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This research proposition introduces a novel microstrip antenna design that features triple notches for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The antenna, measuring 35.4 mm × 28.82 mm × 1.57 mm, incorporates rectangular and semi-circular slots, as well as a pentagonal stub. A modified U-shaped slot on the pentagonal stub creates one notched frequency band at 3.3–3.7 GHz. Additionally, two Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) are integrated into the antenna’s rear surface, resulting in two more notched bands at 5.1–5.8 GHz and 7.1–7.8 GHz. Operating within a frequency range from 3 to 11.2 GHz with VSWR ≤ 2, the antenna effectively excludes the triple stop bands at 3.3–3.7 GHz (11.4%), 5.1–5.8 GHz (12.8%) and 7.1–7.8 GHz (9.4%). The proposed antenna has been successfully prototyped and verified. An extensive result analysis has been conducted, confirming that the developed antenna is suitable for application in a range of wireless systems. Moreover, the article includes the implementation of an equivalent circuit for the proposed antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting finds application in wireless sensors, RF codes, smart switches, IoT device applications, etc. Contrary to batteries, RF energy harvesting is open to electromagnetic waves coming from different sources and there is no limitation on the dimension and duration of application. A RF energy harvester captures electromagnetic energy from the source to which it is exposed and convert this energy into usable DC voltage. In this paper we propose the fundamental unit of RF harvester, the microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch antenna comes with a host of qualities like small size, low price, simple design, less weight, easy fabrication and many more. The proposed microstrip patch RF energy harvest antenna is developed using FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and loss tangent 0.009. The substrate comes in between the ground and copper metal patch. Selected target frequency of operations is 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, which lie in the Wi-Fi band. A microstrip line of width 1.1 mm for 50Ω impedance load matching is used. The antenna is inset-fed. The design and simulation are carried out using High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and the antenna dimensions are due to standard antenna equations. Simulation results achieved gain of 7 dBi at 2.4 GHz with low return loss (S11 parameter). The return loss stands near – 13 dB. The gain of the RF harvester at 5 GHz frequency operation is obtained to be 6 dBi with a remarkable low return loss of – 28 dB. With the given results and stable omnidirectional radiation pattern, the proposed antenna design is suitable for energy harvesting application for mm wave application viz. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX applications, as an alternate energy source meeting the global energy requirement due to increase in demand of power [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ground station antenna system features a conical horn attached to a microstrip antenna as an alternate receiving feed antenna. The proposed microstrip antenna has circular polarization and operates in the X-band. The far-field parameters of the antenna are measured after developing and simulating the combination of a conical horn and a microstrip antenna. The modeling results for a microstrip antenna with a conical horn offer a working bandwidth of 930 MHz, spanning frequencies 7.44 GHz to 8.37 GHz. The axial ratio measurements for a microstrip antenna joined with a conical horn produce a working bandwidth of 150 MHz, covering frequencies ranging from 7.72 GHz to 7.87 GHz. The conical horn is attached to a microstrip antenna and has a gain of 15.1 dB. The proposed antenna is designed to meet ground station antenna requirements by pairing it with a parabolic reflector with a diameter of 3.7 meters. The primary focus antenna of the proposed design was chosen. The feed antenna and parabolic reflector should be positioned at a focus point distance of 1110 mm for a total gain of 38.9 dB at 7.8 GHz frequency. The proposed antenna can be applied on X-band remote sensing ground stations as a receiving antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a broadband magneto-electric dipole (MED) circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna array with continuous rotating feed (SRF). The antenna element consists of a quarter-circle ring with irregular cross slits and a rectangular patch. The energy is combined with four metallized perforations and then transmitted to the radiating block to better excite the magnetic dipole-electric dipole energy and expand the bandwidth. Then, a 2 × 2 subarray was designed to further increase the axial ratio(AR) bandwidth. Finally, a 4 × 4 circularly polarized array arranged in a diamond shape is designed to utilize sequential rotating feeds to further improve the gain for millimeter-wave applications. Simulation results show that the impedance bandwidth (IBW) of the proposed array is 54.5% (20–35 GHz), and AR bandwidth of 3 dB is 27.2% (22.2–29.2 GHz), and the maximum gain is 16 dBic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a novel 3 × 3 phased array antenna optimized for 4 GHz operation, achieving a realized gain of 13.2 dBi and enabling 30-degree beam