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We present the first detection in space of thionylimide (HNSO) toward the Galactic center molecular cloud G + 0.693-0.027, thanks to the superb sensitivity of an ultradeep molecular line survey carried out with the Yebes 40 m and IRAM 30 m telescopes. This molecule is the first species detected in the interstellar medium containing, simultaneously, N, S, and O. We have identified numerous K _a = 0, 1, and 2 transitions belonging to HNSO covering from J _up = 2 to J _up =10, including several completely unblended features. We derive a molecular column density of N = (8 ± 1)×10 ^13 cm ^−2 , yielding a fractional abundance relative to H _2 of ∼6 × 10 ^−10 , which is about ∼37 and ∼4.8 times less abundant than SO and SO _2 , respectively. Although there are still many unknowns in the interstellar chemistry of NSO-bearing molecules, we propose that HNSO is likely formed through the reaction of the NSO radical and atomic H on the surface of icy grains, with alternative routes also deserving exploration. Finally, HNSO appears as a promising link between N, S, and O interstellar chemistry, and its discovery paves the route to the detection of a new family of molecules in space.

This paper studies the Spanish translation of William Styron’s The Confessions of Nat Turner. It observes the effects that institutional and self-censorship have had in Andrés Bosch’s version, first published in 1968 by Lumen as Las Confesiones de Nat Turner. Presented as the fictional autobiography of a historical figure, the novel is based on a failed revolt that took place in a Virginia plantation in 1831. The source context is described and contrasted with the target one, paying attention to the paratexts that have conditioned the novel’s reception in Spain. Accessing the General Archive of the Administration shows that Bosch’s translation was self-censored in a possible attempt to avoid the institutional intervention that would have delayed the book’s publication. Research also shows that this same version is the one being republished in the early twenty-first century.

Objective: Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a commonly used antitussive medication with positive effects in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, since it increases glucose tolerance and protects pancreatic islets from cell death. However, its use as an antidiabetic medication is limited due to its central nervous side effects and potential use as a recreational drug. Therefore, we recently modified DXM chemically to reduce its blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration and central side effects. However, our best compound interacted with the cardiac potassium channel hERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene product) and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). Thus, the goal of this study was to reduce the interaction of our compound with these targets, while maintaining its beneficial properties. Methods: Receptor and channel binding assays were conducted to evaluate the drug safety of our DXM derivative. Pancreatic islets were used to investigate the effect of the compound on insulin secretion and islet cell survival. Via liquor collection from the brain and a behavioral assay, we analyzed the BBB permeability. By performing intraperitoneal and oral glucose tolerance tests as well as pharmacokinetic analyses, the antidiabetic potential and elimination half-life were investigated, respectively. To analyze the islet cell-protective effect, we used fluorescence microscopy as well as flow cytometric analyses. Results: Here, we report the design and synthesis of an optimized, orally available BBB-impermeable DXM derivative with lesser binding to hERG and MOR than previous ones. We also show that the new compound substantially enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from mouse and human islets and glucose tolerance in mice as well as protects pancreatic islets from cell death induced by reactive oxygen species and that it amplifies the effects of tirzepatide on GSIS and islet cell viability. Conclusions: We succeeded to design and synthesize a novel morphinan derivative that is BBB-impermeable, glucose-lowering and islet cell-protective and has good drug safety despite its morphinan and imidazole structures.

We report the first detection in the interstellar medium of N -cyanomethanimine (H _2 CNCN), the stable dimer of HCN of highest energy and the most complex organic molecule identified in space containing the prebiotically relevant NCN backbone. We have identified a plethora of a -type rotational transitions with 3 ≤ J _up ≤ 11 and K _a ≤ 2 that belong to this species toward the Galactic center G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud, the only interstellar source showing the three cyanomethanimine isomers (including the Z - and E -isomers of C -cyanomethanimine, HNCHCN). We have derived a total column density for H _2 CNCN of (2.9 ± 0.1) × 10 ^12 cm ^−2 , which translates into a total molecular abundance with respect to H _2 of (2.1 ± 0.3) × 10 ^−11 . We have also revisited the previous detection of E - and Z -HNCHCN and found a total C / N -cyanomethanimine abundance ratio of 31.8 ± 1.8 and a Z / E -HNCHCN ratio of 4.5 ± 0.2. While the latter can be explained on the basis of thermodynamic equilibrium, chemical kinetics are more likely responsible for the observed C / N -cyanomethanimine abundance ratio, where the gas-phase reaction between methanimine (CH _2 NH) and the cyanogen radical (CN) arises as the primary formation route.

