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Background: Trigeminal neuralgia features jolts of pain along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. If patients fail conservative management, microvascular decompression (MVD) is typically the next step in treatment. MVD consists of implanting a separating material, often Teflon, between the nerve and compressive lesions. A review found similar success and complication rates between Teflon and Ivalon, another commonly used material. The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes and complications associated with Teflon and Ivalon in MVD., Methods: We conducted a 2-center retrospective cohort study of trigeminal neuralgia treated with MVD between 2005 and 2019. Patients with no postoperative follow-up were excluded. Postoperative pain was graded using the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain intensity score. Relapse was defined as a BNI score of 4-5 during follow-up after initial pain improvement or an initial BNI score of 1-3., Results: The study included 221 MVD procedures in 219 patients. Ivalon was implanted in 121 procedures, and Teflon was implanted in 100 procedures. Multivariate analysis found that implant type had no effect on final BNI score (P = 0.305). Relapse rates were similar at 5- and 10-year follow-up (5-year: Ivalon 10.7%, Teflon 18.0%, P = 0.112; 10-year: Ivalon 11.6%, Teflon 19.0%, P = 0.123). There was no difference in postoperative immediate facial numbness (P = 0.125). Postoperative hearing difficulty was higher in the Ivalon cohort (8.4% vs. 1.0%; P = 0.016)., Conclusions: We found no significant difference in final BNI score or risk of relapse between Ivalon and Teflon. Complications were similar, although Ivalon was more associated with temporary postoperative hearing loss., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of materials used as prostheses for microvascular decompression surgery (MVDs) in Japan and their possible adverse events (AEs) to determine preferable materials for MVDs., Methods: A questionnaire was sent to all members of the Japanese Society for MVDs, and answers were obtained from 59 institutions., Results: Among a total of 2789 MVDs, 1088 operations for trigeminal neuralgia, 1670 for hemifacial spasm, and 31 others, including 117 reoperations, were performed between April 2011 and March 2014. Nonabsorbable material was used in 96.5% of MVDs, including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (80.5%), polyurethane (11.9%), expanded PTFE (2.1%), and silk thread (1.47%). The use of absorbable materials, including fibrin glue (87.5%), cellulose (13.5%), gelatin (4,77%), and collagen (1.76%), was reported. The major combinations were PTFE with fibrin glue (58.7%) followed by PTFE alone (7.60%). Eighty-eight AEs in 85 (3.2%) cases were reported among 2672 first operations. AEs included 51 central nervous system dysfunctions, 15 wound infections/dehiscence, and 10 others, which were presumed to be related to the intraoperative procedure. Among relatively high-, moderate-, and low-volume centers, there were no significant differences in the frequency of AEs (P = 0.077). Tissue-prosthesis adhesion and/or granuloma formation were reported in 13 cases of 117 reoperations. The incidence of adhesion-related recurrence was 11.1% of all reoperations., Conclusions: The number of AEs was quite low in this survey, and intradural use of any prosthesis reported in this paper might be justified; however, further development of easily handled and less-adhesive prosthesis materials is awaited., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives : Neurovascular compression syndromes (NVCS) could be cured with an intravascular device that releases compression of the root entry zone of cranial nerves by changing the course of offending vessels. The purpose of this study was to report our results of in vitro and in vivo experiments with a novel intra-arterial neurovascular decompressor (IA-NVD) for NVCS. Methods : A nitinol-based IA-NVD was developed to release pressure applied to the root entry zone of cranial nerves by changing the course or angle of an offending vessel, which can possibly cure NVCS. We performed in vitro tests for safety and feasibility and preliminary in vivo tests up to 4 weeks for safety. Results : The bending stiffness of the device was similar to but slightly stronger than that of current, closed-cell intracranial stents. Hemocompatibility tests showed no significant thrombogenesis in whole blood. After the 4-week follow-up, all animals (20-month-old female Gottingen mini-pigs weighing 15-18 kg, n = 4) had a normal upright position and gait. Scanning electron microscopy images and H&E staining of arteries containing the devices showed good neointima formation on the devices. Intima hyperplasia occurred over wires and connecting tubes, but it did not interrupt the patency of the arterial lumen. Discussion : An IA-NVD was created and tested to demonstrate its functionality and biocompatibility in the present experiments. The device may be safely applied to intracranial arteries, providing us a chance to test the efficacy of an upgrade version of the device on changing the course of an artery that compresses a cranial nerve. Abbreviations: CN = cranial nerve; EVT = endovascular treatment; H&E = hematoxylin and eosin; HFS = hemifacial spasm; IA-NVD = intra-arterial neurovascular decompressor; MVD = microvascular decompression; NVCS = neurovascular compression syndrome; REZ = root entry zone; SEM = scanning electron microscopy; TN = trigeminal neuralgia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic microvascular decompression (E-MVD) and microscopic microvascular decompression (M-MVD) for the treatment for cranial nerve syndrome caused by vascular compression, including primary trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia., Methods: A systematic search of the online databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China Biology Medicine disc, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, was performed from January 1966 to March 2018. The language of the included literature was not limited. Relevant outcomes of perioperative safety and postoperative efficacy were considered for meta-analysis. Single-arm and cumulative meta-analyses were also conducted. All the outcomes were calculated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals using R language., Results: A total of 9 studies involving 1093 (E-MVD [543] vs. M-MVD [550]) patients were included for analysis in our study. The recent remission rate (92% vs. 86%; OR, 1.71; P = 0.0089), offending vessel discovery rate (99% vs. 95%; OR 2.76, P = 0.0061), and long-term remission rate (97% vs. 87%; OR 4.59, P = 0.0036) were significantly higher in patients who underwent E-MVD than in those who underwent M-MVD, whereas perioperative complications (23% vs. 35%; OR 0.56, P < 0.0001) were significantly lower in patients who underwent E-MVD., Conclusions: This meta-analysis confirms that E-MVD is superior to M-MVD both in perioperative and postoperative efficacy (short- and long-term), and therefore it should be considered as an appropriate treatment choice for patients with neuralgia and hemifacial spasm., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We report the first case of pseudoaneurysm associated with polytetrafluoroethylene fiber used in microvascular decompression (MVD). A 62-year-old female who had undergone MVD for hemifacial spasm 30 years ago presented with a 4-month history of progressive facial palsy. Computed tomography angiography revealed a large thrombosed aneurysm originating from the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery and having a mass effect upon the pons. The aneurysm was treated by trapping and bypass procedure. Intraoperatively, the pseudoaneurysm adhered to the dura mater, and the thrombus contained a large amount of polytetrafluoroethylene fiber. The cause and management of pseudoaneurysm after MVD is discussed., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: In cases of trigeminal neuralgia, the importance of durable separation of involved vessels from the trigeminal nerve as well as avoiding ongoing or recurrent compression by implanted material has been affirmed in recent literature., Objective: To demonstrate a novel and straightforward technique for trigeminal nerve decompression using a construct of Teflon felt patty (Bard Peripheral Vascular, Tempe, Arizona) secured with an aneurysm mini clip to achieve lasting results with no residual contact between implant or vessels and the nerve., Methods: Description of our technique and accompanying surgical video., Results: As demonstrated in the video, this technique achieves an ideal, durable separation of the trigeminal nerve from the offending vasculature., Conclusion: The authors present a description of a technique for decompression with the goal of leaving no contact between implanted material and the nerve. This is accomplished by securing the Teflon felt (Bard Peripheral Vascular) to the tentorium with an aneurysm clip., (Copyright © 2018 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.)