steering with a minimal capacitance variation of 1.5 pF. The design features a series aperture-coupled feeding mechanism that not only reduces the antenna's size but also simplifies the fabrication process, making the device both cost-effective and compact. Integrating cost-efficient quadrature-hybrid phase shifters and novel power splitters with cascaded quadrature hybrids ensures uniform power distribution and precise beam steering. The innovative use of these components addresses common challenges in phased array systems, such as space constraints, high costs, and complex power distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antennas are of great importance in energy harvesting systems. It is possible to collect more energy with RF energy harvesting systems by using multiband antennas. In this study, a microstrip antenna was designed and fabricated for operation at 307 MHz, 1721 MHz, and 5447 MHz carrier frequencies. The designed multiband antenna with size of 82.05x104.76x1.60 mm3 was optimized for collecting more energy and then, implemented on FR4 substrate. Return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, and impedance of the manufactured multiband microstrip antenna were measured by vector network analyzer. The multiband antenna gain was calculated as 2.02 dBi. Furthermore, a good agreement was noted between the measurement and simulation results of the multiband microstrip antenna. As a result, it is determined that the produced multiband microstrip antenna is a useful and suitable antenna for RF energy harvesting circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A circular polarization (CP) compact single-layer millimeter-wave antenna is proposed for 5G communication systems. The antenna is excited by a microstrip line. Its design is inspired by the Exotic Tri Shakti shape (L = 35.44 mm, W = 45.65 mm), which combines three different shapes: Trishul, Om and Swastik. The primary objective of this research is to design a CP antenna. The antenna is designed using RT/Duroid 5880 (ɛr = 2.2) substrate material, The choice of this substrate material is crucial in achieving the desired antenna performance. The proposed antenna shows multiple resonant frequencies with the max gain produced by the antenna are 15.03 dBi, 14.51 dBi, and 14.27 dBi at frequencies 40.42 GHz, 41.38 GHz and 53.43 GHz respectively and the max efficiency of 99% at the frequency 30.41 GHz (VSWR ≤ 2). The max impedance bandwidth is 3.05 GHz for the frequency range (25 GHz-60 GHz) and the Axial ratio bandwidths are 60 MHz and 13 MHz at frequencies 40.42 GHz and 57.19 GHz respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential for significant enhancements in the gain and return loss of a microstrip antenna through the meticulous design of slits and a triangular slot in the radiation patch, coupled with precise dimensioning of these elements and careful selection of the feeding point. To this end, a microstrip patch antenna with multiple slits and a triangular slot was designed and simulated on an FR-4 with a dielectric constant (ε) of 4.4. In the initial configuration, the antenna exhibited a gain of 2.3 dB at 5.79 GHz for the maximum Eɵ at θ = 6º, with an S11 value of -16.5 dB. The antenna biasing and feed position were carefully optimized to achieve the desired performance improvements, in addition to meticulous design considerations for gain and return loss enhancements. The optimized antenna demonstrated a gain of 6.2 dB at 6 GHz for Eɵmax at θ = 0º, along with an S11 value of -24.3 dB. The final optimized configuration was fabricated and subjected to rigorous laboratory measurements for validation. The proposed antenna demonstrated an S11 value of -18.6 dB, along with a corresponding gain of 5.4 dB for Eɵmax at θ = 0º at 6 GHz. Furthermore, it was observed that the bandwidth increased by 330 MHz compared to its initial state. Finally, a comparative table is presented comparing the proposed antenna with other similar antennas found in the literature. Based on this table, it is evident that the gain enhancement can be achieved in a remarkable manner without altering the overall dimensions of the antenna and without the need for an expensive substrate with high permittivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Super-wideband (SWB) antennas have emerged as a promising technology for next-generation wireless communication systems due to their ability to transmit and receive signals across a wide frequency spectrum. A half-elliptical-shaped patch antenna for a super-wideband antenna is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna was composed of a half-elliptical-shaped patch with a microstrip feedline and a partial ground plane with a triangular inset and a bent edge ground plane. This proposed antenna was designed using Taconic TLY-5 with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a total dimension of 200 × 220 × 1.57 mm3. The proposed antenna demonstrates a bandwidth of 23 GHz (from 0.5 GHz to 23.5 GHz) with a bandwidth ratio of 47:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this research work, the design and analysis of a compact microstrip antenna having a monopole structure with 64.86% of wide bandwidth is presented. The main radiator of the structure is a fractal‐based geometry with the shape of a half‐Koch snowflake, and the ground plane is partial (defected ground). The design methodology of the antenna is presented using analytical