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MRI interpretations of the pediatric brain are often challenging for general radiologists and clinicians because MR signals and morphology are continuously changing in the developing brain. Furthermore, the developing brain reacts differently to injuries, resulting in imaging characteristics that differ from those of the mature brain. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a non-invasive method for assessing neurological abnormalities at the microscopic level and measures in vivo brain metabolites using a clinical MR machine. In MR examinations of the pediatric brain, 1H-MRS demonstrates its powerful diagnostic capability when MRI is insufficient for diagnostic features. MRI and 1H-MRS may be complementary tools for diagnosing and monitoring diseases. However, there is currently no consensus on how to include 1H-MRS in clinical MR examinations. An overview of the clinical implementation of 1H-MRS for the assessment of early pediatric developmental brains as well as the diagnosis, prognostification, and disease monitoring of various non-neoplastic brain disorders, including neonatal encephalopathies and neurometabolic/neurodegenerative diseases, was provided herein. Qualitative and quantitative 1H-MRS is a powerful non-invasive tool for accessing various brain metabolites to confirm age appropriate peaks and detect abnormal peaks or deficient or reduced peaks, which may facilitate the identification of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders as well as damage associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Moreover, 1H-MRS has potential as a biomarker for monitoring therapeutic efficacy in metabolic diseases and neonatal HIE. It also provides insights into the pathophysiologies of various disorders, which may facilitate the use of novel therapeutic approaches. Therefore, 1H-MRS needs to be included more frequently in routine clinical MR examinations of pediatric patients with neurological disorders.

Summary Surface energy of the underneath interlayer plays a crucial role in determining the morphology of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) film in solution-processed organic solar cells (OSCs). However, little attention has been paid to this perspective at the microscopic level. In this study, we demonstrate an effective strategy to tune the nanoscale heterogeneous distribution of surface energy (HeD-SE) at interlayers through incorporating two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 nanosheets, which modulate the component distribution, molecular orientation, and phase separation in the upper BHJ layers, leading to suppressed charge recombination and increased charge extraction in devices with enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device stability. Furthermore, we explore the relationship among the different surface energies of BHJs between the donor and the acceptor, the nanoscale HeD-SE at interlayers, and the PCEs of the resultant devices. This work reveals the impact of nanoscale heterogeneity in the distribution of surface energy in the underneath interlayers on the BHJ morphology and device performance in OSCs.

Simulation and analysis of electromagnetic induction heating of continuous conductive fiber-based composite materials is used to (in)validate a series of hypotheses on the physics dominating the heating process. The behavior of carbon fibers with and without surrounding polymer in an alternating electromagnetic field is studied at a microscopic level in ANSYS Maxwell using the solid loss to quantify heat generation in the composite material. To limit the number of elements, the fibers are modeled with a polyhedron cross-section instead of a circular cross-section. In addition, each layer is modeled as an layer of fibers, e.g. 20 fibers placed next to each other. The simulations indicate that samples with fibers oriented in 0 and 90 orientation yield a substantial higher solid loss than fibers oriented in the 0 orientation only. The solid loss in both cases is however not enough to explain the level of heating observed in practice. Filling the volumes between fibers with polymer results in greater solid loss than samples with no polymer between the fibers, at equal fiber volume fraction. Note, no contact between fibers is modeled. The conductivity of the polymer is experimentally determined. The lab tests show relatively low finite resistance values in the transverse direction, indicating that the polymer in a composite should not be considered an isolator. The simulations seem to justify the conclusion that heating of thermoplastic composites in an alternating magnetic field rely on currents through the polymer. Without the polymer and subsequently no polymer conductivity, even if the electrical fields are strong there is almost no heat generated. The carbon fibers are required to be in proximity of each other to create the electrical fields that induce the current through the polymer. The heating is determined by the product of current density squared times the resistivity of the polymer.

Fossil microeukaryotes are key elements for understanding ancient ecosystems at microscopic level and improving the knowledge on the diversification of microbial life as a whole. We describe Palaeohypothrix bahiensis gen. et sp. nov., an exceptionally well-preserved Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian–Barremian; 145–125 Mya) amber-entrapped microeukaryote, identified as a spirotrich ciliate. The preservation of structures interpreted as the nuclear apparatus and remains of the ciliature revealed a novel ground plan, not found in modern Spirotrichea, thus representing a putatively extinct higher taxon lineage, viz. the Palaeohypotricha nov. tax. Based on cladistic analysis, the new taxon is hypothesized as phylogenetically related to the Protohypotrichia.

