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Abstract In Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines are defined by the World Bank as countries that failed to overcome the "middle income trap". The four Southeast Asian countries (hereinafter referred to as the "ASEAN Four") entered the ranks of middle-income economies in the late 1970s and early 1980s and achieved rapid economic development throughout the 1980s and 1990s. However, since the early 2000s, the competitive advantages of these countries’ labor-intensive industries have started to decline, while the process of industrial transformation and technological improvement has been stagnated due to the lack of innovation resources. With limited R&D input and insufficient indigenous tech innovation, these countries’ manufacturing industry show a trend of "deindustrialization" and the "middle technology trap" phenomenon emerged. As the manufacturing sector failed to generate value-added that promotes economic growth and national income increase, ASEAN Four have so far yet to enter the high-income ranks. Drawing from the cases of ASEAN Four, this paper argues that the "middle technology trap" is a key contributing factor to the “middle income trap,” and countries fallen into the “middle income trap” often experience the "middle technology trap" as a concomitant phenomenon. The paper first introduces the industrialization process of ASEAN Four while analyzes the challenges they faced in industrial structural transformation and technology advancement. It then discusses major reasons that these countries failed to step over both the "middle technology trap" and the “middle income trap”, including limited technology spillovers from FDI, R&D investment shortages and insufficient industrial policies, low-quality education system, deficient intellectual property protection and underdeveloped regional capital markets. The paper concludes with some implications for China and discussion on potential future research on distinctions of the “middle technology trap” phenomenon between upper middle-income and lower middle-income countries.

In Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines are defined by the World Bank as countries that failed to overcome the "middle income trap". The four Southeast Asian countries (hereinafter referred to as the "ASEAN Four") entered the ranks of middle-income economies in the late 1970s and early 1980s and achieved rapid economic development throughout the 1980s and 1990s. However, since the early 2000s, the competitive advantages of these countries' labor-intensive industries have started to decline, while the process of industrial transformation and technological improvement has been stagnated due to the lack of innovation resources. With limited R&D input and insufficient indigenous tech innovation, these countries' manufacturing industry show a trend of "deindustrialization" and the "middle technology trap" phenomenon emerged. As the manufacturing sector failed to generate value-added that promotes economic growth and national income increase, ASEAN Four have so far yet to enter the high-income ranks. Drawing from the cases of ASEAN Four, this paper argues that the "middle technology trap" is a key contributing factor to the "middle income trap," and countries fallen into the "middle income trap" often experience the "middle technology trap" as a concomitant phenomenon. The paper first introduces the industrialization process of ASEAN Four while analyzes the challenges they faced in industrial structural transformation and technology advancement. It then discusses major reasons that these countries failed to step over both the "middle technology trap" and the "middle income trap", including limited technology spillovers from FDI, R&D investment shortages and insufficient industrial policies, low-quality education system, deficient intellectual property protection and underdeveloped regional capital markets. The paper concludes with some implications for China and discussion on potential future research on distinctions of the "middle technology trap" phenomenon between upper middle-income and lower middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics Business & Finance Research / Ekonomi İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Irfan Ersin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the history of economic development, natural resources have always played an essential role. For instance, during the first Industrial Revolution steam engine greatly increased the efficiency of production: with the help of the combustion of black coal, and later oil, the worth of natural resources from the Earth was never devalued. For every economic entity, immense development at the beginning of the process seems inevitable, and China’s economic development follows a similar trajectory, yet with the continuing development, environmental issues are becoming non-negligible anymore in China, which could potentially drag and slow down overall economic progress. What problems is China facing nowadays and what will it face in the future, and what sort of measures can have their own practical meaning to the world? We are going to look at the details in this paper.