modeling, and the structure prototype is fabricated to verify the performance. Measurement outcomes confirm the −10 dB bandwidth in range of 4–7.84 GHz, thus covering approximately the C‐band with omnidirectional radiation patterns. The proposed antenna shows a peak realized gain of 3.4 dBi at 7.2 GHz and has an overall dimension of 0.33λ × 0.49λ × 0.03λ, at 5.8 GHz. The structure is found compact compared to some recently reported designs and the read range is found to be 1.98 cm at 5.8 GHz. The read range and validation of the propagation test indicate the suitability of the compact and wideband planar antenna in various short‐range reader applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer ranks as the second most common cause of mortality among women globally, with the potential to increase survival rates by 97% through early detection. This study focuses on developing an innovative triple-band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate within the 2–6 GHz frequency spectrum. Simulation tests were conducted to evaluate its efficacy in early breast cancer detection. The antenna, constructed from copper tape and five different substrates (Felt, FR4, PET, PLA, TPU), was chosen considering its advantages for various applications. This design prioritizes wearer comfort while ensuring functionality and allows for producing antenna structures in desired geometries using 3D printing, even in complex configurations. With a general size of 30 × 30 mm2, the antenna underwent analyses on tumor-free models with tumors of different shapes and sizes, and additionally, to evaluate the performance of multiple antennas in detecting cancers, tumor models with 2 and 3 antenna numbers were analyzed in a total of six different breast scenarios. Critical performance parameters such as specific absorption rate (SAR), return loss (S11), and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) were obtained for each generated model. Simulation outcomes indicated SAR values within the permissible threshold for medical applications. Moreover, VSWR values maintained acceptability, while variations in return losses were contingent upon tumor dimensions, location, and the number of antennas used. Furthermore, the antenna’s adaptability to bending was scrutinized through bending analyses, affirming its robustness, and sustained operational capability. One of the significant contributions of the study is the utilization of recyclable filaments such as PLA, TPU, and Protopasta in experimental investigations, providing a pathway for producing environmentally friendly and flexible antennas and breast phantoms. This study offers a way to develop more sensitive and reliable breast cancer screening and early diagnosis tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super-wideband (SWB) antennas have emerged as a promising technology for next-generation wireless communication systems due to their ability to transmit and receive signals across a wide frequency spectrum. A half-elliptical-shaped patch antenna for a super-wideband antenna is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna was composed of a half-elliptical-shaped patch with a microstrip feedline and a partial ground plane with a triangular inset and a bent edge ground plane. This proposed antenna was designed using Taconic TLY-5 with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a total dimension of 200 × 220 × 1.57 mm3. The proposed antenna demonstrates a bandwidth of 23 GHz (from 0.5 GHz to 23.5 GHz) with a bandwidth ratio of 47:1.

The growing usage of wireless networks and the reduction of device sizes requires the search for new solutions in antenna technology. This study presents a direct-fed microstrip antenna, which is based on the Dragon Curve fractal and operates at two resonances: 2.4 and 5 GHz, frequencies commonly used in wireless communications. The antenna dimensions are 4.25 by 2.84 cm. The simulated reflection coefficients for the resonances are -36.49 and -30.73 dB, while the measured values are -14.68 and -14.85 dB.

In this paper, a single-feed microstrip antenna (MA) equipped with a transmission-mode focusing metasurface (MS) is proposed to achieve dual-polarization capabilities and superior high-gain radiation performance. The original-feed MA comprises two distinct layers of coaxial-fed tangential patches, enabling it to emit a circular polarization (CP) wave with a gain of 3.5 dBic at 5.6 GHz and linear polarization (LP) radiation with a gain of 4 dBi at 13.7 GHz. To improve the performance of the single-feed MA, a dual-polarization transmission focusing MS is proposed and numerically substantiated. By positioning the originally designed MA at the focal point of the MS, we create a transmission-mode MS antenna system capable of achieving CP and LP radiations with the significantly higher gains of 12.9 dBic and 14.8 dBi at 5.6 GHz and 13.7 GHz, respectively. Measurements conducted on the fabricated dual-polarization focusing MS antenna closely align with the simulation results, validating the effectiveness of our approach. This work underscores the significant potential of dual-polarization high-speed data systems and offers a practical solution for enhancing antenna gains in contemporary wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter presents the theoretical investigation by a transmission line model and the physical implementation of a novel frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna with switchable states. More specifically, by using voltage‐controlled PIN diodes, the antenna can be switched between a radiation state and a low‐scattering state. In the radiation state, the operation frequency of the antenna can be electrically modified between 1.5 and 2.3 GHz by acting on the voltage applied to the varactors. In the low‐scattering state, the antenna achieves a significant in‐band radar cross section reduction, with a maximum value of 26.7 dB. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. The validity of the proposed strategy is verified by the good agreement between simulated and measurement results. The antenna designed by the proposed approach has great advantages in the radiation performance, aperture size, profile height and design freedom. This work indicates the feasibility of employing the reconfiguration technique to mnipulate the scattering features of an antenna without deteriorating its radiation characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a systematic technique for designing a novel multiband plasmonic antenna based on graphene with a silicon nitride (SiO3N4) dielectric substrate in the terahertz band frequencies. Higher conductivity values are found in the 1–5 THz ranges when the graphene conductivity values are measured at these band frequencies. Based on this, graphene chemical potential (μc) values between 0.0 and 1.0 eV are implemented to derive the fundamental antenna parameters. According to the simulated results, the proposed antenna operates at dual-band frequencies when μc is less than 0.3 eV and at triple-band frequencies when it is greater than that. Furthermore, for terahertz applications, the chemical potential value of 0.5 eV appears more reliable as the suggested antenna is operated at a tri-band frequency of 0.855, 3.760, and 4.650 THz with a gain of 3.06, 7.65, and 7.53 dB and fraction bandwidth of 32.4%, 5.21%, and 4.24%, respectively. Furthermore, the advancement of the current work was evident when comparing the obtained results with those previously achieved by other researchers, particularly in terms of antenna size, gain, and bandwidth values. Finally, it can be concluded that the recommended antenna offers good frequency tunable features and is suitable for high-speed indoor wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and analysis of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for 5G millimeter wave technology applications. The dimensions of the proposed patch are 5.959 mm × 5.959 mm × 1.400 mm. The antenna exhibits a resonant frequency of 28 GHz, a return loss of -45 dB, a bandwidth of 1.7638 GHz, and a gain of 0.1573. In order to meet the requirements of 5G applications at 28 GHz, a compact, high-gain, and large bandwidth antenna is necessary. The principal objective of this study is to enhance the performance of the antenna parameters, thereby achieving an optimal balance between size, gain, and bandwidth. A notable improvement in bandwidth and gain is achieved. The design, analysis, and optimization processes were conducted using the High Frequency Surface Structure (HFSS) software, which employs the Finite Element Method (FEM) numerical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) makes a major contribution to 5G communication systems by increasing network capacity and spectrum efficiency. In 5G, MIMO enables the use of multiple antennas at base stations and user devices, allowing simultaneous sending and receiving of data over multiple paths. This significantly increases data throughput and connection reliability, especially in environments with high user density. In addition, MIMO technology supports the implementation of beamforming, which focuses signals on a specific direction, reduces interference, and improves signal coverage and quality, making it one of the keys to achieving faster and more responsive 5G performance. Therefore, antennas with wide bandwidth, high gain and MIMO performance are crucial for supporting 5G communication systems. This paper proposes a high-performance MIMO microstrip antenna based on a series planar array with 8×2 elements operating at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication systems. A spiral stub and a feed inset are proposed to control the reflection coefficient and bandwidth of the antenna while the series planar array is proposed to increase the gain. To support the MIMO communication system, the proposed antenna is separated into two different ports with a certain distance. From the measurement results, the proposed antenna has high performance indicated by a wide bandwidth of 680 MHz (3–3.68 GHz) and a high gain of 17.8 dB at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna has high mutual coupling and diversity indicated by ECC and DG of 0.001 and 9.99 dB, respectively. This work provides a solution to design a high-performance microstrip antenna and can be implemented as a receiving antenna for 5G communication systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a low-profile and broadband array antenna is proposed for satellite downlink applications. The proposed antenna is comprised of 4 × 4 elements, which are yielded for the downlink of the C band from 3.7 to 4.8 GHz. By arranging frequency selective surface (FSS) unit cells according to a new architecture, high directivity and broadband are provided, in which each element is covered by a lattice of 3 × 3 periodic