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El proyecto se ejecutó en el corregimiento de Leticia, una de las zonas más importantes de Montería en la producción de leche y que se caracteriza por sus malos indicadores, generando esto brechas tecnológicas en comparación con otros sistemas ganaderos. Con la implementación de las escuelas de campo, estrategia de educación no formal, se generó un ambiente de aprendizaje entre productores y técnicos. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de dicha intervención educativa en buenas prácticas de ordeño, sobre la salud de la ubre y la calidad microbiológica de la leche en fincas de pequeños productores de Montería, Córdoba, Colombia. La recolección de la información de campo se desarrolló en tres fases: pretest, donde se hizo una encuesta y una primera toma de muestras; intervención, donde se efectuó una capacitación mediante escuelas de campo en diferentes protocolos y postest, donde se hizo una evaluación final mediante una encuesta y una segunda toma de muestras para valorar la sanidad de las ubres y la calidad microbiológica; todas estas mediciones se analizaron en un laboratorio certificado. Mediante un estudio analítico, se recolectaron 144 encuestas y 144 muestras de leche cruda en el pretest, de igual manera sucedió en el postest, y los datos fueron procesados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial en el software Infostat. Como resultado, las variables células somáticas y mesófilos fueron menores en el postest. El acompañamiento técnico permitió implementar buenas prácticas de ordeño y vincular a pequeños productores con mercados formales de la cadena láctea.

Intravital microscopy has revolutionized live-cell imaging by allowing the study of spatial–temporal cell dynamics in living animals. However, the complexity of the data generated by this technology has limited the development of effective computational tools to identify and quantify cell processes. Amongst them, apoptosis is a crucial form of regulated cell death involved in tissue homeostasis and host defense. Live-cell imaging enabled the study of apoptosis at the cellular level, enhancing our understanding of its spatial–temporal regulation. However, at present, no computational method can deliver robust detection of apoptosis in microscopy timelapses. To overcome this limitation, we developed ADeS, a deep learning-based apoptosis detection system that employs the principle of activity recognition. We trained ADeS on extensive datasets containing more than 10,000 apoptotic instances collected both in vitro and in vivo, achieving a classification accuracy above 98% and outperforming state-of-the-art solutions. ADeS is the first method capable of detecting the location and duration of multiple apoptotic events in full microscopy timelapses, surpassing human performance in the same task. We demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of ADeS across various imaging modalities, cell types, and staining techniques. Finally, we employed ADeS to quantify cell survival in vitro and tissue damage in mice, demonstrating its potential application in toxicity assays, treatment evaluation, and inflammatory dynamics. Our findings suggest that ADeS is a valuable tool for the accurate detection and quantification of apoptosis in live-cell imaging and, in particular, intravital microscopy data, providing insights into the complex spatial–temporal regulation of this process.

Abstract Neutrophils are innate immune cells involved in the elimination of pathogens and can also induce adaptive immune responses. Nα and Nβ neutrophils have been described with distinct in vitro capacity to generate antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses. However, how these cell types exert their role in vivo and how manipulation of Nβ/Nα ratio influences vaccine-mediated immune responses are not known. In this study, we find that these neutrophil subtypes show distinct migratory and motility patterns and different ability to interact with CD8 T cells in the spleen following vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. Moreover, after analysis of adhesion, inflammatory, and migration markers, we observe that Nβ neutrophils overexpress the α4β1 integrin compared to Nα. Finally, by inhibiting α4β1 integrin, we increase the Nβ/Nα ratio and enhance CD8 T-cell responses to HIV VACV-delivered antigens. These findings provide significant advancements in the comprehension of neutrophil-based control of adaptive immune system and their relevance in vaccine design.

The capture of CO2 from post-combustion streams or from other mixtures, such as natural gas, is an effective way of reducing CO2 emissions, which contribute to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. One of the developing technologies for this purpose is physisorption on selective solid adsorbents. The ideal adsorbents are selective toward CO2, have a large adsorption capacity at atmospheric pressure and are easily regenerated, resulting in high working capacity. Therefore, adsorbents combining molecular sieving properties and low heats of adsorption of CO2 are of clear interest as they will provide high selectivities and regenerabilities in CO2 separation process. Here we report that some aluminophosphate (AlPO) and silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) materials with LTA, CHA and AFI structures present lower heats of adsorption of CO2 (13–25 kJ/mol) than their structurally analogous zeolites at comparable framework charges. In some cases, their heats of adsorption are even lower than those of pure silica composition (20–25 kJ/mol). This could mean a great improvement in the regeneration process compared to the most frequently used zeolitic adsorbents for this application while maintaining most of their adsorption capacity, if materials with the right stability and pore size and topology are found.