Financial instability can negatively impact a country's long-term economic growth and lead to economic crises by increasing uncertainties and disrupting consumption, savings, and investment decisions. Therefore, for countries aiming to escape the middle-income trap, financial stability holds critical importance as a sustainable economic growth strategy.The objective is to investigate the impact of financial stability on economic growth in 32 countries seemingly caught in the middle-income trap during the period of 1990-2019. Financial stability indicators are measured using bank Z-scores and the ratio of non-performing bank loans to total gross loans. The study employs the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation method, which is suitable for dynamic panel data analysis. The results of the empirical findings are as follows: 1) The effect of an increase in the Bank Z score on economic growth is positive and significant. 2) A decrease in the ratio of non-performing bank loans to total gross loans is positive and significant on economic growth. 3) Foreign direct investments, trade openness and education, which are included in the model as control variables, appear to positively affect economic growth. 4) The financial crisis dummy, which is used to capture the effect of country-specific financial crises on economic growth, has a negative effect on economic growth.. Central banks and governments should implement regulations to strengthen the stability of banking systems, which can accelerate economic growth. They should also promote favorable financial environments to enhance the connection between financial stability and economic growth. This study provides a general framework for accelerating economic growth through financial stability for countries in middle income trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dünya Bankası’nın kişi başına GSYH ülke sınıflandırmasına göre Türkiye 1955 yılından araştırmanın yapıldığı 2021’e kadar geçen dönemde orta gelirli ülkeler grubunda yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Türkiye ekonomisinin karşılaştığı durumun orta gelir tuzağı olup olmadığı Türkiye ve referans ülke olarak alınan ABD GSYH’lerinin 1960 – 2021 dönemindeki yıllık farklarına bir geleneksel ve üç farklı yapısal kırılmalı birim kök test uygulanmak suretiyle araştırılmıştır. Bir yapısal kırılmalı test dışındaki tüm birim kök sınamalarının bulguları serinin durağan olmadığını göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan Türkiye’nin kişi başına GSYH’sinin referans ülke ABD GSYH’sine oranı ilgili dönem için nispi eşik olarak belirlenen 0,08 – 0,36 aralığında kalmıştır. Bulgular Türkiye’nin orta gelir tuzağına takıldığına dair kesin kanıtlar sağlamamakla birlikte bu riskin söz konusu olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Daha sonra Türkiye ve ABD GSYH’leri yakınsaması ile ticari açıklık, imalat sanayi ürünleri ithalatı ve ihracatı, tarımsal ürünler ithalatı ve ihracatı, ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı, reel efektif döviz kuru arasındaki uzun ve kısa dönem ilişkiler 1990–2021 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanılmak suretiyle araştırılmıştır. Uygulanan ARDL sınır testinin bulguları ticari açıklık düzeyindeki artışların uzun dönemde Türkiye ile ABD kişi başına GSYH’lerinin yakınsamasına neden olduğunu göstermektedir. İmalat sanayi ürünleri ithalatının toplam GSYH içindeki payındaki artışlar hem uzun hem de kısa dönemde, tarımsal ürünler ithalatının payındaki artışlar ise uzun dönemde ıraksamaya yol açmaktadır.

Over the history of economic development, natural resources have always played an essential role. For instance, during the first Industrial Revolution steam engine greatly increased the efficiency of production: with the help of the combustion of black coal, and later oil, the worth of natural resources from the Earth was never devalued. For every economic entity, immense development at the beginning of the process seems inevitable, and China's economic development follows a similar trajectory, yet with the continuing development, environmental issues are becoming non-negligible anymore in China, which could potentially drag and slow down overall economic progress. What problems is China facing nowadays and what will it face in the future, and what sort of measures can have their own practical meaning to the world? We are going to look at the details in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to assess the level of formation of conditions for decent remuneration of researchers in the Russian regions. Currently, this sphere faces either being ahead of the targets proposed by the state as part of the social policy implementation, or lagging behind them.Methods: the study uses a methodology of calculating the modified advance coefficient, which determines the growth rate of employees’ wages in comparison with the growth rate of the target indicator in the regions. The modified methodology also provides for accounting for the impact of horizontal unevenness on wages in science, which triggers the “middle income trap”. Due to this trap, measurements of the effectiveness of public policy in the studied area are not amenable to clear categorization. The coefficient implies taking into account the growth rate of wages of researchers, the growth rate of the target indicator and the weight of the region (which in turn reflects the formation of conditions for decent wages for all employees in the Russian Federation subject).Results: according to calculations based on Rosstat data for 2021, only one region showed an advanced growth rate of researchers’ salaries (Leningradskaya oblast). In the remaining 79 Russian Federation subjects, the growth rate of wages in science is lagging behind the growth rate of the target indicator (i.e., they have not used all the opportunities for the formation of decent earnings of researchers). The achievement of the target indicator (200% of the average wage of employees in the region) in these territories is due to the growth of salaries of a limited part of the staff.Scientific novelty: the study determined an algorithm for monitoring the advanced wage growth of researchers in the Russian regions and the principles of public policy (as a set of fundamental and institutional solutions) that will contribute to the formation of decent wages in Russian science.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used to form a system of state monitoring of wages in budgetary sectors, as well as to improve the “Science” national project.

