ten., C. approximata Bab., C. lupuliformis Krock. C. palaestina Boiss. the chromosome number and morphology of the species were investigated using karyological techniques. Chromosome numbers of the species; C. kotschyana, C. babylonica, C. europaea, C. kurdica, C.planiflora 2n=14; C. campestris, C. hyalina, C. approximata, C. lupuliformis, and C. palaestina 2n=28 and C. brevistyla 2n=42 is determined. Also, the species’ chromosome number, total chromosome length, relative length, arm ratio, centromere index and centromere states, and karyotype asymmetry values were determined. Chromosome numbers of C. kotschyana and C. kurdica taxa were defined for the first time in this study. Thus, new data on the systematics of these species have been revealed.

Background: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a global health catastrophe by affecting the human population around the globe. Unfortunately, there is no specific medication or treatment currently available for COVID-19. Objective: It is extremely important to find effective drug treatment in order to put an end to this pandemic period and return to normal daily life. In this context and considering the urgency, rather than focusing on the discovery of novel compounds, it is critical to explore the effects of existing herbal agents with proven antiviral properties on the virus. Method: Molecular docking studies were carried out employing three different methods, Glide extra precision (XP) docking, induced fit docking (IFD), and molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA), to determine the potential antiviral and antibacterial effects of 58 phytochemicals present in Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymbra spicata, Satureja thymbra, and Stachys lavandulifolia plants against the main protease (Mpro) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) enzymes. Results: 7 compounds stood out among all the molecules, showing very high binding affinities. According to our findings, the substances chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and rosmanol exhibited extremely significant binding affinities for both Mpro and ACE2 enzymes. Furthermore, carnosic acid and alphacadinol showed potent anti-Mpro activity, whereas caffeic acid and carvacrol exhibited promising anti- ACE2 activity. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, carnosic acid, alpha-cadinol, caffeic acid, and carvacrol compounds have been shown to be powerful anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents in docking simulations against Mpro and ACE2 enzymes, as well as ADME investigations.

This study performed statistical analyses based on chromosome micromorphology of 18 Centaurea taxa, two of which are endemic. ANOVA, Correlation analysis, Discriminant analysis and Cluster analysis were performed to determine the relationships between taxa based on chromosomal features. In addition, according to the data obtained from these analyses, the relationships between taxa and sections were tried to be interpreted. As a result of the analyses, the taxa C. drabifolia Sm. floccosa (Boiss.) Wagenitz & Greuter, C. kotschyi (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek var. floccosa (Boiss.) Wagenitz and C. behen L. and C. polypodiifolia Boiss pseudobehen (Boiss.) Wagenitz were located close to each other. These taxa are located in the same sections in the morphological classification. Besides, in the Discriminant analysis, the taxa of Acrocentron, Microlophus, Cheirolepis sections were closely located compared to all other taxa. However, results were not seen to cover all taxa of the sections. This study revealed various chromosomal characteristics of some Centaurea taxa distributed in the Eastern Anatolia. It also performed statistical analyses on these data. While determining the relationships between taxa according to chromosomal characteristics, comparing chromosomal formulas and indices collectively and evaluating the relationships was found to be relatively consistent with morphological classification.

In this study, a statistical analysis was performed on mitotic metaphase chromosomes of 26 Lathyrus taxa, four of which are endemic. ANOVA, correlation analysis, PCA and cluster analysis were performed to determine the relationships between taxa based on chromosomal criteria. The morphological similarities of plant taxa and chromosomal statistics results may not be always parallel to each other. According to the findings obtained as a result of analysis, the following taxa, which are close to each other were determined: L. hirsutus - L. odoratus, L. brachypterus var. haussknechtii - L. phaselitanus, L. stenophyllus - L. chloranthus, L. gorgoni var. gorgoni - L. nissolia - L. pratensis, L. tuberosus - L. annuus.

One of the important causes of air pollution is automobile emissions Automobile exhausts can be toxic and harmful to plants. In light of this, this study aimed to examine the anatomical and micromorphological effects of auto exhaust pollution on Pistacia vera L. (Pistachio), an important agricultural plant. Pistachio leaflet samples taken from heavy traffic areas and rural areas were compared anatomically and micromorphologically. Also, the data were statistically evaluated. As a result of the study, it was seen that there are anatomical and micromorphological differences between the plant in the rural area and the plant in the heavy traffic area in the city center where air pollution and the number of cars are high. In particular, significant differences were detected in the epidermis surface and cuticle structure, trichome cover, stomatal characteristics, as well as mesophyll width, and epidermis anticlinal outer wall width. As a result, the study revealed that the agriculturally important P. vera is affected by pollution anatomically and micromorphologically.

In this study, three hybrids of Origanum (Lamiaceae) were examined in detail using morphological, karyological, palynological and molecular approaches. One of the three hybrids, O. × aytacii, is he...

Origanum munzurense Kit Tan & Sorger (Sect. Brevifilamentum Ietsw.) was described by Kit Tan & Sorger in 1984, and it is an accepted species related to O. acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietsw. belonging t...

