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The article presents the operational conjunction of the quality of life and supports paradigms in the new Quality of Life Supports Model (QOLSM) that integrates significant characteristics of the current transformation in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. These characteristics encompass a holistic and integrated approach, an approach focused on the human and legal rights of people with disabilities, eligibility for services and supports based on significant limitations in major areas of life activity, an emphasis on supports provided within inclusive community settings, and outcome assessment. The objectives of this article are to describe and indicate: (a) the four elements of the MOCA (fundamental values, individual and family quality of life domains, support systems and facilitating conditions); (b) how the MOCA can be used as a framework for the provision of supports, person-centered outcome assessment, organizational transformation and systems change; and (c) how MOCA is essential to the current paradigm shift in the field of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities., El artículo presenta la integración operativa de los paradigmas de calidad de vida y apoyos en un modelo conjunto denominado Modelo de Calidad de Vida y Apoyos (MOCA) que integra características significativas de la transformación actual en el campo de las discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Estas características abarcan un enfoque holístico e integrado, centrado en los derechos humanos y legales, que sirve de base para tomar las decisiones sobre servicios y apoyos en las limitaciones significativas de las principales áreas de actividad de la vida, con un énfasis en los apoyos individualizados proporcionados dentro de ambientes inclusivos de la comunidad y que promueva la evaluación de resultados. Los contenidos de este artículo incluyen: (a) los cuatro elementos del MOCA: valores fundamentales, dimensiones de calidad de vida individual y familiar, sistemas de apoyo y condiciones facilitadoras; (b) cómo se puede utilizar el MOCA como marco para la provisión de apoyos, la evaluación de resultados centrada en la persona, la transformación de la organización y el cambio de sistemas; y (c) cómo el MOCA es esencial para el cambio de paradigma actual en el campo de las discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo.

espanolNuestro mundo se ha visto transformado por el coronavirus y la infeccion que provoca. La gravedad de la enfermedad y las consecuencias del estado de alarma no afectan a todos por igual, siendo las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desa-rrollo uno de los colectivos mas vulnerables. El INICO y Plena inclusion realizaron un estudio con la finalidad de analizar el impacto de la COVID-19 y el confinamiento du-rante la primera ola en 2020 en las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo, sus familiares, personal de atencion directa y organizaciones. Para ello, se elaboraron y aplicaron en Espana cuatro encuestas en linea, participando cerca de 1.500 personas. Los resultados indican que, a pesar del esfuerzo realizado por el tercer sector, la crisis sani-taria ha dejado al descubierto las carencias de nuestro sistema de apoyos, lo que lleva a reflexionar sobre tres aspectos fundamentales: el grado en que se trabaja en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de redes naturales de apoyo cuando la persona vive en un entorno es-pecifico; la medida en que los apoyos ofrecidos desde el tercer sector llegan a contextos que se encuentran fuera de la red de servicios ofertados por el movimiento asociativo; y el papel de nuestro sistema educativo a la hora de garantizar el derecho a la educacion de personas con necesidades especiales de apoyo. EnglishOur world has been transformed by the coronavirus and the infection it causes. The severity of the disease and the consequences of the state of alarm do not affect everyone equally, being people with intellectual and developmental disabilities one of the most vulnerable groups. INICO and Plena inclusion conducted a study to analyze the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on people with intellectual and devel-opmental disabilities, their families, direct support professionals, and disability organ-izations. To address this goal, four online surveys were developed and completed by almost 1.500 participants from all the Spanish regions. The results indicate that, despite the efforts made by the third sector, the health crisis has unveiled the deficiencies of our support system, which leads us to reflect on three fundamental aspects: the degree to which the development and maintenance of natural support networks is carried out when the person lives in a specific environment; the extent to which the support offered from the third sector reaches individuals outside the disability services network; and the role of our educational system in guaranteeing the right to education for people with special support needs.

Although inclusive education has evolved from a general principle to a recognized right, a quality inclusive education is still not a reality for students with intellectual disability. In this article, we discuss three approaches that can bridge the gap between “what is” current education of these students and “what should be”. First, we address the underpinnings of Article 24 of the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities a nd its i mplication for educational systems concerning placement and goals to achieve in these students. Second, we provide a general overview of the supports paradigm and its conceptual and practical implications regarding inclusive education. Third, we present a quality of life model as a value-based and evidence-driven framework to enhance inclusive opportunities in students with intellectual disability and to support decision-making in education from a “whole child approach”. Finally, we provide a comprehensive, systematic framework that brings these three approaches together to improve students’ outcomes linked to the goals of access, participation, learning, and development.