The mechanism by which inflammation influences the adaptive response to vaccines is not fully understood. Here, we examine the role of lymph node macrophages (LNMs) in the induction of the cytokine storm triggered by inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Following vaccination, LNMs undergo inflammasome-independent necrosis-like death that is reliant on MyD88 and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) expression and releases pre-stored interleukin-1α (IL-1α). Furthermore, activated medullary macrophages produce interferon-β (IFN-β) that induces the autocrine secretion of IL-1α. We also found that macrophage depletion promotes lymph node-resident dendritic cell (LNDC) relocation and affects the capacity of CD11b+ LNDCs to capture virus and express co-stimulatory molecules. Inhibition of the IL-1α-induced inflammatory cascade reduced B cell responses, while co-administration of recombinant IL-1α increased the humoral response. Stimulation of the IL-1α inflammatory pathway might therefore represent a strategy to enhance antigen presentation by LNDCs and improve the humoral response against influenza vaccines.

Neutrophils are amongst the first cells to respond to inflammation and infection. Although they play a key role in limiting the dissemination of pathogens, the study of their dynamic behavior in immune organs remains elusive. In this work, we characterized in vivo the dynamic behavior of neutrophils in the mouse popliteal lymph node (PLN) after influenza vaccination with UV-inactivated virus. To achieve this, we used an image-based systems biology approach to detect the motility patterns of neutrophils and to associate them to distinct actions. We described a prominent and rapid recruitment of neutrophils to the PLN following vaccination, which was dependent on the secretion of the chemokine CXCL1 and the alarmin molecule IL-1α. In addition, we observed that the initial recruitment occurred mainly via high endothelial venules located in the paracortical and interfollicular regions of the PLN. The analysis of the spatial-temporal patterns of neutrophil migration demonstrated that, in the initial stage, the majority of neutrophils displayed a patrolling behavior, followed by the formation of swarms in the subcapsular sinus of the PLN, which were associated with macrophages in this compartment. Finally, we observed using multiple imaging techniques, that neutrophils phagocytize and transport influenza virus particles. These processes might have important implications in the capacity of these cells to present viral antigens.

The preparation of continuous layers of highly hydrophobic pure silica ITQ-29 zeolite, potentially applicable as hydrophobic membranes for separation of molecules based on their polarity, has been investigated. Continuous layers of intergrown ITQ-29 zeolite crystals were successfully grown on porous alumina supports by optimization of the synthesis conditions, such as the appropriate selection of the seeds, the procedure for the gel preparation, and the calcination conditions. This resulted in the formation of all silica ITQ-29 zeolite layers without the presence of germanium required in previously reported ITQ-29 membranes, with the subsequent improvement in quality and stability, as verified by the absence of cracks after calcination. We have proved that the incorporation of aluminum from the support into the zeolite layer does not occur, neither during the secondary growth nor through migration of aluminum species during calcination.

Covariant-contravariant simulation is a combination of standard (covariant) simulation, its contravariant counterpart and bisimulation. We have previously studied its logical characterization by means of the covariant-contravariant modal logic. Moreover, we have investigated the relationships between this model and that of modal transition systems, where two kinds of transitions (the so-called may and must transitions) were combined in order to obtain a simple framework to express a notion of refinement over state-transition models. In a classic paper, Boudol and Larsen established a precise connection between the graphical approach, by means of modal transition systems, and the logical approach, based on Hennessy-Milner logic without negation, to system specification. They obtained a (graphical) representation theorem proving that a formula can be represented by a term if, and only if, it is consistent and prime. We show in this paper that the formulae from the covariant-contravariant modal logic that admit a "graphical" representation by means of processes, modulo the covariant-contravariant simulation preorder, are also the consistent and prime ones. In order to obtain the desired graphical representation result, we first restrict ourselves to the case of covariant-contravariant systems without bivariant actions. Bivariant actions can be incorporated later by means of an encoding that splits each bivariant action into its covariant and its contravariant parts.

Covariant-contravariant simulation and conformance simulation generalize plain simulation and try to capture the fact that it is not always the case that "the larger the number of behaviors, the better". We have previously studied their logical characterizations and in this paper we present the axiomatizations of the preorders defined by the new simulation relations and their induced equivalences. The interest of our results lies in the fact that the axiomatizations help us to know the new simulations better, understanding in particular the role of the contravariant characteristics and their interplay with the covariant ones; moreover, the axiomatizations provide us with a powerful tool to (algebraically) prove results of the corresponding semantics. But we also consider our results interesting from a metatheoretical point of view: the fact that the covariant-contravariant simulation equivalence is indeed ground axiomatizable when there is no action that exhibits both a covariant and a contravariant behaviour, but becomes non-axiomatizable whenever we have together actions of that kind and either covariant or contravariant actions, offers us a new subtle example of the narrow border separating axiomatizable and non-axiomatizable semantics. We expect that by studying these examples we will be able to develop a general theory separating axiomatizable and non-axiomatizable semantics.