Background: Microvascular decompression is the most effective treatment for hemifacial spasm. However, when encountering hemifacial spasm associated with vertebral artery (VA), the procedure is more challenging and requires complicated operation techniques. The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics of this group of cases and investigated reasonable transposition procedures for different anatomic classifications., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 117 cases that underwent their first microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm between June 2010 and December 2016, which had all associated with vertebral artery compression diagnosed by preoperational radiology examination. The study first classified offending vessels into 3 types according to operative anatomy and designed personalized decompression management according to different forms of neurovascular conflict. Curative effects and complications were assessed., Results: The offending vessels were artificially divided into 3 types according to both arterial pattern and compression direction: 1) ipsilateral VA plus anterior inferior cerebellar artery compressing the facial nerve from the ventrolateral direction in 72 (61.5%) cases; 2) ipsilateral VA plus posterior inferior cerebellar artery compressing the facial nerve from the caudal-medial direction in 31 (26.5%) cases; 3) bilateral VA compressing the facial nerve in 14 (12.0%) cases. We selected corridors to expose the neurovascular conflict site between the suprafloccular-transhorizontal fissure approach and subtonsillar-transcerebellomedullary fissure approach. The methods of decompression consist of anteromedial and posterolateral transposition by using biomedical glue-coated Teflon sling. Sufficient decompression of the offending vessels was safely performed in all cases. All cases had total relief of symptoms immediately after their operations. Follow-up periods ranged from 16-90 months, and total recovery occurred in 110 cases (94.0%). In 7 cases (6.0%), 90% recovery occurred., Conclusions: Accuracy and comprehensive recognition of anatomic features of the offending vessels are crucial for the management of hemifacial spasm associated with vertebral artery compression. Appropriate approaches combined with the biomedical glue-coated Teflon sling transposition technique can allow adequate mobilization of the vertebral artery and bring complete postoperative symptom relief for most cases., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