metal plates. Based on RO4350B, the final design with a total size of 180 × 180 × 3.175 mm3 (2.38λ × 2.38λ × 0.04λ at the lowest frequency of 3.97 GHz) has been fabricated, measured, and witnessed a broadband characteristic with S11 < −10 dB of 36% (3.97–5.5 GHz). In addition, the proposed antenna achieves a peak gain of 16 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 71%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article presents the design and realization of a flexible semi-circular shaped ultra-wideband (UWB) printed antenna based on metamaterial superstrate for medical applications. In this article, at first, the design of a semi-circle structured UWB patch antenna is performed which provides an ultra-wide impedance bandwidth [2.83–13.57] GHz and a peak gain of 5.17 dBi. In order to ameliorate the radiation performance, an array pattern of 5 × 5 metamaterial (MTM) unit cells are generated and placed over the proposed antenna. Also, both the antenna and the superstrate layer are printed on a flexible teflon material. The proposed design has an overall compact size of 32.1 × 34 × 0.6 mm3. Using the superstrate MTM unit cell, the measured operating bandwidth ranges from 4.03 GHz to 14 GHz and the experimental peak gain and radiation efficiency are 6.7 dBi and 97.26%, respectively. Moreover, the conformal analysis is investigated to verify the robustness and the applicability of the prescribed antenna over the curved surfaces. The suggested antenna presents magnificent performance by maintaining ultra-wide bandwidth and offering required radiation characteristics during various bending analysis. Furthermore, the reflection coefficient and specific absorption rate (SAR) of the proposed antenna have been analyzed by placing it on different human body parts such as the hand, arm and chest. The suggested antenna maintains UWB characteristics along with acceptable SAR values for 1 g and 10 g tissues for various on body analysis cases. Hence, this UWB antenna structure can be a convenient choice for implementing on curved surfaces in flexible/bending conditions and also for wearable applications. The prescribed antenna could be useful for portable medical devices within the UWB spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wireless technology is witnessing two interconnected trends that have significant implications. Firstly, there is an ever-increasing demand for high-speed data transfer and extensive bandwidth, driven by the rapid expansion of modern smart applications. This relentless demand has forced new wireless networks, such as 5G and 6G, to explore new frequency bands, such as Sub-6 GHz, to accommodate the surging data requirements. Secondly, the remarkable growth in applications with stringent environmental conditions, extending beyond healthcare and biomedical research, to industries such as industrial automation, environmental monitoring, agriculture, transportation, and smart cities, demand wireless devices and communication technologies that can function optimally in delicate and sensitive environments, without compromising on performance. Hence, the simultaneous growth of these trends highlights the critical significance of incorporating eco-friendly and environmentally adaptable polymers in the design of new antennas. This approach becomes essential to ensure the development of resilient and flexible wireless devices that can function optimally in diverse and challenging environments. The present work delves into the performance analysis of rectangular and circular microstrip antennas design for sub-6 GHz band. The specific areas of interest include investigating how the thickness of the PLA (Polylactic Acid) substrate influences antenna design and employing Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as the conductive material for both the antenna feed and the ground plane. The combined use of PLA and CNTs resulted in compact circular and rectangular antennas, with dimensions of 25.8 × 45.8 mm2 and 26.4 × 42.1 mm2, respectively. Notably, both antennas exhibited an impressive realized gain exceeding 4.9 dBi and an efficiency surpassing 73% at 5.8 GHz, demonstrating robust performance under various substrate thicknesses, including flat and bending scenarios. These outstanding outcomes position the proposed microstrip antennas as highly suitable candidates for a broad spectrum of emerging applications within the sub-6 GHz band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of wirelessly connected devices continues to grow, dealing with the huge volume of data traffic has become a major challenge. This has led to a greater emphasis on sub-6 GHz applications in 5G, as faster speeds and more extensive services are increasingly necessary to support a wide range of emerging applications. These applications require wireless devices with compact dimensions and highly flexible mechanical properties that can adapt to their environmental needs. To achieve this, flexible polymers offer numerous advantages, including lightweight, low cost, easy processability, and the ability to conform to complex and irregular surfaces, making them ideal for use in wearable devices and other flexible electronics applications. This work provides a thorough analysis of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna, measuring 18 × 27 × 0.3 mm3 for polyimide polymer (PI) and 19.5 × 29.5 × 0.3 mm3 for liquid crystal polymer (LCP). The obtained results