We present the first detection in space of O-protonated carbonyl sulfide (HOCS ^+ ), in the midst of an ultradeep molecular line survey toward the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud. From the observation of all K _a = 0 transitions ranging from J _lo = 2 to J _lo = 13 of HOCS ^+ covered by our survey, we derive a column density of N = (9 ± 2) × 10 ^12 cm ^−2 , translating into a fractional abundance relative to H _2 of ∼7 × 10 ^−11 . Conversely, the S-protonated HSCO ^+ isomer remains undetected, and we derive an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H _2 of ≤3 × 10 ^−11 , a factor of ≥2.3 less abundant than HOCS ^+ . We obtain an HOCS ^+ /OCS ratio of ∼2.5 × 10 ^−3 , in good agreement with the prediction of astrochemical models. These models show that one of the main chemical routes to the interstellar formation of HOCS ^+ is likely the protonation of OCS, which appears to be more efficient at the oxygen end. Also, we find that high values of cosmic-ray ionization rates (10 ^−15 –10 ^−14 s ^−1 ) are needed to reproduce the observed abundance of HOCS ^+ . In addition, we compare the O/S ratio across different interstellar environments. G+0.693-0.027 appears as the source with the lowest O/S ratio. We find an HOCO ^+ /HOCS ^+ ratio of ∼31, in accordance with other O/S molecular pairs detected toward this region and also close to the O/S solar value (∼37). This fact indicates that S is not significantly depleted within this cloud due to the action of large-scale shocks, unlike in other sources where S-bearing species remain trapped on icy dust grains.

We report the first detection in the interstellar medium (ISM) of a C _2 H _5 O _2 N isomer: syn -glycolamide (NH _2 C(O)CH _2 OH). The exquisite sensitivity at sub-mK levels of an ultradeep spectral survey carried out with the Yebes 40 m and IRAM 30 m telescopes toward the G+0.693–0.027 molecular cloud has allowed us to unambiguously identify multiple transitions of this species. We derived a column density of (7.4 ± 0.7) × 10 ^12 cm ^−2 , which implies a molecular abundance with respect to H _2 of 5.5 × 10 ^−11 . The other C _2 H _5 O _2 N isomers, including the higher-energy anti conformer of glycolamide and two conformers of glycine, were not detected. The upper limit derived for the abundance of glycine indicates that this amino acid is surely less abundant than its isomer glycolamide in the ISM. The abundances of the C _2 H _5 O _2 N isomers cannot be explained in terms of thermodynamic equilibrium; thus, chemical kinetics need to be invoked. While the low abundance of glycine might not be surprising, based on the relative low abundances of acids in the ISM compared to other compounds (e.g., alcohols, aldehydes, or amines), several chemical pathways can favor the formation of its isomer glycolamide. It can be formed through radical–radical reactions on the surface of dust grains. The abundances of these radicals can be significantly boosted in an environment affected by a strong ultraviolet field induced by cosmic rays, such as that expected in G+0.693–0.027. Therefore, as shown by several recent molecular detections toward this molecular cloud, it stands out as the best target to discover new species with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen with increasing chemical complexity.

Starting from commercially available ketones, a reproducible and reliable strategy for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted nitroalkenes was successfully developed, using a two-step procedure; the HWE olefination of the ketone to form the corresponding α,β-unsaturated esters is followed by a nitration reaction to introduce the nitro group in the α position of the ester group. The enantioselective organocatalytic reduction of these compounds has also been preliminarily studied, to access the functionalized enantioenriched nitroalkanes, which are useful starting materials for further synthetic elaborations. The absolute configuration of the reduction product was established by chemical correlation of the chiral nitroalkane with a known product; preliminary DFT calculations were also conducted to rationalize the stereochemical outcome of the organocatalytic enantioselective reduction.