OBJECTIVE Microvascular decompression (MVD) is effective for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), hemifacial spasm (HFS), and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. The transposition technique is the standard procedure to avoid adhesions and granuloma around the decompression site but is more complex and difficult to perform than the interposition technique. The authors describe a simple and safe MVD transposition procedure they call the "birdlime" technique, which uses a tissue glue-coated collagen sponge soaked with fibrin glue, and the results of this technique. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical charts and radiographic findings of 27 consecutive patients with TN (8 patients) and HFS (19 patients) who, between January 2012 and December 2015, had undergone an MVD transposition procedure utilizing a tissue glue-coated collagen sponge (TachoSil tissue sealing sheet) soaked with fibrin glue (Tisseel 2-component fibrin sealant, vapor heated). Offending arteries among the patients with TN were the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) in 5 patients, the SCA and anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) in 2, and the AICA in 1. Those among the patients with HFS were the vertebral artery (VA) in 3 patients, the VA and AICA in 4, the VA and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in 3, the PICA in 4, the AICA in 1, the AICA-PICA in 3, and the PICA and AICA in 1. Operations were performed according to the Jannetta procedure. The offending artery was transposed and fixed to the dura mater of the petrous bone using TachoSil pieces soaked with fibrin glue. Postoperative constructive interference in steady-state MRI was performed to evaluate the change in the position of the offending artery. RESULTS Transposition of the offending artery was easily and safely performed in all patients. All patients had total remission of symptoms directly after the procedure. No severe complications occurred. The postoperative course was uneventful. No recurrences, adhesions, or dysfunction of the cranial nerves was observed in any of the patients. Postoperative MRI showed that the offending vessels were displaced and fixed in the appropriate position. CONCLUSIONS The described transposition technique provides an easy and adjustable way to perform MVD safely and effectively. In addition, this transposition and fixation technique is simple and avoids the risk of needle injury close to the cranial nerves and vessels. This simple sutureless technique is recommended for MVD to reduce the risk of intraoperative neurovascular injury.

Accurate and long-term transposition of offending vessels is required in microvascular decompression (MVD) for the treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN). We created ion-beam implanted of an expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (i-ePTFE) surface to transpose offending vessels in MVD. In 13 patients with MVD, we concealed and transposed offending vessels with tape-shaped i-ePTFE, and relieved facial and trigeminal nerve compression by attaching the i-ePTFE to the dura with fibrin glue. After surgery, none of the patients reported further symptoms or experienced recurrence of symptoms up to 12 months post-surgery. Favorable surgical outcomes are obtainable, since i-ePTFE has high tissue affinity and is easy to manipulate, even under a narrow and deep operative field. Our results suggested that i-ePTFE is very useful for transposition in MVD.