obviously depict that the antenna performs better in terms of reflection coefficient (S11) and the realized gain (dBi) at the (2.34–2.56 GHz) and (4.45–5.78 GHz) frequency bands when the substrate is approximately 0.3 mm thick. The antenna also maintains its performance during bending tests. Furthermore, the LCP polymer provides a higher gain of about 3.51 dBi as compared to the polyimide polymer (PI). The results suggest that the proposed antenna is suitable for a wide range of wireless 5G communication devices operating in the sub-6 GHz band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A slotted patch antenna operating at 118 GHz is proposed to address challenges in the terahertz (THz) frequency band for wireless communication systems. The antenna design, utilizing a Rogers RO3003 substrate, which has a dielectric constant of er = 3 and tan δ = 0.001, strategically incorporates slots to enhance key performance parameters. Copper is employed for the ground and radiating patch, and a microstrip feeding method powers the antenna. High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used for design and simulation, revealing resonance at 0.118 THz with a reflection coefficient of -42.41 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 4.42 GHz (115.84-120.26 GHz). At the operating frequency, the antenna exhibits a gain of 7.36 dB, maximum directivity of 7.38 dB, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.01, and 99.75% radiation efficiency, all within a compact size of 1.5×1.3×0.1 mm³. The suggested antenna outperforms recent counterparts, making it suitable for applications like security screening and wireless communication systems (5G). Future efforts will target bandwidth expansion, gain enhancement, and further size reduction to enhance overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstrip antennas matured and improved over the last 25 years. Throughout these years, the limitations, and specifications of the said antennas have been overcome and significantly improved. Known to be lowprofile, suitable for mobile, and lightweight, these microstrip antennas are the focus of this research. In this paper, the researchers designed a microstrip antenna with varying lengths and substrates. They tested the changes and the effects in microstrip antennas of different lengths, along with altering substrates. To verify the differences, the researchers compared the performance parameters maximum gain (dBi), minimum gain (dBi), and S11 graph on each tested length and changed substrate. The rough set theory was used to determine the optimal design via MATLAB. From there, the researchers analyzed the results gathered and drew their respective conclusions. Additionally, they saw and compared each data result to know what antenna has the best performance parameters. From the results, a change in the dimension will result in a decrease in the said performance parameters. Furthermore, the change in substrate thickness also diminishes these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a compact and straightforward circularly polarized hexagon-microstrip patch antenna with two layers and a single feed is presented. Circular polarization is achieved using two strategies. The first technique incorporates a narrow slot along one vertex of a hexagonal patch's diagonal, opposite the feed line. The second one is based on embedding a complementary split ring resonator on the hexagonal patch. The proposed antenna is excited by an aperture coupling feed, and it is implemented on two substrate materials; the patch substrate is Roger droid/RT-5880, and the second feed substrate is RO 4350. This work compares the performance of the suggested antennas, including their radiation characteristics, axial ratio, and return loss, in two different scenarios. The proposed antenna has overall dimensions of (0.8λ0 - 0.8λ0 - 0.037λ0) at 3.4 GHz. The slot patch antenna has 2.65% bandwidth for its 3-dB axial ratio and 5.71% impedance bandwidth from 3.4 to 3.6 GHz at 3.5 GHz of the center frequency. The proposed patch antenna also demonstrates a maximum gain of 1.2 dBi. High-frequency structure simulation software was used to design and simulate the proposed hexagon configurations.

Summary: A novel antenna system that utilizes multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) technology to suit the requirements of 5G applications is proposed in this article. The antenna has a wide operating bandwidth and high isolation in n257/n258/n261 5G bands. The suggested arc‐shaped MIMO antenna is composed of four similar patch units with modified ground planes arranged in a four‐port configuration and is made on a Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate, which measures 31.891 × 37.5885 × 0.508 mm3. The prototype of the suggested MIMO antenna is realized to confirm the obtained simulated results and validate the proposed design. The four‐port MIMO antenna features a broad frequency range of 7.3 GHz from 21.8 to 29.1 GHz, a peak gain of 5.76 dBi at 29 GHz, and a good isolation less than −18 dB. The proposed antenna's MIMO performance is evaluated by analyzing several diversity parameters. The findings of the evaluation demonstrate an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) value of less than 0.001, a diversity gain (DG) value exceeding 9.995 dB, and an average mean effective gain (MEG) of −3 dB within the operational frequency band. The suggested MIMO antenna's compact size and impressive performance make it a suitable choice for intended n257/n258/n261 5G NR networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter presents a novel analysis of the input impedances of differential feed microstrip antennas using the bi‐characteristic‐impedance transmission line (BCITL) model instead of the conventional two‐port parameters. The expressions of associated input impedances using the novel BCITL model are found to be simple, compact, and robust with better physical insights. In addition, measured results are also provided to validate the accuracy of the BCITL model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new approach to analyzing graphene-based antennas in the terahertz frequency range using the characteristic mode analysis method is presented. By the proposed method, graphene antenna parameters are obtained with simpler analysis and better physical visibility compared to numerical methods. In this regard, two structures of a graphene-based rectangular microstrip patch antenna for resonance in the terahertz frequency range are considered. The first structure consists of a metal ground plane and a substrate on which a layer of graphene is placed instead of a 10 μm × 7 μm metal patch. The second structure includes a metal ground plane with dimensions 19 μm × 16 μm, a substrate, a graphene layer on the substrate and a 10 μm × 7 μm metal patch placed on a graphene layer. Characteristic mode analysis method has been applied to the mentioned structure with different substrates, and the effect of graphene chemical potential on the modal behavior of the structure has been analyzed. For the first structure, there are two modes in the frequency range of 1–3 THz, but they do not have good resonance and they can be considered as non-resonant mode. Due to the conductivity of graphene in low frequency range of terahertz, which causes graphene to be a dielectric in this area. For the second structure, the 7.6 THz resonant frequency corresponds to the first mode of the structure and the 10 THz resonant frequency corresponds to the second mode of the structure, respectively, in the vertically and horizontally feeding stimulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays multiband antennas are preferred in wireless communication. Emerging technologies demand compact multiband antennas to support different frequency ranges required for diverse applications. This paper outlines the design of quadband antenna mainly for the UWB frequency range. Accordingly, two compact microstrip structures namely Phi Shape Dual Square ring (PSDSR) and Phi Shape Dual Circular ring (PSDCR) are proposed. The concept begins with designing a primary antenna that involves merging of monopole antenna with the PSDSR structure. The designed dimensions of PSDSR viz. ring perimeter, gap and width are applied directly to the PSDCR antenna without any variation. Anysis HFSS has been used to evaluate the performance of proposed antennas in terms of VSWR, return loss, gain, radiation pattern, and surface current. Simulation results reveal that the two antennas have remarkably similar responses in four different frequency bands. The proposed antennas are fabricated on FR4 substrate and have dimensions of 72x23x1.6mm. It is found that measured and simulated results are in close resemblance with each other. The VSWR values are obtained between 1 and 2 which indicate that these antennas have good impedance matching with the feed line. The designed antennas find variety of applications in technologies such as WiFi, WiMAX, WLAN and 5G wireless systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wireless communication systems have grown rapidly, moving towards being highly compact, intelligent, and flexible to adapt to changing operating requirements. Multifunctional and highly versatile antennas are key in this development to ensure system quality. Reconfigurable antennas, particularly regarding polarization, allow frequency reuse and enable the mitigation of fading effects. This work presents a square microstrip patch antenna operating in the ISM 5.8 GHz band with reconfigurable polarization by controlling its feeding. This antenna has four different states through the application of a symmetrical DC voltage that controls an RF circuit with PIN diodes. As a result, the microstrip patch can operate with three different polarizations: linear polarization and both circular polarizations (right-handed and left-handed). The antenna was fabricated to validate the proposed concept. The good agreement between the measurement and the simulation results was possible to observe regarding its polarization behaviour, impedance adaptation and radiation pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we designed a high-performance, compact E-shaped microstrip antenna optimized for intelligent transportation systems, operating at 5.8 GHz. Utilizing simulation tools such as CST Studio Suite 2022 Learning Edition, Ansys HFSS 2022 R1, and MATLAB 2022b PCB Antenna Designer, we ensured consistent physical parameters. Fabricated with a 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate and a 50 Ω microstrip line-feeding technique, the antenna measures 35 × 50 × 1.6 mm³, smaller than already existing designs. At 5.75 GHz, it exhibits a return loss of −23.68 dB and a VSWR of 1.140 dB, ensuring stable performance within the desired frequency band. Our findings recommend its