Bu çalışmada; Akdağ (Dursunbey/Balıkesir)’da yayılış gösteren endemik ve nadir taksonlar tespit edilmiş ve IUCN tehdit kategorileri ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada ayrıca bölgede taksonlar üzerindeki baskı faktörleri de belirlenmiştir. Güncel olarak alanda 42 tane endemik, 2 tane de nadir takson bulunmaktadır. Alandaki endemizm oranı %9.50’dir. Güncel IUCN tehdit kategorilerine göre alanda; CR (Çok tehlikede) 1, EN (Tehlikede) 2, VU (Zarar görebilir) 7, NT (Tehdit altına girebilir) 5 ve LC (En az endişe verici) kategorilerinde 26 takson bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, alanda DD (Veri yetersiz) kategorisinde 1 taksonun varlığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada bazı taksonların yeni IUCN’e göre statüleri de güncellenmiştir. Ayrıca 44 taksonun global düzeyde LC kategorisinde tehdit altında olduğu belirtilmiştir. Araştırma alanında endemik taksonlar açısından ciddi bir tehdit olmamakla birlikte, yangın ve hayvancılık faaliyetleri kısmen de olsa bazı taksonlar için tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada bu tehditler için çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur., In this study, endemic and rare species have been determined in Akdağ (Dursunbey/Balıkesir). IUCN threat categories of endemic and rare species were presented in the region.The stress factors on the plants in the region were also determined in the study. Currently, there are 42 endemic and 2 rare plants in the area and the endemism rate in the area is 9.50%. According to the current IUCN; There are CR (Very Endangered) 1, EN (Endangered) 2, VU (Vulnerable) 7, NT (Endangered) 5, LC (Least Concern) 26 and DD (Data Deficient) 1 taxa in the categories. In the paper, the statuses of some taxa according to the new IUCN were also updated. It has also been stated that 44 taxa are under threat in the LC category at global level. In the research area, no serious threat factor has been identified in terms of endemic taxa. Although no serious threat factor has been identified in terms of endemic taxa in the research area, fire and livestock activities in the region are partly a threat for the endemic and rare taxa. In addition, various recommendations have been made in terms of threats.

The Asteraceae family is the largest in the plant kingdom in the world. Gundelia is a genus that belongs to this family and is commonly referred to as the kenger name in Anatolia. Gundelia dersim is also an endemic species defined from Eastern Anatolia. In this study, anatomical, palynological and biochemical properties of G. dersim were discussed. When the anatomical structure of G. dersim was examined, it was seen that the mesophyll type, in which the midrib of the leaf was developed, was unifacial. There are too many sclerenchymatic cells in the vascular bundles. In addition, laticifer elements were seen on the stem and leaf. Also, it was observed that the pollen of the species is in echinate ornamentation and pollen grains are radial symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate. Following biochemical analysis, pigment analysis, total carbohydrate and lipid peroxidation were performed. The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content of the species in both stem and leaf were analyzed, and the most chlorophyll content was found in the leaf. With this research, for the first time, a detailed anatomical investigation was conducted on the genus Gundelia, and it is a current view with the first consideration of the anatomical, palynological and biochemical aspects of G. dersim.

The purpose of this study was to determine the ethnobotanical features of taxa belonging to the genus Stachys L. in Turkish Flora. Their vernacular names and local usages patterns have been determined. To determine the ethnobotanical uses of Stachys L. taxa; ethnobotanical studies made in Turkey have examined. Also, the field study carried out in different regions in Turkey. The ethnobotanical use of 38 Stachys L. taxa (29 species) has been identified in Turkey. The first 2 species that are used most: S. lavandulifolia and S. cretica. They are used 59 different of the vernacular names for Stachys L. taxa in Turkey, They are mostly known in Anatolia as “Dağ çayı”. Also ‘’Bareş’’, ‘‘Çaye çe’’, ‘Rıhena tehtan’ and ‘‘Tokalı çay’’ are among the names given. Stachys L. species are generally consumed as a herbal tea for medicinal in Turkey. Besides, they are used for as powder for animal disease, gargle for sore throat and handkerchief and hair accessories (both from leaves) for children. In terms of food as a spice, only the S. mardinensis species was observed. Stachys L. taxa have been revealed that they are being used in the treatment of about 40 different diseases and symptoms. Top diseases and symptoms treated with Stachys L. taxa: stomathic, cold, cough and diabetes. The most used parts of the plants are listed aerial parts and leaves.

Satıl, Fatih (Balikesir Author), In this study; comparative anatomical and micromorphological studies were performed on the subsection Distantes of the Stachys L. genus (Lamiaceae). Also, it was determined distinctive anatomical characters for the taxa of subsection in the study. In anatomical studies, free-hand cross-sections and the paraffin embedding method was applied with the microtome. Micromorphological studies were performed in LM (Light Microscope) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). In anatomical studies, besides of similarities in stem and leaf structures there were also some differences in taxa. In micromorphological studies, the trichome and nutlet characteristics were found to be useful characters on taxa and at species and subspecies level. As a result of the study, the presence of sclerenchyma like a bundle in the stem structure and the presence and types of glandular trichomes and ornamentation on the surface of nutlet, the presence of the wing and ventral structure in the nutlet were important characters that can be used to distinguish taxa. According to the numerical findings, trichome and nutlet micromorphological characters were more important than anatomical characters.