A quarter century after the detection of the last interstellar carboxylic acid, acetic acid (CH _3 COOH), we report the discovery of a new one, the cis-trans form of carbonic acid (HOCOOH), toward the Galactic center molecular cloud G+0.693–0.027. HOCOOH stands as the first interstellar molecule containing three oxygen atoms and the third carboxylic acid detected so far in the interstellar medium. Albeit the limited available laboratory measurements (up to 65 GHz), we have also directly identified several pairs of unblended lines in the astronomical data (between 75 and 120 GHz), which allowed us to slightly improve the set of spectroscopic constants. We derive a column density for cis-trans HOCOOH of N = (6.4 ± 0.4) × 10 ^12 cm ^−2 , which yields an abundance with respect to molecular H _2 of 4.7 × 10 ^−11 . Meanwhile, the extremely low dipole moment (about 15 times lower) of the lower-energy conformer, cis-cis HOCOOH, precludes its detection. We obtain an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H _2 of ≤1.2 × 10 ^−9 , which suggests that cis-cis HOCOOH might be fairly abundant in interstellar space, although it is nearly undetectable by radio astronomical observations. We derive a cis-cis / cis-trans ratio of ≤25, consistent with the smaller energy difference between both conformers compared with the relative stability of trans- and cis -formic acid. Finally, we compare the abundance of these acids in different astronomical environments, further suggesting a relationship between the chemical content found in the interstellar medium and the chemical composition of the minor bodies of the solar system, which could be inherited during the star formation process.

The use of stereoselective phase-transfer catalysis as a reliable method for the enantioselective synthesis of optically active α-amino acid derivatives using achiral Schiff base esters has been well-developed in batch in the last 40 years. Recently, continuous flow technology has become of great interest in the academy and industry, since it offers safer process operating conditions and higher efficiency compared to a traditional batch processing. Herein, we wish to report the first example of enantioselective phase transfer benzylation of alanine Schiff base ester, under continuous flow conditions. Two different methodologies were investigated: a liquid-solid phase transfer catalytic benzylation using a packed-bed reactor and a liquid-liquid phase transfer catalytic benzylation in continuous stirred-tank reactors. Liquid-liquid phase transfer process in flow showed slightly better productivity than the batch process, while solid-liquid phase transfer benzylation proved much more advantageous in terms of productivity and space-time yield. Furthermore, continuous flow system allowed the isolation of benzylated product without any work up, with a significant simplification of the process. In both cases, phase transfer asymmetric benzylation promoted by Maruoka catalyst demonstrated high enantioselectivity of target quaternary amino ester in flow, up to 93% ee.

Starting with an overview of the complex notion of “retranslation,” this essay examines the six different translations of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that have been published in Spain in the early twenty-first century. Specifically, this paper ponders how the newer Spanish versions of Twain’s novel tend to contradict the retranslation hypothesis, as they do not often portray the seven literary dialects announced by the "Explanatory" opening Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The linguistic varieties included in the source text seem problematic for Spanish translators, whose strategies entail paratextual additions, depicting regional target dialects to recreate an interplay of voices, playing with nonstandard spelling, omitting the introductory note, and suppressing any trace of literary dialects in the target text. The analysis leads the author to observe how publishing norms—particularly publishers’ tendency to reprint previous translations, publishers’s commercial interests, and their predilection for unmarked texts in standard Spanish—have led to translations that ignore the diversity of voices portrayed by Twain’s novel.

The aim of this paper is to study the Spanish translations of Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada and Octavia E. Butler’s Kindred, two neo-slave narratives that were published in the 1970s. It examines how Black English, the lexicon of slavery, and proper nouns have been recreated in the Spanish target texts. The linguistic variety spoken by the secondary characters in Flight to Canada and by the slaves in Kindred makes readers aware of the language of the dispossessed Other. Butler’s and Reed’s novels were published simultaneously in Spain in 2018 and translated by Amelia Pérez de Villar and Inga Pellisa, respectively. This paper observes how translators’ choices play a key role in the portrayal of alterity in literary texts.