integration into vehicle-to-infrastructure wireless communication systems. Comparison across simulation environments and laboratory measurements highlights the close alignment of results with those from Ansys HFSS 2022 R1, affirming its reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terahertz (THz) technology is the utilization of electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the range of 0.1 to 10 terahertz. This frequency range is also known as the submillimeter range, lying between the microwave and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Terahertz technology has numerous applications in various fields, such as communications, spectroscopy, imaging, and sensing. In communications, terahertz waves can transmit large amounts of data over short distances and potentially revolutionize wireless communication networks. Recently, scientists and researchers have been concentrating on terahertz technology as it continues to evolve. In this paper, we design and simulate a rectangular-shaped patch nanoantenna with a line-feeding technique; the proposed antenna is based on three layers: a perfect electric conductor (PEC) patch, a silicon substrate layer, and a fully PEC ground plane layer. The main aim is to study the impact of altering the nanoantenna's parameters, including shape, size, ground plane, feed line, and patch nanostructures, on its behavior. The simulated antenna operates in triple-bands of frequrncywhich are 571.85, 715.66, and 905.05 THz. As a result, the applications of this terahertz frequency band are within the visible range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphene-based plasmonic antenna's operating frequency and performance are significantly controlled by the substrate dielectric material. In this article, a plasmonic microstrip antenna is designed and simulated for terahertz applications. The design procedure is performed by testing different dielectric substrate materials of the same thickness, such as RT5800, polyimide, quartz, silicon dioxide (SiO2), FR4, mica, silicon nitride (SiO3N4), and gallium arsenide (GaAs). Generally, the computed results reveal that the quartz substrate maintains suitable radiation performance with a minimum S11 values of − 45.67 dB, efficiency of 92.65%, gain of about 3.15 dB, and bandwidth values of 310 GHz. Furthermore, a modification is done in the antenna by increasing the substrate height to obtain tri-band radiation mode. The results indicate that the proposed antenna operates at tri-band frequencies when the substrate thickness is larger than 6 µm. However, a better antenna radiation performance is observed with a substrate thickness of 7 µm which operates at frequencies of 0.766, 3.285, and 4.510 THz. Additionally, the overall radiation performance obtained for the proposed antennas of a single band frequency with quartz and dual and triple band frequencies with GaAs is compared with previous study results done by other researchers and a reliable agreement with an advancement in present work, especially in terms of antenna size and bandwidth. Finally, it can be said that the implementation of a graphene patch conductor to develop milt-band resonance frequency is an easy technique with low profiles, simple and alternative to the implementing conducting material slots, or extensions along the patch radiating borders techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a novel compact design of an annular ring microstrip antenna (ARMSA), which has two stacked annular rings and is fabricated on a FR4 substrate for radar and satellite applications. The presence of different kinds of slots made the design of the recommended antenna very unique for Ku band applications. This novel compact structure of the antenna provided enhanced bandwidth and high gain. The suggested antenna works in Ku band and has 2.70 GHz bandwidth and 8.42 dB gain, which makes it suitable for satellite applications. The quality parameters of the proposed annular ring microstrip antenna have been compared with other existing annular ring microstrip antennas, which shows its efficient performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a communication antenna employing a sequential phased feeding network and a 4x4 array antenna operating in the X-band is detailed in this article. The proposed antenna implemented a coaxial probe feeding method in its feeding network, which aimed to enhance the gain and axial ratio bandwidth. Each patch is circular-shaped, with a triangular negative perturbation and an elliptical ring slot at the center of the patch radiator. The bandwidth of the reflection coefficient and axial ratio goals must be up to 0.4 GHz. The paper also discusses the comparison between the microstrip feeding networks and the coaxial probe feeding networks. In comparison, coaxial probe feeding can produce better gain, which was up to 12 dBic at the center frequency (8.2 GHz), while microstrip feeding produced nothing but 9.7 dBic at the center frequency (8.2 GHz). The NPC-H220A, with a thickness of 1.6 mm, a dielectric constant of 2.17, and a loss tangent of 0.005, printed the antenna design with a total dimension of 123.7x123.7 mm. The antenna design achieves the required performance and achieves a radiation efficiency of >95%. The angular width is about 22.8°, and the side-lobe level is -21.4 dB. The proposed antenna is suitable for wideband communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]