Copyright of Current Social & Economic Processes / Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok is the property of University of Szeged, Faculty of Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has been taken for granted for a long time that the main objective for economies has to be to maintain economic growth. Economic growth, however, especially when measured by gross domestic product (GDP) can be attractive while human and social conditions deteriorate. Globalisation has created global value chains, which are basically about locating activities into countries where they can be performed at the lowest costs. These processes can hold back economies from moving towards a higher level of development. The article examines the economic and social situation in the V4 countries in international context and on a long time horizon, by using the most important economic and social indicators. The main purpose of the analysis is to get an objective overview of the situation, and to suggest solutions to achieve a more harmonious economic and social development, which is the necessary precondition for avoiding middle income trap.

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznanskiej. Organizacja & Zarzadzanie is the property of Poznan University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The World Economic Forum stated that while digitalization caused a rapid productivity growth, it has also had its disadvantages. Can digitalization be the catalyst of economic development? Our hypothesis contributes to the debate that the higher the level of digital development in a given country, the greater the quality of life and purchasing power it can achieve due to the benefits of various digital technologies. In our research, we investigated the relationship between the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), the Quality of Life Index (QLI) and the Purchasing Power Index (PPI) among the EU countries from 2014 to 2019. We acquired datasets from Eurostat and Numbeo and examined correlations between indices. We found a strong positive relationship between the level of digitalization, the quality of life, and the purchasing power.

The results of economic transformations in the Baltic States from 1991 to 2018 are evaluated. Changes in indicators of growth of welfare, human and productive capital are tracked. There was a slowdown in the convergence of welfare levels due to the unfavorable conditions of foreign markets and the lack of advanced development factors. Despite relatively rapid economic growth, there remains a significant gap between the Baltic States from the European countries with high levels of income. The chronic problem of population flight, unstable inflows of investment, and instability in foreign trade prevent countries from escaping the middle-income trap. The study is based on the World Bank statistics.

The middle-income trap (MIT) describes obstacles to sustainable growth experienced by some middle-income countries. The initial growth of emerging economies is often characterized by reliance on labor intense, import driven factors, facilitated by foreign direct investment (FDI). As it matures, that initial growth becomes more dependent on foreign technology imports to produce exports, which can impede sustained growth. Poland is representative of several middle-income East European countries; after the 1990 transition, Poland had inadequate infrastructure and obsolescent industries, but a work force that was highly educated. Since 1990, relatively low labor costs, technology imports, European Union (EU) funding, and FDI have propelled Poland to middleincome status. However, Poland's comparative labor advantages have recently diminished, while both the quantity and composition of FDI inflows are changing. In this paper, we examine whether some growth factors have been exhausted, leaving Poland subject to MIT. To answer this question, we assess changes in investment and factor productivity, labor force educational attainments, FDI, new product/technology development, imports, export diversification, product complexity, and other factors. We conclude that in Poland several conditions consistent with MIT are gaining importance and may be an early warning sign of challenges to its future growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management & Economics Research is the property of Journal of Management & Economics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to examine the validity of Kaldor growth models in upper middle income countries. The reason why upper middle income countries were preferred in the study that they were faced with the risk of middle income trap, which is among the most important growth problems of these countries in recent years. In the study, panel data models were estimated for the Kaldor’s growth models for 24 upper middle-income countries whose data can be accessed by considering the period 1991-2019. Before the estimation of the models, the stationarity of the series was examined with the unit root tests with structural break. According to the estimation of the results, it has been concluded that only Kaldor’s second model has been found valid for those countries with the risk of middle income trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Business Studies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Motivation: There are many victims of middle economic income trap in the world. This term commonly refers to countries that have experienced rapid growth, which enabled them to reach the status of a middle-income country, but finally have not been able to catch up the developed countries and achieve high-income status. Following this raises the question about Poland’s economy position in the context of middle income trap.Aim: The aim of article is to present the position of polish economy in the context of ‘middle income trap theory’.Results: Poland is a middle-income country, and some classifications say it is even a high-income country. The analysis of statistical indicators shows that in Poland there is a problem with the quality of labor, education and competencies, often because of the outflow of talented human capital. Moreover, as is known from the data prepared for the Strategy Europe 2020, Poland has the highest percentage of fixed term contracts in Europe and high poverty at work. Also the low share of the R&D expenditure in the GDP goes together with low sub-indexes of the Global Competitiveness Index and the Index of Economic Freedom. As to the export structure, there was considerable increase in middle and upper technology goods share over the last 20 years.