espanolLa calidad de vida se ve afectada ante una discapacidad, mas aun cuando quien la presenta es una mujer. De cara a emprender futuras acciones se realiza un estudio dirigido a conocer la percepcion que dicho colectivo tiene sobre su calidad de vida. Para ello se elaboro un cuestionario cualitativo. De las respuestas de 526 mujeres se realizo un analisis de los datos utilizando el software webQDA. Se observa que todas las dimensiones de calidad de vida se consideran afectadas en mayor o menor grado, siendo una variable a tener en cuenta el tipo de discapacidad; sin embargo, la percepcion de falta de autonomia e inclusion es una constante en todo el colectivo. Los resultados indican la necesidad de continuar trabajando la independencia y autonomia a traves de los apoyos, los cuales ademas de materiales o de recursos humanos deben ser emocionales desde el inicio de la discapacidad. EnglishThe quality of life is affected by a disability, even more so when the person presenting it is a woman. With a view to undertaking future actions, a study is carried out aimed at knowing the perception that this group has about their quality of life. For this, a qualitative questionnaire was developed. From the responses of 526 women, data analysis was performed using webQDA software. It is observed that all the dimensions of quality of life are considered affected to a greater or lesser degree, is a variable to take into account the type of disability; however, the perception of lack of autonomy and inclusion is a constant throughout the collective. The results indicate the need to continue working on independence and autonomy through supports, which in addition to materials or human resources must be emotional from the beginning of the disability.

Objetivo: establecer los avances en la comprensión de la calidad de vida en familias de personas con discapacidad en el marco de la atención centrada en la familia. Metodología: a partir de las relaciones entre familia y discapacidad desde el modelo de calidad de vida, se analizan los principales estudios en España y América Latina. Resultados: se evidencia que la investigación en calidad de vida familiar ha mostrado progresos importantes en el desarrollo de prácticas profesionales y organizacionales orientadas al fortalecimiento de la autonomía de las familias para la toma de decisiones frente a aspectos cruciales de sus vidas y; un marcado interés en los profesionales y en las organizaciones por contar con herramientas de calidad de vida familiar que les permitan evaluar el impacto de su práctica y sus servicios. Conclusión: la mejora en la calidad de vida familiar resulta fundamental en el desarrollo personal y la inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad.

Introduction: Disability is a condition that affects the quality of life of people, if the one who is affected is a woman, this affectation can become more limiting. In view of the limited literature and the need to know the current situation for intervention purposes, the following study is carried out; Objectives: To know the perception of women with disabilities taking into account those aspects that contribute to their integral and inclusive development; Methods: A qualitative analysis of the data was carried out using the NVivo 12 programme by means of an ad hoc open questionnaire; Results: Rural and urban women are more concerned about their self-determination and inclusion, both dimensions stand out independently of the type of disability; while those who live in intermediate places besides self-determination are concerned about their personal development, rights and physical well-being. Differences have been found according to age, with emotional wellness being a dimension to take into account as the woman advances in her life cycle; Conclusions: It is necessary to raise awareness among the population, as well as to provide both resources and spaces that allow women with disabilities greater empowerment and truly inclusive participation.

Introducción: La discapacidad es una condición que afecta a la calidad de vida de las personas, si quien la padece es una mujer, esta afectación puede llegar a ser más limitante. Ante la escasa literatura y la necesidad de conocer la situación actual con fines de intervención, se realiza el siguiente estudio; Objetivos: Conocer la percepción de la mujer con discapacidad teniendo en cuenta aquellos aspectos que contribuyen a su desarrollo integral e inclusivo Métodos: Mediante un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas ad hoc se ha realizado un análisis cualitativo de los datos utilizando el programa NVivo 12; Resultados: La mujer del ámbito rural y urbano siente más preocupación por su autodeterminación e inclusión, ambas dimensiones destacan independientemente del tipo de discapacidad; mientras que aquellas que viven en lugares intermedios además de la autodeterminación les preocupa su desarrollo personal, derechos y bienestar físico. Se han encontrado diferencias según la edad, siendo el bienestar emocional una dimensión a tener en cuenta a medida que la mujer avanza en su ciclo vital. Conclusiones: Es necesario una mayor sensibilización de la población, así como facilitar tanto recursos como espacios que permitan a la mujer con discapacidad un mayor empoderamiento y participación realmente inclusiva.