En una finca localizada en el municipio de Cereté, departamento de Córdoba, se evaluó técnica y económicamenteun modelo de producción proyectado para producir dos toneladas de carne por hectárea año. Para el efecto,en una pradera sembrada con pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis) de dos hectáreas se estableció un sistemarotacional de 4 potreros, manejados con 15 días de descanso y 5 de ocupación con una carga de 7 animales/hectárea, con peso inicial de 131 kilos, suplementados durante la época de lluvias con 0.5 kilos/animal/día desemilla de algodón y en el período seco con ensilaje de maíz o de sorgo sudax, balanceado con 0.3% de ureamás 1.0 ó 1.5 kilos de semilla de algodón con salvado de arroz. La evaluación tuvo una duración de 365 días(31-05-02 al 31-05-03). Durante la época de lluvias (224 días) los animales obtuvieron una ganancia diariapromedia de 0.912 kilos/animal/día, mientras que en la época seca (141 días) alcanzaron un promedio de0.567 kilos/animal/día, para un promedio diario durante los 365 días de 0.777 kilos/animal/día. La gananciapromedia diaria por hectárea fue de 5.45 kilos lo que resultó en una ganancia de 1.988 kilos por hectárea año,muy próximo al objetivo planteado. El análisis económico, incluyendo en el rubro de gastos el alquiler de latierra y los intereses al capital, arrojó una utilidad líquida por hectárea / año de $1.541.176. Se concluyó quees posible la producción de dos toneladas de carne por hectárea año bajo las condiciones del valle del Sinú yque además, el modelo propuesto es susceptible de ser mejorado en las estrategias alimenticias durante laépoca seca y la disponibilidad de pasto en el período de lluvias a fin de incrementar la rentabilidad.

Van Glabbeek's linear time-branching time spectrum is one of the most relevant work on comparative study on process semantics, in which semantics are partially ordered by their discrimination power. In this paper we bring forward a refinement of this classification and show how the process semantics can be dealt with in a uniform way: based on the very natural concept of constrained simulation we show how we can classify the spectrum in layers; for the families lying in the same layer we show how to obtain in a generic way equational, observational, logical and operational characterizations; relations among layers are also very natural and differences just stem from the constraint imposed on the simulations that rule the layers. Our methodology also shows how to achieve a uniform treatment of semantic preorders and equivalences.

En una finca localizada en el municipio de Cereté, departamento de Córdoba, se evaluó técnica y económicamente un modelo de producción de carne bovina, utilizando un área de pasto angleton (Dichanthium aristatum ) de 6.5 hectáreas, dividido en 13 potreros, fertilizado con nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, con un sistema rotacional de 2 días de ocupación y 24 de descanso. Se realizaron dos evaluaciones, una en época de lluvias y otra en época seca, se utilizaron animales cebú comerciales con peso inicial promedio de 346.4 Kg, en época de lluvias y de 294.2 Kg, en época seca y una carga de 3.84/cabezas/ha (lluvias) y de 3.38 cabezas/ha, (seca). Durante el desarrollo del proyecto, se estimó la producción y calidad del pasto a la entrada y salida de los animales y peso de los animales cada 26 días. Para la época seca, los animales fueron suplementados diariamente con 10 kilos promedio de ensilaje de maíz balanceado con 0.3% de una mezcla de 10 partes de urea y una parte de sulfato de amonio, un kilo de semilla de algodón y 300 gramos de salvado de arroz. Con la información de costos y precios se realizó un análisis económico del modelo. La producción de materia seca a los 24 días de rebrote del pasto angleton fue de 1.560 kilos y 965.7 kilos, con valores de proteína bruta de 11.3% y 7.0% y una digestibilidad de la materia seca de 73.6% y 61.3% respectivamente para las épocas de lluvias y seca. El remanente de pasto al momento de la salida de los animales permitió estimar un consumo del 3% del peso vivo de los animales durante la época de lluvias, y fue menor en la época seca, lo que justificó la suplementación. La ganancia promedia de los animales durante el período de lluvia fue de 0.719 kilos (2.767 kilos/ha/día) y de 0.872 kilos (2.95 kilos/ha/día) durante el período seco, lo que proyectado a un año, arrojó una ganancia promedia de las dos épocas de 1.044 kilos de carne, cumpliendo con el objetivo central de la evaluación. La ganancia neta por hectárea año del modelo estuvo ligeramente por encima del millón y medio de pesos (US$ 556) con rentabilidad mensual para el capital financiero de 4.32% (lluvia) y de 5.67% (seca), rentabilidades que superaron a la ofrecida por la banca comercial.