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Europe’s roadmap to a low-carbon economy aims to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Beef production is an important source of GHG emissions and is expected to increase as the world population grows. LIFE BEEF CARBON is a voluntary European initiative that aims to reduce GHG emissions per unit of beef (carbon footprint) by 15% over a 10-year period on 2172 farms in four large beef-producing countries. Changes in farms beef carbon footprint are normally estimated via simulation modelling, but the methods current models apply differ. Thus, our initial goal was to develop a common modelling framework to estimate beef farms carbon footprint. The framework was developed for a diverse set of Western Europe farms located in Ireland, Spain, Italy and France. Whole farm and life cycle assessment (LCA) models were selected to quantify emissions for the different production contexts and harmonized. Carbon Audit was chosen for Ireland, Bovid-CO2 for Spain and CAP’2ER for France and Italy. All models were tested using 20 case study farms, that is, 5 per country and quantified GHG emissions associated with on-farm live weight gain. The comparison showed the ranking of beef systems gross carbon footprint was consistent across the three models. Suckler to weaning or store systems generally had the highest carbon footprint followed by suckler to beef systems and fattening beef systems. When applied to the same farm, Carbon Audit’s footprint estimates were slightly lower than CAP’2ER, but marginally higher than Bovid-CO2. These differences occurred because the models were adapted to a specific region’s production circumstances, which meant their emission factors for key sources; that is, methane from enteric fermentation and GHG emissions from concentrates were less accurate when used outside their target region. Thus, for the common modelling framework, region-specific LCA models were chosen to estimate beef carbon footprints instead of a single generic model. Additionally, the Carbon Audit and Bovid-CO2 models were updated to include carbon removal by soil and other environmental metrics included in CAP’2ER, for example, acidification. This allows all models to assess the effect carbon mitigation strategies have on other potential pollutants. Several options were identified to reduce beef farms carbon footprint, for example, improving genetic merit. These options were assessed for beef systems, and a mitigation plan was created by each nation. The cumulative mitigation effect of the LIFE BEEF CARBON plan was estimated to exceed the projects reduction target (−15%).

This public report provides an overview of the problems raised by the management of heritage buildings and sites (HBs/sites) in their surroundings. A multidisciplinary team comprising conservation professionals, art historians, archaeologists, architects, biologists, civil engineers and information technology experts have joined forces within the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology1 Action TD1406 - i2MHB (Innovation in Intelligent Management of Heritage Buildings) to provide their expertise and experience on the risks to which HBs/ sites are exposed (urban development, infrastructure works, demographical changes, natural and technological hazards, bio-deterioration, lack of cultural heritage education and technical knowledge and skills, etc.). Traditional and new approaches to manage the principal risks are then developed. Nine representative European HBs/sites are used to illustrate the different problems raised and to offer possible solutions. The report ends with a number of recommendations to better integrate HBs/sites in their surroundings. This report is addressed to policy makers at the local, regional and national governments; economical and industrial players; research and education stakeholders; and, the public to the preservation and valorisation of HBs/sites in their surroundings. We hope that readers will find tentative answers to their question(s) on the difficulties encountered by the management of HBs/sites in their surroundings. Further reading is available through the references and the online literature provided.

After a brief survey on the previous studies on the Sicilian domestic architecture of the hellenistic and Roman periods, this paper questions the idea of a continuous development of the Greek house's central space, from the simple court to the peristyle, as well as the opposition between “centripetal”and “axial” (i.e. the Greek peristyle house and the Roman atrium house). This rigid distinction doesn't take in account the existence of an hybrid form of the court that doesn't fit well in these comfortable cathegories: the “tetrastylon”. Sicilian houses are reconsidered in order to establish if this and other single houses' features can be labelled as “Punic”, “Greek” or “Roman” or if this is possible just for their whole plan. These houses also reveal what the eventual presence of “Roman” elements into a “Greek” house can tell us about the house's owners in terms of cultural identity: if Greek citzens influenced by the Roman culture or Romans living in a Greek city according with their own way of life.

nel tessuto urbano e nell'immaginario sociale della Germania riunificata lo spazio di confine resta nella memoria solo attraverso il ricordo e il simbolo del muro. L'articolo intende esplorare invece altri ricordi e forme di memoria sulla divisione tedesca attraverso una ricerca etnografica nei luoghi della memoria posti lungo l'ex confine tra i due stati tedeschi

Analisi dell'evento 11 settembre 2001 come performance cultural. Le rappresentazioni della memoria. L'effetto trasformativo degli spettatori dell'evento (analisi qualitativa)

Posto che, come insegna la memoria della SHoah, la memoria è sempre "ricostruita", il saggio esplora le "ricostruzioni di memoria" nella letteratura sociologica (Halbwachs, Zerubavel, Habermas, Alexander) e in alcuni casi empirici (memorie intergenerazionali, interculturali, in situazioni estreme).