Background: Microvascular decompression (MVD) for neurovascular compression syndromes, such as trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm, has been traditionally described as an interposing technique using Teflon. Some alternative interposing materials have been proposed. In addition, transposing techniques have been increasingly reported as an alternative with a potentially lower recurrence rate and fewer complications., Objective: To describe our experience with a technique consisting of transposition of the superior cerebellar artery using a fenestrated clip and a tentorial flap in patients with trigeminal neuralgia., Methods: We describe a novel transposing technique using a fenestrated clip and a tentorial flap in patients with neurovascular compression. An illustrative case is provided of an 83-year-old female patient who complained of a 4-year history of left trigeminal neuralgia caused by compression by the superior cerebellar artery who was treated with this technique. Furthermore, a thorough review of the literature is presented., Results: The patient underwent the procedure with the proposed technique without complication. Both the surgery and the postoperative course were uneventful. The patient remains asymptomatic 1 year after the procedure., Conclusion: We propose a novel technique for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, eliminating the need for padding the vessel with a foreign body. This technique can be applied successfully in selected cases of neurovascular compression syndromes., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Endoscopic surgery has rapidly become widespread in neurosurgery in recent years. Endoscopy can offer close and panoramic surgical views with fine illumination, even in the deep intracranial area. However, it also has the following serious drawback: an intracranial blind area between the field lens of the endoscope and the site of the dural opening. This blind area cannot be viewed on the endoscopic monitor, and several surgical complications, including accidental intracranial neurovascular structural injury, can occur in this area. In this article, we report a new multiscope surgical technique that can compensate for this serious disadvantage of endoscopic surgery., Methods: In the multiscope technique, endoscopic and exoscopic systems are used simultaneously with 2 monitors. Microvascular decompression (MVD) is performed fully endoscopically using an exoscope that compensates for the intracranial blind area of the endoscopic view. Two high-definition monitors for the endoscope and exoscope are placed side-by-side in front of the primary surgeon., Results: Two patients with hemifacial spasm were treated by endoscopic MVD with the multiscope technique. In these procedures, fine surgical views were obtained by both the endoscope and exoscope. Two monitors were placed side-by-side in front of the surgeon; as a result, the physician could easily view them simultaneously during the operation. No surgery-related complications occurred., Conclusions: The multiscope technique can facilitate the performance of safer neuroendoscopic surgery than conventional endoscopic surgery. This technique can also be adopted in other skull base surgeries, in which the importance of endoscopy is growing., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although Teflon is widely adopted for microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery, it has never been addressed for failure analysis. This study analyzed the reasons for failed MVDs with emphasis on the Teflon sponge., Methods: Among the 685 hemifacial spasm cases between 2010 and 2014, 31 were reoperated on within a week because of unsatisfactory outcome, which was focused on in this study. Intraoperative findings regarding Teflon inserts of these repeat MVDs were reviewed., Results: Among the 38 without satisfactory outcomes, 31 underwent repeat MVDs, and they were all spasm free afterwards. Eventually, the final cure rate was 99.2%. It was found in the repeat MVDs that the failure was attributable to the Teflon insert in most of the cases (74.2%) directly or indirectly. It was caused by improper placement (47.8%), inappropriate size (34.8%) and unsuitable shape (17.4%) of the Teflon sponge., Conclusion: Although it is not difficult for an experienced neurosurgeon to discover a neurovascular conflict during the MVD process, the size, shape and location of the Teflon sponge should not be ignored. Basically, the Teflon insert is used to keep the offending artery away from the facial nerve root rather than to isolate it. Therefore, the ideal Teflon sponge should be just small enough to produce a neurovascular separation., (© 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship among the pain region, branches of trigeminal nerve, and the neurovascular compression (NVC) location. A total of 123 consecutive patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) underwent endoscope-assisted microvascular decompression according to positive preoperative tomographic angiography. V2 alone was in 51 cases and V3 alone was in 64 cases. The location of NVC was classified into cranial, caudal, medial, or lateral sites. Some patients with multiple regions were recorded as medial + cranial, lateral + cranial, medial + caudal, and lateral + caudal. Twenty-eight (71.8%) of 39 patients with TN (V2) had their NVC at the medial site of the nerve. Twenty-seven (64.3%) of 42 patients with TN (V3) had their NVC at the lateral site of the nerve. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0011 < 0.01, χ2 test). Sixteen (69.6%) of 23 patients with TN(V2) had their NVC at the cranial site of the nerve. Thirty-four (69.4%) of 49 patients with TN (V3) had their NVC at the caudal site of the nerve. There was no statistical difference (P = 0.3097 > 0.01). Evaluation of the relationship between the pain region and the NVC location by endoscopic images during microvascular decompression is more accurate. The second branch is mostly distributed in the medial area, and third branch is mainly distributed in the lateral area.