Human movements in the regions surrounding the Mediterranean Sea have caused a great impact in the composition of terrestrial fauna due to the introductions of several allochthonous species, intentionally or not. Reptiles are one of the groups where this anthropic impact is most evident, owing to the extensive intra-Mediterranean dispersals of recent chronologies. Chalcides ocellatus is a widespread skink with a natural distribution that covers almost the entire Mediterranean Basin. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain its origin: natural dispersions and human translocations. Previous molecular data suggest the occurrence of a recent dispersal phenomenon across the Mediterranean Sea. In this study we present the first record of this species in the Iberian Peninsula, in Serra del Molar (South-east Spain). We combined molecular analyses and archaeological records to study the origin of this population. The molecular results indicate that the population is phylogenetically closely related to specimens from north-eastern Egypt and southern Red Sea. We suggest that the species arrived at the Iberian Peninsula most likely through human-mediated dispersal by using the trade routes. Between the Iron to Middle Ages, even now, the region surrounding Serra del Molar has been the destination of human groups and commercial goods of Egyptian origins, in which Chalcides ocellatus could have arrived as stowaways. The regional geomorphological evolution would have restricted its expansion out of Serra del Molar. These findings provide new data about the impact of human movements on faunal introductions and present new information relating to mechanisms of long-distance translocations., To Conselleria de Medi Ambient of Generalitat Valenciana for the granting of faunistic prospecting permits (166/17FAU17_017, 000/18FAU18_002). Finally, to our companions of the Associació Herpetològica Timon (AHT) during the surveys: J. Burgos, E. Rosillo, M. Real, P. Luna, Á. Mondejar and E. Berdún. This paper is part of project CGL2016-80000-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and SGR2017-859 of the Generalitat de Catalunya. J.F. Bisbal-Chinesta is supported by a FI Predoctoral Fellowship 2016FI_B00286 with the financial sponsorship of the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca and the Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement of the Generalitat de Catalunya. S. Carranza and K. Tamar are supported by project CGL2015-70390-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (cofunded by FEDER).

Los avances en la conceptualización de la discapacidad intelectual y el auge de movimientos de autodefensa y empoderamiento han influido, indudablemente, en la comprensión e importancia de constructos como la autodeterminación. En este trabajo el objetivo central es aportar una actualización sobre la forma de entender el constructo y la importancia del desarrollo de la autodeterminación en los diferentes contextos de vida de las personas y, en concreto, de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Igualmente, se complementa dicha actualización del estado de la cuestión mostrando los resultados obtenidos en un estudio en el que se exploraban las percepciones de las propias personas con discapacidad, sus familiares y los profesionales que trabajan con ellas sobre la importancia que otorgan a la autodeterminación. Todo ello permite poner de relieve las necesidades y retos que los profesionales y familiares se encuentran para transformar esa importancia atribuida a la autodeterminación en la creación de oportunidades para su promoción. Se discute sobre la necesidad de seguir ahondando para conocer y dar respuestas a dichos retos. Advances in the conceptualization of intellectual disability and the emergence of self-advocacy movements have undoubtedly influenced constructs such as self-determination. In this study, an update on the way of understanding the construct is presented, as well as its importance on the development of self-determination across contexts of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. This state of the issue is as well exemplified with the preliminary results of a study aiming to explore perceptions of self-determination importance for people with disabilities themselves, their families and the professionals who work with them. Even if professionals and families attribute high importance to self-determination, they still face needs and challenges in creating opportunities to foster self-determination in their contexts. The need to deeply explore and answer to these challenges is also discussed.

La autodeterminación es un factor relevante en la educación y en la vida de las personas con discapacidad, quienes reclaman su derecho a poder ser agente causal en su propia vida. La investigación pone de manifiesto que los factores personales y ambientales juegan un rol fundamental en el desarrollo y la expresión de la autodeterminación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el rol de las variables personales y familiares en la autodeterminación de los jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual. Se obtuvo información sobre la autodeterminación y características personales y familiares de 71 estudiantes de entre 11 y 17 años con discapacidad intelectual. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las variables familiares desempeñan un papel importante a tener en cuenta para el desarrollo y la promoción de la autodeterminación durante la etapa educativa. Self-determination is a relevant issue in the education and the live of people with disabilities, who claim their right to be a causal agent in their own lifes. Research has established that both environmental and personal factors play a significant role in the development and expression of self-determination. The aim of this study is to examine the degree to which several personal and family factors affect and influence the self-determination level of students with an intellectual disability. A total of 71 students with an intellectual disability (11-17 years old) participated in the study, and information about self-determination and family and personal factors was obtained. The results show that family variables play an important role in participants? self-determination in order to facilitate and promote selfdetermination over the educational period. Esta investigación se ha desarrollado dentro de los proyectos financiados por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad con la referencia PSI2015-65193-P (MINECO/FEDER) y PSI2016-75826-P (AEI/FEDER, UE).