In 2010, the World Bank categorized countries in per capita gross domestic product in terms of purchasing power parity (at constant 1990 prices) in three categories: low, middle (lower and upper) and high income. If a country caught at least 28 years in lower middle income level and at least 14 years caught in upper middle-income level, then they are trapped in lower middle and upper middle income traps respectively. The growth of per capita GDP or economic growth, is a factor in avoiding middle income trap. We examined the effect of total factor productivity, human capital and age dependency ratios on GDP per capita growth and the avoidance of middle income trap during 1991 - 2014 for ten Islamic countries, using panel data and constant effects estimation. The findings indicate that human capital and then total factor productivity have positive and significant relationship with per-capita GDP and have the greatest impact on economic growth and the avoidance from middle income trap. If the ratio of age dependency is high, it has a positive and significant effect on economic growth and can keep the country in the middle income trap.

The World Economic Forum stated that while digitalization caused a rapid productivity growth, it has also had its disadvantages. Can digitalization be the catalyst of economic development? Our hypothesis contributes to the debate that the higher the level of digital development in a given country, the greater the quality of life and purchasing power it can achieve due to the benefits of various digital technologies. In our research, we investigated the relationship between the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), the Quality of Life Index (QLI) and the Purchasing Power Index (PPI) among the EU countries from 2014 to 2019. We acquired datasets from Eurostat and Numbeo and examined correlations between indices. We found a strong positive relationship between the level of digitalization, the quality of life, and the purchasing power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of External Economic Bulletin / Külgazdaság is the property of KOPINT Konjunktura Kutatasi Alapitvany and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2010, the World Bank categorized countries by GDP (at Purchasing Power Parity) per capita (at constant 1990 prices) in three categories: low, middle (low and high), and high. If a country falls in a trap at least 28 years in the low middle income and at least 14 years in the high middle income group, then it is included in low and middle income groups, respectively. In this paper, using the experience of successful countries in avoiding the trap, we investigated the impact of investment, human capital, high-tech exports, total factor productivity, exports of goods and services, and the value added of service sectors on per capita GDP growth during 1991-2014, using panel data. Research findings in the literature indicated that in selected Asian countries, human capital and total factor productivity growth with positive and significant effects have the greatest impact on avoiding the trap. In the case of Iran, human capital and the total factor productivity growth have positive and significant effects on the economic growth, but such effects have not been so great to help escaping Iran’s economy from the middle- income trap. Therefore, Iran has remained in the middle- income trap over the past 58 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Studenckie Wydzialu Ekonomicznego Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego "Nasze Studia" is the property of Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences / Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boğaziçi Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies is the property of Bogazici University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Productive transformation and skill misallocation policies have cumulative effects. • There is a mismatch between innovation capacities and the number of skilled workers. • Demographic transition is a reinforcing factor of slowdowns and skill misallocation. • Necessity of shift from the extensive to the intensive growth pattern for MICs. • MICs need diversification along intensive margins. Persistent growth slowdown, generally called Middle-Income Trap (MIT), is a growing concern for middle income countries' governments and for regional and international development banks. This paper (i) uses a mixed approach to identify episodes of MIT in a five-year period panel of 132 countries covering the 1950–2010 period and (ii) tests empirically various explaining factors linked to productive change that have been put forward by the recent literature. Our identification approach consists in comparing the impact of a variety of productive factors on medium-run GDP growth inside and outside the MIT. We find that the demographic drag, skill misallocation and the patterns of export diversification help explain why some middle income countries underwent or are still undergoing persistent growth slowdowns. Our results are robust to various specification and sampling changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management & Economics Research is the property of Journal of Management & Economics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concept of middle income trap (MIT) refers to a situation where countries with relatively high growth rates, reach the