An enlarged, elongated, ectatic, and sclerotic aberration of the vertebrobasilar system is known as a megadolichoectatic basilar artery (BA) anomaly. The anomaly is often involved in the pathological process of trigeminal neuralgia by compressing and distorting the trigeminal nerve. First-line medical treatment includes drug therapy, but a second-line surgical procedure could be effective in medication-resistant cases. The authors report the case of a 65-year-old man with a 12-year history of progressing trigeminal neuralgia who underwent microvascular decompression after the first-line drug treatment had failed. This case is unique because an in situ tailored titanium microplate was used as a spacer to alleviate compression by the BA on the trigeminal nerve. The titanium implant provided durable and sufficient retraction for the sclerotic arterial complex when the trigeminal nerve was placed in the tunnel of the implant. The 9-year follow-up examination proves the safety and long-term efficacy of titanium implants in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia caused by a megadolichoectatic BA anomaly. The method applied in this case was not intended to be and certainly is not an alternative to routine microvascular decompression-this surgical solution may be reserved for some extreme cases.

Background: Microvascular decompression (MVD) is a documented effective treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Lately, reports on endoscopy-assisted microvascular decompression (eaMVD) with better outcome and less risk have emerged. This study was undertaken to verify under which circumstances the endoscope proved essential in identifying the neurovascular conflict (NVC) during eaMVD for TN, and to assess the possibility to predict the need for the endoscope on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Methods: Retrospective analysis of 97 patients with TN undergoing eaMVD at the Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, 1999-2009. To assess the NVC and anatomical variations, surgical reports were evaluated. MRI was available in 66 patients. The MRIs were evaluated by a blinded neuroradiologist., Results: In 27 of the 97 patients (27.8 %), the endoscope was a significant aid in identifying the NVC, due to a bony ridge obscuring the view of the fifth nerve, a very distal vascular compression, or a combination of both. The preoperative MRI over-diagnosed the presence of a bony ridge. However, the MRI-based fraction of microscopically visible trigeminal nerve (FVN) in the cerebellopontine angle cistern proved diagnostic (ROC curve, AUC 0.89, p = <0.001) with an optimal cut-off value of 0.35. Hence, if less than 35 % of the trigeminal nerve is visible on preoperative MRI, the endoscope will be needed to identify the NVC., Conclusions: The endoscope is a valuable tool during MVD for TN, especially under anatomical circumstances such as a bony ridge hiding the direct microscopic view of the NVC. These anatomical circumstances can be predicted with good accuracy on preoperative MRI.

Microvascular decompression (MVD) is a standard surgical procedure for treating vascular compression syndromes. There are two basic ways to perform MVD: interposition using a prosthesis and transposition. With the transposition technique, adhesions and granuloma around the decompression site are avoided, but the required operation is more complex than that for the interposition method. We describe a simple, quick MVD transposition procedure that uses a small "belt" cut from a sheet of 0.3-mm-thick expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. The belt has a hole at the wide end and the other end tapered to a point. The belt is encircled around offending vessels by inserting the pointed end into the hole. The pointed end is then passed through a dural tunnel over the posterior wall of the petrous bone and is tied two or three times. This method avoids the risks involved in handling a surgical needle close to the cranial nerves and vessels.

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is one of the neurovascular compression syndromes caused by the compression of the facial nerve outgoing from the brainstem by an artery, a vein or both. The treatment of choice of this disorder is a microvascular decompression (MVD). As initially described, MVD is a technique based on the application of the small prostheses that are placed between a cranial nerve and an imposing vessel. Neurovascular compression syndromes have relatively high rate of incidence. Therefore, many modifications of surgical technique have been described in order to minimize the risk of complications and increase the effectiveness and permanence of the vascular transposition as the success of the MVD most of all depends on the latter. The authors of this paper describe one of the aforementioned modifications that provides a complete and permanent vascular transposition together with its advantages and limitations in the treatment of the hemifacial spasm. Moreover, many aspects of different technical approaches are widely discussed and a case-centered stitched sling retraction technique is presented.