People with intellectual (ID) and developmental disabilities who have generalized or extensive support needs constitute a particularly vulnerable group that has traditionally experienced situations of exclusion. Despite this, their situation has not been a priority subject of study nor have there been specific developments in social policy to respond to their needs, which can be translated into an absence of interest in knowing the reality of these group, difficulties to guarantee the fulfillment of their rights, and lack of initiative aimed to achieve their full inclusion in society. Is therefore necessary to undertake different actions, translated into objectives of the present work: to explore and synthesize existing data on this group in our country; to detect their needs and their fulfillment; and to propose evidence-based guidelines to ensure their well-being and rights. For this purpose, the methodology used consisted of: (a) a review of the most relevant scientific literature of the last ten years on ID and extensive support needs; and (b) the analysis of the results yield by two national surveys carried out in Spain: the Disability, Independence, and Dependency Situations survey, EDAD (INE, 2008), and the System for Autonomy and Care for Dependency, SAAD (IMSERSO, 2016), among others. Considering the disparities observed within this group, urgent lines of action are highlighted, which are aimed to improve the knowledge about the living conditions of people with more significant ID and drive better practices in the provision of supports to this group. Las personas con discapacidades intelectuales (DI) y del desarrollo que presentan una mayor necesidad de apoyos constituyen un grupo especialmente vulnerable en lo que a defensa y garantía de sus derechos se refiere. A pesar de ello, su situación no ha sido objeto prioritario de estudio ni han existido desarrollos específicos de política social para responder a sus necesidades, lo cual se traduce en una escasez de interés por conocer en profundidad la realidad de estas personas, dificultades para garantizar el cumplimiento de sus derechos y falta de iniciativas orientadas al logro de su plena inclusión. Todo ello hace necesario el emprendimiento de una serie de acciones, traducidas en objetivos del presente trabajo: examinar y sintetizar los datos existentes sobre este colectivo en nuestro país; detectar sus necesidades y el grado de cumplimiento de las mismas; y proponer orientaciones claras y basadas en el conocimiento para asegurar el bienestar y el cumplimento de derechos. Para ello, la metodología empleada ha consistido en: (a) la revisión de la literatura científica más relevante de los últimos diez años sobre DI y grandes necesidades de apoyo; y (b) la explotación de distintas bases de datos como la Encuesta de Discapacidad, Autonomía personal y situaciones de Dependencia, EDAD (INE, 2008) y del Sistema de Información del Sistema para la Autonomía y Atención a la Dependencia (SISAAD), entre otras. A partir de los datos analizados y observando las situaciones frecuentes de exclusión a las que se enfrenta este colectivo, se extraen líneas urgentes de actuación para mejorar el conocimiento sobre las condiciones de vida de las personas con DI más significativa que permitan el desarrollo de buenas prácticas en la provisión de apoyos a este colectivo.

Antecedentes: los alumnos con discapacidad intelectual precisan de buenas prácticas de evaluación e intervención desde enfoques holísticos para garantizar su derecho a la educación inclusiva. Estas prácticas se ordenan por la legislación educativa estatal que se concreta en la normativa de cada comunidad autónoma. La variedad de regulaciones existentes demanda su revisión crítica individualizada para valorar si ofrecen marcos científicamente avalados que respalden las decisiones que se toman. Método: se ha analizado la legislación educativa estatal y las concreciones normativas vigentes que regulan la atención a la diversidad en cada comunidad empleando una lista de comprobación que recoge las variables que definen cada fase de atención a la diversidad y los procedimientos de evaluación e intervención en discapacidad intelectual. Resultados: la atención a la diversidad pone el foco de evaluación e intervención en aspectos organizativos-curriculares descuidándose la evaluación e intervención en autodeterminación y calidad de vida, esenciales en el desarrollo e inclusión de los alumnos con discapacidad intelectual. Conclusiones: las necesidades educativas especiales como las entiende la normativa vigente y la falta de desarrollos vinculados a la Convención de la ONU sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad son barreras a las prácticas inclusivas de los alumnos con discapacidad intelectual, siendo necesario adoptar modelos científicos de evaluación-intervención en los que se apoye el desarrollo de marcos legales que garanticen la inclusión y se orienten al máximo desarrollo posible y mejora de la calidad de vida de este alumnado.

The San Martín Scale is an instrument used to measure the quality of life of people with significant disabilities with adequate levels reliability and validity. In 2012, the San Martín Scale was administered to 85 adults with intellectual disabilities who were provided supports at Obra San Martin Foundation (Santander). In this article, we describe the results obtained at the mesosystem level, an example at the microsystem level, and future areas of work identified from the results.

Within Spanish context, initiatives to promote self-determination in educational settings still lacking despite of the availability of instruments designed to enable the instruction of self-determination skills, such as the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction. This evidence-based practice enables teachers to instruct students to develop self-determination actions and skills. This study aims to present the Spanish translated and adapted version of the afore mentioned program/tool, in an effort to improve the focus of self-determination instruction in the Spanish educational context by providing practitioners with a model of instruction intended to teach skills associated with the promotion and enhancement of self-determined action., La promoción de la autodeterminación en contexto escolar sigue siendo una tarea pendiente en el contexto español, junto a la existencia de diferentes instrumentos centrados en la enseñanza de habilidades relacionadas con la conducta autodeterminada. Algunos, como el Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction o Modelo de Enseñanza/Aprendizaje de la Autodeterminación han demostrado su eficacia en el fomento de dichas habilidades en contexto estadounidense. El presente estudio pretende dar a conocer la versión adaptada de dicho modelo de intervención, su modo de implementación, así como las evidencias empíricas que avalan su eficacia, a fin de ofrecer un instrumento de intervención que los profesionales educativos puedan usar en contexto escolar.

This article sets out the theoretical basis that underpinned the process of constructing A3byComp, a software tool developed that can be used to implement competency-based management systems in social organisations in order to enhance users' quality of life, the purpose of which is to provide a response to the aforementioned problem. The notorious complexity involved in defining the concept of disability, which is even more pronounced in the case of intellectual disability, is interrelated with changes in social and employment practices in social organisations aimed at meeting the needs of people with that condition. There is now broad acceptance that people with intellectual disabilities have full rights as citizens and their quality of life is viewed as the focal point in internal plans and arrangements made by organisations that support them in that. However, this gives rise to the problem of establishing a competency-based organisational framework aligned with the organisation's mission and the achievement of personal goals related to improving their quality of life, as well as implementing means to allow them to be applied operationally and efficiently.

Producción Científica, El propósito principal de este estudio ha sido la construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes hacia las personas con discapacidad, dirigida preferentemente a profesionales de las áreas de la salud y la educación. Han participado 976 profesionales de diferentes ámbitos (sanidad, educación, orientación laboral, medios de comunicación, administración), con un rango de edad entre 18 y 65 años. El 49.1% fueron mujeres. Se han realizado análisis de concordancia entre jueces expertos para valorar el contenido de los ítems, y se han sometido los datos a tres clases de análisis: comparación de estructuras de correlación, análisis factorial exploratorio con método de factor común y análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se han comparado dos modelos: unifactorial y de tres factores correlacionados. Los resultados han evidenciado buenas cualidades métricas de fiabilidad (consistencia interna, fiabilidad de los indicadores individuales, fiabilidad de constructo y error típico de medida) y de validez (de contenido, convergente y discriminante)., The main purpose of this study was the construction and validation of a scale of attitudes towards people with disabilities, mainly directed at professionals in the areas of health and education. Participants were 976 professionals from different fields (health, education, career counseling, media, administration), with an age range between 18 and 65 years. 49.1% were women. After analyzing agreement between expert judges to evaluate the content of the items, three types of analysis were performed: comparison of correlation structures, exploratory factor analysis by common factor method, and confirmatory factor analysis on polichoric correlations matrix. Two models were compared: Unidimensional and three-correlated factors. Results have shown good metric qualities of reliability (internal consistency, reliability of individual indicators, construct reliability and standard error of measurement) and validity (content, convergent and discriminant).

Objetivo: describir los factores psicosociales asociados a diagnóstico dual (retraso mental - trastornos mentales) en una muestra de adultos residentes en Cali. Método: participaron 50 díadas conformadas por un adulto con diagnóstico dual (ADU) y su cuidador principal. Se emplearon el cuestionario para cuidadores (CADIT), diseñado por los autores, y la Escala Integral de Calidad de Vida (Verdugo, Gómez y Arias, 2007) adaptada a población de Cali por los autores de este estudio. Resultados: se encontró en el factor persona, niveles adecuados de bienestar físico (66%), de adherencia al tratamiento (86%) y de autocuidado (82%); satisfacción media en la relación individuo-contexto (54%). En el factor familia, se identificó un buen nivel de satisfacción de necesidades y suficientes recursos para hacer frente a las situaciones de la vida diaria (84%), adecuado funcionamiento familiar (86%) y en un 60% de la muestra la participación de la familia en la rehabilitación del ADU se encontraba entre regular y deficiente. En el factor social, se encontraron apoyos regulares en un 68% y una inclusión media en un 52% de la muestra. Conclusiones: a partir de los resultados de este estudio se plantea la necesidad de orientar los programas de intervención hacia el fortalecimiento de la relación familiar como apoyo principal para los ADU; la promoción de la autonomía del ADU dentro y fuera de su núcleo familiar; y al desarrollo de políticas públicas que generen oportunidades educativas y laborales para los ADU, que favorezcan su inclusión social.Objetivo: descrever os fatores psicossociais associados ao diagnóstico dual ( deficiente mental - Transtornos mentais) numa a mostra de adultos residentes em Cali. Método: participaram díades conformadas por um adulto com diagnostico dual (ADU) e seu cuidador principal Empregaram se o questionário para cuidadores (CADIT), desenvolvido pelos autores, e a Escala Integral de Qualidade de Vida (Verdugo, Gomez e Arias, 2007) adaptada á população de Cali pelos autores desta pesquisa. Resultados: encontrou- se no fator pessoa, neveis a adequados de bem - estar físico (66%), de adesão ao tratamento (82%); satisfação media na ralação individuo- contexto (54%). No fator família, indentificou- se um bom nível de satisfação de necessidades e suficientes recursos para fazer frente ás situações da vida diária (84%), adequado funcionamento familiar (86%) e num 60% da amostra a participação da família em reabilitação do ADU encontrava se entre regular e deficiente. No fator social, encontraram se apoios regulares nuns 68% e uma inclusão meia num 52% da amostra. Conclusões: a partir dos resultados desta pesquisa platéia se a necessidade do orientar os programas de intervenção ao fortalecimento da relação familiar como apoio principal para os ADU; a promoção da autonomia do ADU dentro e fora de seu núcleo familiar e ao desenvolvimento de políticas publica que gerem oportunidades educativas e laborais para os ADU, que favoreçam sua inclusão social.Objective: describe the psychosocial variables associated to a dual diagnosis (mental retardation - mental disorders) in a sample of adults in the city of Cali. Method: fifty dyads took part, made up of one adult with dual diagnosis (ADD) and their principal care taker. A care-taker's questionnaire (CADIT), designed by the authors was used together with the Integral Quality of Life Scale (Verdugo, Arias & Gómez, 2007) adapted by the authors this study to the population of Cali. Results: The personal factor showed adequate levels of welfare (66%), treatment adherence (86%) and self-care (82%); there was also medium satisfaction in the individual-context relation (54%). In the family factor, the study revealed a good level of needs' satisfaction and sufficient resources to cope with day-to-day situations (84%), adequate family functioning (86%) and for 60% of the sample the family's participation in the ADD's rehabilitation registered between poor and deficient. In the social factor regular support was found (68%) and a medium inclusion of 52% of the sample. Conclusions: the results of this study manifest the need to manage intervention programs toward strengthening family relationships as the main support for ADD, the promotion of ADD's autonomy within and outside the household, and the development of public policies that create educational and employment opportunities for ADD, for their social inclusion.

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) plays a major role in the visual cycle and is essential to the maintenance of photoreceptors. The aim of this study was to determine whether a decrease in IRBP production exists in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy.Vitreous samples from diabetic patients with proliferative and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR, NPDR), and from non-diabetic patients with macular hole (control group) were selected for IRBP quantitative assessment by proteomic analysis (fluorescence-based difference gel electrophoresis) and western blot. Human post mortem eyes (n = 16) from diabetic donors without clinically detectable retinopathy and from non-diabetic donors (n = 16) were used to determine IRBP (also known as RBP3) mRNA levels (RT-PCR) and protein content (western blot and confocal microscopy). Retinal neurodegeneration was assessed by measuring glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and the apoptotic rate. Y79 human retinoblastoma cells were used to test the effects of glucose, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta on IRBP expression and IRBP levels.Intravitreous IRBP concentration was significantly lower in PDRNPDRcontrol in proteomic and western blot analysis. IRBP mRNA levels and IRBP protein content were significantly lower in the retinas from diabetic donors than in those from non-diabetic donors. Increased GFAP and a higher degree of apoptosis were observed in diabetic retinas compared with non-diabetic retinas. A dose-dependent downregulation of IRBP mRNA expression and IRBP content was detected with glucose, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in cultures of Y79 human retinoblastoma cells.Underproduction of IRBP is an early event in the human diabetic retina and is associated with retinal neurodegeneration. The mechanisms leading to this deficit deserve further investigation.