middle income level but then face difficulties in arriving at high income levels. One of the basic economic problems of middle income countries is being unable to continue their growth performance they had in low income level to move toward high income. The aim of this study is analyze the factors determining the MIT with a sample of the selected 16 countries in the upper-middle income group for the 1996-2015 period. In model, GDP (Y) is dependent variable, and R&D expenditures (ARGE), openness (DAO), internet use rate (IKO), education expenditures (EH),labor productivity (IV), number of published scientific papers (BMK), inflation rate (ENF) and unemployment rate (IO)used as independent variables determining MIT. A cointegration relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables were determined. With results of the panel causality analysis, one-way causality relation from Y to DAO and ARGE variables, and from IKO, IV and BMK variables to Y; and a two-way causality between Y, and IO and EH variables were found. There is no causality relation between Y and ENF variables. Using empirical findings obtained, policy recommendations to avoid or get rid of MIT have been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to measure the effect of innovation to avoid the middle income trap. In this framework, we divided countries into two groups following the work of Robertson and Ye (2013): countries in middle income trap (MIT- Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia and Turkey) and countries avoid the middle income trap (NMITSouth Korea, Portugal, Singapore and Greece). The relationship between "Calculated Innovation Index (HII)" calculated by PCA method and consisting of 27 different innovation indicators and economic growth examined employing Second Generation Panel Data Method. The results show that NMIT countries are more affected by HII than countries in MIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the article is to emphasize those reasons of the development barriers which are related to the shortcomings of deliberative co-decisional practices in public policy. The author assumes the culturally-institutional and functional methodological orientation and refers to examples of the Polish social dialogue, civil dialogue, lobbying, public hearing and social consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconditional convergence across countries worldwide is typically rejected in terms of GDP per capita. But when focusing on a specific internationally competitive industry, such as manufacturing, rather than the overall economy, unconditional convergence has been found to hold. As the epitome of competition and globalization, this paper uses the performance of national soccer teams as a further test case. We rely on data of more than 25,000 games between 1950 and 2014 and find clear evidence of unconditional - and -convergence in national team performance, as measured either by win percentages or goal difference. We argue that transfer of technologies, skills and best practices fosters this catch-up process. But there are limits: we show that good teams from Africa and Asia are failing to close the gap with top European or South American teams for reasons that are analogous to the 'middle income trap'. Lessons for other sectors include the virtues of internationally transferable human capital as well as the mixed blessings of regional integration for worldwide convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ülkelerin bulundukları gelir düzeyleri ile ilişkili olan orta gelir tuzağı kavramı, genel olarak, ülkelerin belirli bir dönem boyunca aynı gelir düzeyinde sıkışıp kalmasını ifade etmektedir. 1960'lı yıllarda üç haneli rakamlarla ifade edilen orta gelirli ülke sayısının çok azının yüksek gelirli ülke statüsüne yükselmesi dolayısıyla önemli bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalış mada, Robertson ve Ye (2013)'nin orta gelir tuzağı önerisine göre, Türkiye'nin orta gelir tuzağında olup olmadığı test edilmektedir. Türkiye için orta gelir tuzağının değerlendirmesinin yapıldığı bu çalışmada, Carrion-i Silvestre vd. (2009) tarafından ortaya atılan çoklu yapısal birim kök testinden faydalanılmıştır. Uygulanan birim kök testi sonuçları Türkiye orta gelir tuzağında olmadığını göstermektedir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main problem of developing countries in today's economy is that they cannot increase their per capita income above a certain level. This situation is expressed as middle-income trap. Being stuck at a certain level of gross domestic product per capita for long years, raised the question of whether Turkey is caught in the middle-income trap. Aim: To assess the situation in Turkey in terms of middle-income trap concept and to provide recommendations. Method: The concept of middle-income trap will be defined, relevant literature will be presented, exit strategies brought in the literature will be presented in conjunction with Turkey's current data. Findings: Whether or not in the middle income trap, there are important steps to be taken by Turkey in order to become a developed country economy: These can be listed as increasing the savings rate and investment in R & D and innovation, improving the quality of education, ensuring fairness in income distribution and in particular raising the level of technology used in the manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)