Background: Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the surgical intervention designed to resolve neurovascular conflicts (NCs) in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Today, endoscopy is commonly used in many neurosurgical procedures. This study aims to retrospectively assess the usefulness of endoscopy during MVD, focusing on microscopic endoscopic-assisted (MEA) MVD., Methods: Between January 2010 and December 2012, 141 patients underwent MVD procedures: 119 (84.5 %) were affected by idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 20 (14 %) by hemifacial spasm (HFS), 1 by glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) and 1 by TN and GN simultaneously; 128 (91 %) MVD were first time procedures, while 13 (9 %) were recurrences (10 TN, 3 HFS). Visualization techniques used were: pure microscopic in 89 (63 %) cases, fully endoscopic in 12 (8.5 %) and MEA in 40 (28.5 %). The MEA technique was used when the conflict was not clearly identified under microscopic view or it was not certainly resolved., Results: Overall, a NC was found in 130 (92 %) cases, while 11 patients had no intraoperative evidence of NC. Considering specifically the 40 MEA cases, 12 (8.5 % overall) conflicts not clearly visible with the microscope were revealed and solved, a complete conflict resolution was confirmed in 13 (9 % overall) cases, while an incomplete conflict resolution was shown in four cases (3 % overall)., Conclusion: Pure microscopic MVD remains the technique of choice. The endoscope is a useful adjunctive imaging tool in confirming NCs identified by the microscope, revealing conflicts missed by the microscopic survey alone and verifying adequate nerve decompression.

Objective: To describe percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) of the trigeminal rootlets as treatment for trigeminal neuralgia (TN), including history, operative techniques, outcomes, side effects, and some recent findings increasing the likelihood of a positive outcome., Methods: PBC is indicated in patients with TN in whom microvascular decompression is considered less suitable. The procedure is simplified by the use of biplanar fluoroscopy, although it is usually carried out with C-arm fluoroscopy to facilitate the introduction of the needle and the visualization of the inflated catheter. In the right position, a clearly defined pear shape usually appears after injection of 0.5-0.7 mL of contrast material. The balloon is kept inflated for 1.5-3 minutes. It is crucial to obtain a pear shape because this probably is the most significant factor for obtaining good, long-lasting pain relief., Results: An analysis of 100 consecutive PBC procedures showed an initial success rate of 90% and a median pain-free time without medication of 28 months. Subdividing these patients into primary TN (n = 77) and TN secondary to multiple sclerosis (n = 23), the median pain-free times were 33 months and 24 months (P = 0.2), indicating that the outcome may depend on the preoperative conditions., Conclusions: Complications and side effects include cardiovascular stress during the procedure, local hemorrhages in the cheek, postoperative sensory disturbance, masseter weakness, infections, and transitory diplopia after surgery. Measures to minimize side effects are proposed. With meticulous technique, PBC is a straightforward, effective, and fast procedure that compares well with other percutaneous therapies for TN., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Microvascular decompression (MVD) is a non-ablative technique designed to resolve the neurovascular conflict responsible for typical idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN)., Method: With the patient in a supine position, a small elliptical retrosigmoid craniectomy is used to approach the cerebellopontine angle and the trigeminal nerve. After careful exploration of the trigeminal root entry zone, the offending vessel is identified and moved away. Oxidized regenerated cellulose is used to keep the vessel in its new position far from the nerve., Conclusion: MVD represents the gold standard first line treatment for TN; its aim is to free the nerve from any contact.

We present four patients with unusual painful tic convulsive: three were due to neurovascular compression; one was secondary to a cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst. We discuss these patients and those in the literature to determine the appropriate therapy for this rare disease., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Microvascular decompression is an effective method of treatment in trigeminal neuralgia. It may fail if a compressing vessel is overlooked during surgery. The endoscope has an edge over the microscope in visualizing such conflicts., Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of 51 patients. Preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed in all the cases. A 4 − 5 cm retroauricular skin incision was made and an about 3 cm craniectomy was performed. A 0° 4 mm telescope supported by the holder was used after the dural opening. A 2 by 6 cm sheet prepared from hand gloves was used to protect the brain. A Karl Storz 30° telescope was used for the visualization of the trigeminal nerve from the pons to Meckel's cave and dissection of the anterior conflict. Small pieces of dura patch were interposed between the nerve and the vessel. The microscope was not used at any stage. Post-operative infection, cerebrospinal fluid leak, cranial nerve deficit, failure of procedure in terms of pain relieves and recurrences of pain were recorded. The follow-up period ranged from 24 to 55 months with an average of 36 months., Results: There was no mortality or any major permanent complications. The duration of stay ranged from 3 to 10 days with an average of 3.6 days. The pain was relieved in 48 patients., Conclusion: Endoscopic vascular decompression is an effective and safe alternative to endoscopic assisted microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia.