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The National Association of Medical Examiners convened an expert panel to update the association's evidence-based recommendations for investigating and certifying deaths associated with opioids and other misused substances to improve death certificate and mortality data for public health surveillance. The recommendations are as follows:1. Autopsy provides the best information on a decedent's medical condition for optimal interpretation of toxicology results, circumstances surrounding death, medical history, and scene findings. The panel considers autopsy an essential component of investigating apparent overdose deaths.2. Scene investigation includes reconciling prescription information and medication counts. Investigators should note drug paraphernalia or other evidence of using intoxicating substances.3. Retain blood, urine, and vitreous humor whenever available. Blood from the iliofemoral vein is preferable to blood from more central sites.4. A toxicological panel should be comprehensive, including potent depressant, stimulant, and antidepressant medications. Detecting novel substances present in the community may require special testing.5. When death is attributed to a drug or combination of drugs (as cause or contributing factor), the certifier should list the drugs by generic name in the autopsy report and death certificate.6. The best classification for manner of death in an overdose without any apparent intent of self-harm is "accident."

Over a three-month period in early 2017, the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office investigated nine apparent opioid toxicity deaths that occurred in three separate urban, suburban, and rural counties in our jurisdiction. All decedents were known substance abusers and had reportedly recently used heroin; most were found with drug paraphernalia. Complete autopsies variably showed classic stigmata of opioid overdose with no significant injury or natural disease to explain death. Initial toxicology screens failed to identify heroin or other narcotic substances. Several cases were presumptively positive for fentanyl by immunoassay, yet failed to confirm positive for fentanyl. Following American Board of Forensic Toxicology reporting standards, these cases were reported as negative for fentanyl by the laboratory. Due to the discrepant scene and toxicology findings suggestive of an opioid toxicity death, further discussion between the medical examiners and toxicologists prompted additional testing at a referral laboratory. This resulted in quantifiable blood carfentanil in all cases (mean 0.26 ng/mL, range 0.12 - 0.64 ng/mL). Cointoxicants included ethanol (n=2), methamphetamine (n=3), benzodiazepines (n=3), and cocaine (n=1). No case had definitive evidence of acute heroin intoxication, but two cases had low concentrations of morphine present (0.03 and 0.06 ng/mL), and two others had 6-monoacetyl morphine in the urine without morphine in the blood, suggesting recent use. All deaths were certified as accidental acute or mixed carfentanil toxicity. These cases present additional information about carfentanil-related deaths and highlight the importance of collaboration between forensic pathologists and toxicologists., Competing Interests: Disclosures & Declaration of Conflicts of Interest: The authors, reviewers, editors, and publication staff do not report any relevant conflicts of interest

Sudden unexpected death of an individual with epilepsy (SUDEP) can pose a challenge to death investigators, as most deaths are unwitnessed and the individual is commonly found dead in bed. Anatomic findings (e.g., tongue/lip bite) are commonly absent and of varying specificity, limiting the evidence to implicate epilepsy as a cause of or contributor to death. Thus, it is likely that death certificates significantly underrepresent the true number of deaths in which epilepsy was a factor. To address this, members of the National Association of Medical Examiners, North American SUDEP Registry, Epilepsy Foundation SUDEP Institute, American Epilepsy Society, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened an expert panel to generate evidence-based recommendations for the practice of death investigation and autopsy, toxicological analysis, interpretation of autopsy and toxicology findings, and death certification to improve the precision of death certificate data available for public health surveillance of epilepsy-related deaths. The recommendations provided in this paper are intended to assist medical examiners, coroners, and death investigators when a sudden, unexpected death in a person with epilepsy is encountered., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES & DECLARATION OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The opinions and conclusions of this paper have been reviewed and approved by the NAME Board of Directors and as such are endorsed by the National Association of Medical Examiners. These opinions and positions are based on a consensus of the current literature, knowledge, and prevailing theories on this topic. As scientific knowledge and experience grow and change, the National Association of Medical Examiners reserves the right to revise or update these opinions. The process by which NAME position papers are initiated, written, reviewed, and approved is publically available on the NAME website (www.thename.org). All scientific position papers endorsed by the National Association of Medical Examiners automatically expire five years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time. This work is a product of NAME and as such, was not subjected to Academic Forensic Pathology editorial review. The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The authors, reviewers, editors, and publication staff do not report any relevant conflicts of interest This paper has been simultaneously published in Epilepsia, Volume 59, #3 and Academic Forensic Pathology: The Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners, Volume 8, #1

The following abstracts are compiled from Check Sample exercises published in 2008. These peer-reviewed case studies assist laboratory professionals with continuing medical education and are developed in the areas of clinical chemistry, cytopathology, forensic pathology, hematology, microbiology, surgical pathology, and transfusion medicine. Abstracts for all exercises published in the program will appear annually in AJCP.

Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were exposed to varying micromolar concentrations of the dinitroaniline antitubulin trifluralin. The effects of trifluralin on parasite proliferation, metacyclogenesis, morphology, and uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were investigated. Parasites exposed to the antitubulin showed some ultrastructural alterations, i.e., formation in some parasites of large, membrane-delimited vacuoles and a significant decrease in the number of HRP-positive reservosomes. Whereas there was no perceptible change in the morphology of either subpellicular or flagellar microtubules, there was a significant inhibition of proliferation and metacyclogenesis at trifluralin concentrations in excess of 100 microM. These concentrations were considerably higher than those reported to produce similar results in Leishmania spp. and T. brucei brucei.