We used high-resolution rotational spectroscopy coupled to a laser ablation source to study the conformational panorama of perillartine, a solid synthetic sweetener. Four conformers were identified under the isolation conditions of the supersonic expansion, showing that all of them present an E configuration of the C=N group with respect to the double bond of the ring. The observed structures were verified against Shallenberger–Acree–Kier’s sweetness theory to shed light on the structure–sweetness relationship for this particular oxime, highlighting a deluge of possibilities to bind the receptor.

Obesity correlates with hematologic malignancies including leukemias, but risk of specific leukemia subtypes like acute promyelocytic leukemia and underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We explored multiple datasets for correlation between leukemia, body mass index (BMI) and molecular features. In a population-based study (n=5.2 million), we correlated BMI with promyelocytic leukemia, and other acute myeloid, lymphoid or other leukemias. In cross-sectional studies, we tested BMI deviation in promyelocytic leukemia trial cohorts from that expected based on national surveys. We explored The Cancer Genome Atlas for transcriptional signatures and mutations enriched in promyelocytic leukemia and/or obesity, and confirmed a correlation between body mass and FLT3 mutations in promyelocytic leukemia cohorts by logistic regression. In the population-based study, hazard ratio per 5 kg/m2 increase was: promyelocytic leukemia 1.44 (95%CI: 1.0-2.08), non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemias 1.17 (95%CI: 1.10-1.26), lymphoid leukemias 1.04 (95%CI: 1.0-1.09), other 1.10 (95%CI: 1.04-1.15). In cross-sectional studies, body mass deviated significantly from that expected (Italy: P

The objective of this paper is to study the Spanish translation of Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing (2016), a novel that adopts the form of a neo-slave narrative to chronicle a black family’s history from eighteenth-century Ghana to the early twenty-first century in the United States. The contexts in which both the source and target text were published will be described, paying attention to paratexts, to the book’s reception, and to the translation’s positive reviews. Gyasi’s debut oeuvre depicts alterity and the non-standard linguistic varieties, such as Black English, spoken by the dispossessed Other. This paper examines the strategies that the translator, Maia Figueroa (2017), has made use of to render this interplay of voices into Spanish. In addition, it considers how her choice to standardize some fragments and to introduce marked non-standard language in certain passages affects the reflection of the narrative Us vs. Otherness in the target text.

Resumen: Breve historia de siete asesinatos, de Marlon James, es una novela polifónica que refleja la variedad lingüística de sus protagonistas y narradores. En particular, las desviaciones de la norma estándar que supone el inglés jamaicano se marcan mediante la técnica denominada eye dialect. En este trabajo se estudian los rasgos de esta variedad que figuran en la novela, las distintas estrategias para traducir el dialecto en textos literarios y las prácticas editoriales respecto a este problema para después analizar el caso concreto de la versión española de la novela de James. Abstract: A Brief History of Seven Killings, by Marlon James, is a polyphonic novel that depicts the linguistic varieties spoken by its main characters and narrators. Particularly, it uses eye dialect to portray the deviations from the standard norm that Jamaican English represents. This paper studies the features of this variety that come up in the novel, as well as different strategies for translating dialect in literary texts, and publishing companies’ policies regarding this issue. Ultimately, the Spanish version of James’s novel will be analyzed according to these strategies

This paper deals with the translation into Spanish of James McBride’s third novel, The Good Lord Bird, and lays out a translation proposal. In order to obtain a text in the target language that reproduces the source’s linguistic variation and its connotations, the strategies for translating literary dialect and its social and ideological implications are considered, specifically in the case of Black English and slave narratives. Translation scholars’ views are also taken into account when it comes to translating dialect, together with certain examples of the Spanish renderings of some of the novels that belong to this particular genre.

The microbiome has a strong impact on human health and disease and is, therefore, increasingly studied in a clinical context. Metaproteomics is also attracting considerable attention, and such data can be efficiently generated today owing to improvements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. As we will discuss in this study, there are still major challenges notably in data analysis that need to be overcome. Here, we analyzed 212 fecal samples from 56 hospitalized acute leukemia patients with multidrug-resistant Enterobactericeae (MRE) gut colonization using metagenomics and metaproteomics. This is one of the largest clinical metaproteomic studies to date, and the first metaproteomic study addressing the gut microbiome in MRE colonized acute leukemia patients. Based on this substantial data set, we discuss major current limitations in clinical metaproteomic data analysis to provide guidance to researchers in the field. Notably, the results show that public metagenome databases are incomplete and that sample-specific metagenomes improve results. Furthermore, biological variation is tremendous which challenges clinical study designs and argues that longitudinal measurements of individual patients are a valuable future addition to the analysis of patient cohorts.