Antecedentes. En la actualidad se cuenta con diversos instrumentos que permiten evaluar la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, pero ninguno de ellos ha sido adaptado ni validado para su uso en población colombiana.La Escala INICO-FEAPS es un instrumento que ha demostrado suficientes evidencias de validez y fiabilidad en población española con discapacidad intelectual, lo que ha permitido llevar a cabo prácticas basadas en la evidencia mediante la evaluación de resultados personales relacionados con la calidad de vida.Objetivo. Adaptar la Escala INICO-FEAPS a población colombiana con discapacidad intelectual y analizar su validez y fiabilidad.Materiales y métodos. Estudio de carácter instrumental en el que participaron tres jueces expertos, 602 personas con discapacidad intelectual y 693 informantes clave. Se realizó la adaptación lingüística y contextual de la escala a población colombiana con discapacidad intelectual y se realizaron pruebas de validez de contenido, validez de constructo, consistencia interna y fiabilidad inter e intraevaluador.Resultados. La calificación media de pertinencia para el informe de otras personas fue 4.88/5.0 (DT=0.16) y para el autoinforme 4.98/5.0 (DT=0.03). La media de adecuación para el primero fue 3.74/5.0 (DT=0.46) y para el segundo 4.43/5.0 (DT=0.57). El análisis factorial confirmatorio demuestra una mejor bondad de ajuste a un modelo factorial jerárquico de segundo orden donde las ocho dimensiones del modelo de Schalock y Verdugo se agrupan en un segundo orden que corresponde a la calidad de vida. La consistencia interna de ambas formas resultó excelente —alfa de Cronbach 0.915 y 0.931—. En general, todas las dimensiones de la versión informe de otras personas presentaron mejores valores de consistencia interna que el autoinforme. Se obtuvo una mejor fiabilidad intraevaluador que interevaluador y solo un ítem tuvo una concordancia insignificante (Kappa0.21) en ambas pruebas.Conclusión. La versión adaptada a población colombiana con discapacidad intelectual de la Escala INICO-FEAPS presenta adecuados niveles de validez y fiabilidad. Background. Currently there are several instruments to assess the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities, but none of them has been adapted and validated for their usage in Colombian population.The INICO - FEAPS Scale is an instrument that has shown sufficient evidence of validity and reliability in Spanish population with intellectual disabilities, which permits to carry out evidence-based practices by evaluating personal outcomes related to quality of life.Objective. To adapt the INICO-FEAPS Scale to be used in Colombian population with intellectual disabilities and to analyze its properties in terms of validity and reliability.Materials and Methods. In this instrumental study participated three expert judges, 602 people with intellectual disabilities and 693 key informants. A linguistic and a contextual adaptation to Colombian population with intellectual disability were performed. Evidence of content validity and a construct was performed. Reliability was analyzed in terms of internal consistency, intra-rater and inter-rater reliability.Results. The relevance mean score for other people report was 4.88/5.0(SD=0.16), while for self-report was 4.98/5.0 (SD=0.03). The adequacy mean for the former was 3.74/5.0 (SD=0.46) and for the latter was 4.43/5.0 (SD=0.57). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrates a better goodness-of-fit to a hierarchical factorial second order model where the eight dimensions of the Schalock and Verdugo model are grouped in a second order, which corresponds to the quality of life. Internal consistency for both forms was excellent —Cronbach's alpha 0.915 and 0.931—. In general, all dimensions of other people report showed better values of Cronbach's alpha than the self-report subscale. Best intra-rater than inter-rater reliability was demonstrated and only one item showed an insignificant agreement (Kappa 0.21) in both tests.Conclusion. The INICO- FEAPS scale adapted for Colombian population with intellectual disabilities shows adequate levels of validity and reliability.

Objetivo: describir los factores psicosociales asociados a diagnóstico dual (retraso mental – trastornos mentales) en una muestra de adultos residentes en Cali. Método: participaron 50 díadas conformadas por un adulto con diagnóstico dual (ADU) y su cuidador principal. Se emplearon el cuestionario para cuidadores (CADIT), diseñado por los autores, y la Escala Integral de Calidad de Vida (Verdugo, Gómez y Arias, 2007) adaptada a población de Cali por los autores de este estudio. Resultados: se encontró en el factor persona, niveles adecuados de bienestar físico (66%), de adherencia al tratamiento (86%) y de autocuidado (82%); satisfacción media en la relación individuo-contexto (54%). En el factor familia, se identificó un buen nivel de satisfacción de necesidades y suficientes recursos para hacer frente a las situaciones de la vida diaria (84%), adecuado funcionamiento familiar (86%) y en un 60% de la muestra la participación de la familia en la rehabilitación del ADU se encontraba entre regular y deficiente. En el factor social, se encontraron apoyos regulares en un 68% y una inclusión media en un 52% de la muestra. Conclusiones: a partir de los resultados de este estudio se plantea la necesidad de orientar los programas de intervención hacia el fortalecimiento de la relación familiar como apoyo principal para los ADU; la promoción de la autonomía del ADU dentro y fuera de su núcleo familiar; y al desarrollo de políticas públicas que generen oportunidades educativas y laborales para los ADU, que favorezcan su inclusión social. Objective: describe the psychosocial variables associated to a dual diagnosis (mental retardation – mental disorders) in a sample of adults in the city of Cali. Method: fifty dyads took part, made up of one adult with dual diagnosis (ADD) and their principal care taker. A care-taker’s questionnaire (CADIT), designed by the authors was used together with the Integral Quality of Life Scale (Verdugo, Arias & Gómez, 2007) adapted by the authors this study to the population of Cali. Results: The personal factor showed adequate levels of welfare (66%), treatment adherence (86%) and self-care (82%); there was also medium satisfaction in the individual-context relation (54%).In the family factor, the study revealed a good level of needs’ satisfaction and sufficient resources to cope with dayto- day situations (84%), adequate family functioning (86%) and for 60% of the sample the family’s participation in the ADD’s rehabilitation registered between poor and deficient. In the social factor regular support was found (68%) and a medium inclusion of 52% of the sample. Conclusions: the results of this study manifest the need to manage intervention programs toward strengthening family relationships as the main support for ADD, the promotion of ADD’s autonomy within and outside the household, and the development of public policies that create educational and employment opportunities for ADD, for their social inclusion.

Assessing and promoting self-determination is a key educational component to improved outcomes for transition-age young, specially for students with significant support needs. However, there are no psychometric robust tools in the Spanish context to assess self-determination. The main aim of this study is to present the developmental of The ARC-INICO Self-determination Scale designed to evaluate self-determined behavior of students with intellectual disability and an exploratory study of its psychometrical properties. The scale was applied to 99 high school students with intellectual disabilities. On average, these students were 16 years old (range: 11-19). Adequate internal consistency was shown. The factor analysis supported the multidimensional structure proposed for the scale. A set of items were found for review based on discrimination index. In conclusion, initial analyses show the acceptable preliminary psychometrical properties of this measure, indicating that it’s followed the right path in the development of a tool to know the level of students in skills such as autonomy, self-regulation, empowerment or self-knowledge that will be essential in their process of transition to adulthood.

The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical and critical review of the concepts of inclusion and quality of life in the ambit of education for people with disabilities. For that purpose, we will start by briefly presenting the evolution of the situation and the educational principles in Spain during the last years. Next, we will provide evidence of the progress in inclusive education in our country, as well as the paradoxes and problems that have been recently found in its implementation by the different social agents involved in this process: students with disabilities, relatives and professionals. This evidence shows the need to relaunch the real and right implementation of the inclusive process. Finally, the “Quality of Life” model is suggested as an agent of change and innovation in the school., O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em realizar uma revisão teórica e crítica da aplicação dos conceitos de inclusão e qualidade de vida no âmbito da educação de pessoas com deficiência, como agentes de mudança. Para este fim, apresenta-se, resumidamente, a evolução da situação e os princípios educacionais na Espanha nos últimos anos. Em seguida são abordadas evidências sobre os progressos alcançados em matéria de educação inclusiva no país, bem como os paradoxos e os problemas encontrados na sua implementação pelos principais agentes implicados: alunos e alunas com deficiência, familiares e profissionais. Tais evidências ressaltam a necessidade de relançar a aplicação da verdadeira e correta implementação do processo inclusivo. Finalmente, defende-se o modelo de qualidade de vida como agente de mudança e inovação no âmbito escolar.

Objective: To evaluate quality of life (QoL) of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) according to the perception of the children themselves and their parents, examining the degree of agreement between the two perceptions, and identify the variables that influence QoL. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study that included 92 children and adolescents with CP (aged 8-18 years) without other associated comorbidities in ASPACE monitoring centers of the Autonomous Community of Castile and León - Spain. The process of data collection was conducted between October 2008 and September 2009 and the assessment instrument used was the Spanish version of Kidscreen. Statistical analyzes included t tests, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and multiple linear regression. Results: The QoL scores were low in almost all areas of the Kidscreen. The variables of children determined the results of QoL in the “economic resources” and “psychological well-being.” The variable Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) explained only 7% of the variation of the domain “physical well-being,” while the “degree of intellectual disability” (ID) explained 14% of the variation of the domain “psychological well-being.” Parents underestimate the QoL of their children in 9 of the 10 domains and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was high only in the “friends and social support.” Conclusion: The results draw attention to the importance of listening to children and adolescents with CP, because their perception of QoL may be different from what their parents have.

We intended to assess quality of life in families of children and adolescents with a disability in the Cali city (Colombia) through the Family Quality of Life Survey [FQLS] adapted for Colombian population, with 385 participating families. A descriptive analysis the socio-demographic information of the sample and the FQLS’ indicators and factors was done, as well as an inferential analysis for hypothesis checking on the relation between family quality of life with variables as disability type, age, gender, family type,socio-economic status and relation with the person with disability in the family. Families seemed to be more dissatisfied in the Support for persons with disabilities factor and the indicators support to get the government benefits and support to get services of the locals institutions for the family member with a disability. No differences were found among families in the variables of study.