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Traditional African pastoral tribes face the challenge of new phenomena of social character. In this article, the authors discuss the case of Umoja - the ‘only women’s village’ in Samburu County (Kenya) and the life situation of its residents (women, children). Informal interviews and in situ observations conducted in October 2021 as well as the relevant publications, were the main sources of information on the functioning of this women-only settlement. The socio-cultural phenomenon of Umoja combines two dilemmas: the first concerns the life of Umoja residents, the need to provide them with living conditions and personal development (education, health), and the second reveals the participation of the village’s activities in the idea of women’s emancipation and empowerment through the development of contacts of Umoja women with the ‘outside world’. Although transformation of Umoja daily life into a tourist product (commodification) provides its residents with the means of income, the Umoja women’s resistance act to the status of women in the Samburu community aims at a change in values in this traditional tribal culture.

Samburu’s view on conservancies in the perspective of the benefits and losses The article discusses the issue of attitudes of the Samburu ethnic group towards ’conservancies’ as the form of nature protection. The exploratory interviews (n = 12) were conducted among representatives of the Samburu community in northern Kenya. The aim of the research was to identify how Samburu perceive conservancies, considering current and expected consequences resulting from the development of this conservation form. The results show that the members of the Samburu community recognize the value of conservancies mainly through the economic benefits (gainful employment), as well as nature protection which is consistent with their religious values system (animism). However, the development of conservancies implying regulated access to natural resources (pasturelands) is seen as the real threat to their traditional pastoral culture. The attitudes of the local communities manifest a lack of trust in the management entities of the conservancies in the context of growing tensions between tribes over access to pasturelands. Consequently, prolonged droughts (climate change) may lead to a radical decrease in support for the idea of nature protection among members of the Samburu tribal elders. Zarys treści: Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie postaw przedstawicieli grupy etnicznej Samburu wobec obszarowej formy ochrony przyrody w postaci conservancy. Przeprowadzono n = 12 wywiadów eksploracyjnych z przedstawicielami tejże społeczności w północnej Kenii. Celem badań było rozpoznanie sposobu, w jaki ludność Samburu postrzega conservancies, biorąc pod uwagę rzeczywiste i oczekiwane konsekwencje wynikające z rozwoju tej formy ochronnej. Rezultaty badań wskazują, że społeczność Samburu dostrzega wartość conservancies głównie przez pryzmat korzyści ekonomicznych (praca zarobkowa), a także ochrony przyrody, która jest zgodna z ich systemem wartości religijnych (animizm). Rozwój conservancies i związana z tym regulacja w dostępie do zasobów przyrody (pastwiska) są jednak postrzegane jako realne zagrożenia dla ich kultury pasterskiej. Nadto postawy lokalnych społeczności są nacechowane brakiem zaufania do podmiotów zarządzających conservancies, co w kontekście narastających napięć pomiędzy plemionami pasterskimi wokół dostępu do pastwisk, m.in. za sprawą przedłużających się susz (zmiany klimatyczne), może doprowadzić do radykalnego obniżenia poparcia dla idei ochrony przyrody wśród członków starszyzny plemiennej Samburu.

This study aims to comprehend relations between environmental determinants and agritourism by example of the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. As a basis for the research of this specific content the representation about agrarian recreational-tourist complexes (ARTCs) was developed and applied (ARTCs are special territorial and intersectoral integrities which largely depend on environmental determinants). Agritourism development is presented as the most important prerequisite for different successful tourism activities in Kazakhstan. With use of the developed instruments, information of different types and cartographical data 15 ARTCs were identified within the Almaty region as well as the influence of the environmental determinants for agritourism was studied. In bare outlines, the methods of functional agritourism and ecological agritourism analysis of the ARTCs’ territory based on analysis of the environmental determinants are described. The results of the research can be used for the establishment of prospects for agritourism development within the ARTCs as well as for the development of address recommendation system.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, w świetle stanu badań, najpoważniejszych zastrzeżeń formułowanych wobec koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju turystyki, a także ograniczeń wdrażania jej założeń w praktyce. Wskazano m.in. na niejednoznaczność interpretacji pojęcia „zrównoważenie” i wynikające z tego konsekwencje metodologiczne w studiach nad turystyką, problem pomiaru oraz oceny stopnia „zrównoważenia” zjawisk i procesów w turystyce, a także na społeczny sprzeciw wobec propozycji samoograniczania konsumpcji turystycznej oraz sytuację niestabilności warunków klimatycznych i gospodarczopolitycznych, uniemożliwiających implementację zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju na obszarach recepcji turystycznej. W konkluzji rozważań wysunięto tezę o potrzebie dookreślenia nowego paradygmatu turystyki zrównoważonej, nieodwołującego się wprost do imperatywu zgodnego (harmonijnego) łączenia wielu celów rozwoju turystyki i wartości.

The article is an attempt at diagnosing the factors and barriers of a national park’s commercial cooperation with market operators. For the case study, Babia Góra National Park (BGNP), located in Polish Carpathian Mountains, was selected. The exploratory research was conducted through an interview survey in a group of 50 local market operators who engaged in transactions with BGNP. Diverse legal, organisational, spatial and human factors were identified, which affected the scope and type of these operators’ business cooperation with BGNP. Certain cooperation factors and barriers are universal and are an illustration of issues encountered by Polish national parks in their operation within the new legal environment.

This paper takes on the legal aspects of the functioning of agritourism farms in Poland. An analasis of legal requirements allowed us to determine the legal criterion of identification of such facilities. This criterion was used to identify the actual number of agritourism farms in the area of Małopolska voivodeship among selected n = 930 facilities that operate under the banner of "agritourism" or use it for marketing purposes. Test results show a considerable degree of misuse of the terms "agritourism" and "agritourism farma" - terms which are not legally registered in Poland in relation to facilities and providing tourism services. Lack of legal protection of a generic "agritourism" in Poland, allows the use of the name "agritourism" for other forms of tourism projects in rural tourism, associated with, but not directly connected with the farm. There is emerging concem, that the lack of clear regulatory and legal terminology in Poland can cause adulteration of the agritourim offer.

The paper explores the issue of competitiveness in the field of tourism. Assuming an economic perspective and basing on a discussion of the issue with respect to tourist destinations, the paper looks at this type of analysis in the field of the geography of tourism. The paper utilizes systems analysis to create a competitiveness research model for multifunctional tourist destinations, which factors in a spectrum of determinants driving local tourist development.