Adult patients with acute leukemia in need of a transplant but without a genoidentical donor are usually considered upfront for transplantation with stem cells from any other allogeneic source, rather than autologous stem cell transplantation. We used data from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and performed a matched pair analysis on 188 T-cell-replete haploidentical and 356 autologous transplants done from January 2007 to December 2012, using age, diagnosis, disease status, cytogenetics, and interval from diagnosis to transplant as matching factors. “Haploidentical expert” centers were defined as having reported more than five haploidentical transplants for acute leukemia (median value for the study period). The median follow-up was 28 months. Multivariate analyses, including type of transplant categorized into three classes (“haploidentical regular”, “haploidentical expert” and autologous), conditioning intensity (reduced intensity versus myeloablative conditioning) and the random effect taking into account associations related to matching, showed that non-relapse mortality was higher following haploidentical transplants in expert (HR: 4.7; P=0.00004) and regular (HR: 8.98; P

Fundamento: Las neumonías neumocóccicas son un importante problema de salud. El objetivo del estudio es conocer la evolución en la Comunidad Valenciana de las neumonías neumocóccicas hospitalarias desde 1995 a 2001. Métodos: Del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos se seleccionaron los casos de neumonías neumocócica en la Comunidad Valenciana. Se calculó el intervalo de confianza (95%) y ANOVA con el programa SPSS, así como la incidencia y su evolución en el tiempo y las interacciones con las variables de sexo, edad, y provincia. Se calculó igualmente el promedio de estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: La incidencia del periodo fue de 29 casos por 100.000. Disminuye desde 1996 y se estabiliza en los últimos años del estudio. En personas mayores de 65 años la incidencia fue de 101 por 100.000, mientras que en menores de 5 años fue de 76 por 100.000. La incidencia en mujeres fue de 22 por 100.000 y de 37 por 100.000 en hombres. La incidencia por provincias fue de 31 para Valencia, 21 para Alicante y 24 para Castellón; en Valencia y Alicante tienden a estabilizarse, mientras que ascienden en Castellón. La estancia media fue de 10,6±9 días, siendo de 12,5 en el grupo de 45 a 64 años. Conclusiones: Las neumonías neumocócicas son más frecuentes en las edades extremas. Afectan más a hombres, especialmente en mayores de 65 años. Se observa una evolución diferente en la provincia de Castellón. El promedio de estancia varía según la edad, sin existir diferencias significativas entre sexo o grupo de edad.

There are very few disease-specific studies focusing on outcomes of umbilical cord blood transplantation for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We report the outcome of 45 patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who underwent myeloablative single unit cord blood transplantation from unrelated donors within the GETH/GITMO cooperative group. Conditioning regimens were based on combinations of thiotepa, busulfan, cyclophospamide or fludarabine, and antithymocyte globulin. At the time of transplantation, 35 patients (78%) were in first complete remission, four (8%) in second complete remission and six (14%) in third or subsequent response. The cumulative incidence of myeloid engraftment was 96% at a median time of 20 days and significantly better for patients receiving higher doses of CD34+ cells. The incidence of acute grade II–IV graft-versus-host disease was 31%, while that of overall chronic graft-versus-host disease was 53%. Treatment-related mortality was 17% at day +100 and 31% at 5 years. The 5-year relapse, event-free survival and overall survival rates were 31%, 36% and 44%, respectively. Although the event-free and overall survival rates in patients without BCR/ABL transcripts detectable at time of transplant were better than those in whom BCR/ABL transcripts were detected (46% versus 24% and 60% versus 30%, respectively) these differences were not statistically significant in the univariate analysis (P=0.07). These results demonstrate that umbilical cord blood transplantation from unrelated donors can be a curative treatment for a substantial number of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.