The Srotas, besides performing numerous functions at both macroscopic and microscopic level, which when gets disrupted, causes pathological features; hence it is immensely required to understand the physiological and pathological concepts of srotas. Generally srotas are considered only at gross level, as structures, carrying material. But the concept of srotas is very deep and minute, which can be explained with the help of cell adaptation concepts, explained by the modern science. This article shall be helpful in putting forth the ayurvedic perspective of srotas along with modern pathological considerations.

Visualization of transplanted stem cells in the brain is an important issue in the study of the mechanisms of their therapeutic action. MRI allowing visualization of single transplanted cells previously labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles is among the most informative methods of non-invasive intravital imaging. Verification of MRI data using pathomorphological examination at the microscopic level helps to avoid errors in data interpretation. However, making serial sections of the whole brain and searching for transplanted cells under the microscope is laborious and time-consuming. We have developed a method for 3D modeling of the distribution of transplanted cells in the brain allowing navigating through various brain structures and identifying the areas of accumulation of transplanted cells, which significantly increases the efficiency and reduces the time of histological examination.

One of the country’s most renowned graphic novel artists, Mr. Banerjee, has published Corridor, a fragmented micro-story, injecting one or more small stories within the body of a larger story at various levels within the text including thematics, language, and imagery. India’s first graphic novel, Corridor, was astronomically different from anything published earlier in India. It targeted the astute, well-read reader with a meandering plot and kitschy observations of life in India’s astronomically immense cities. The process offilling the gaps in the multiple and fragmented conversations reflectsthe role readers are invited to play throughout the novel on the microscopic level. Francis McKee, the director of the Glascow-based Centre for Contemporary Arts, remarks about Sarnath’s work at an exhibition that digs into India’s changes. He added that the artist explores the country ‘s transformation, looking at the losses suffered in terms of intimacy and tradition, the rise in aspects like conspicuous wealth, consumption, etc., and the evolution of newer ways of life. The term narration describes how stories are told and how their material is selected and arranged to achieve particular effects on their audiences. The narration is either authentic or mendacious in which truth and falsity are arduous to tell.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a viscoelastic gel. The substance has a high ability to deform. It also has properties such as plasticity, lift, ease of distribution, and tissue mobilization during facial muscle activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of HA at the microscopic level. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the tissue filler was injected bolus-subdermally to rats and rabbits. The second stage involved female volunteers. The drug was also administered to the problem areas on the face. In addition to the histochemical observation, the effectiveness of the procedure on the woman’s face was also evaluated. High safety was demonstrated, as well as an increase in the expression level of collagen and elastin fibers.

The analysis of scientific literature shows that the study of adrenal morphology in humans and animals is an urgent problem of biology and medicine from ancient times to the present day. In the historical aspect, we can distinguish three stages of studying the adrenal gland that differ in the directions of research. The first stage corresponds to the research of scientists of the XVI–XVIII centuries (Bartolomeo Eustachio, Andreas Vesalius, Gabriele Folloppio, Girolamo Fabrici, Andriaan Spieghel, Johann Vesling, Giulia Casseria, Caspar Bauhin, Johann Grafenberg, Caspar Bartholin, Thomas Bartholin, Giulio Casserio, Antonio Molinetti, Jean Riolan, Thomas Wharton, Giovanni Lancisi, Jakob Winslow, Antony Valsalva, Albrecht Haller, Johann Meckel, Jean Senac, Armand Cassan). Their works is devoted to the study of topography, macroscopic structure and function of the adrenal gland. Studies of morphological scientists of the second stage (late XVIII – mid XX century) correspond to the study of the structure of the adrenal gland at the microscopic level. Scientists like Albert Kelliker, Johann Ecker, Thomas Addison, Gabriel Colin, Alfred Kohn and Jay Arnold used histological and histochemical research methods. Edward Schafer, George Oliver, Vladislav Szymonowicz, John Abel, Jokiti Takmine, Welter Cannon, Edward Kendall to the study of the features of adrenal hormone secretion. Scientific works of the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries can be combined in the third stage of research on the morphology of the adrenal gland. It is devoted to solving issues related to the formation of the adrenal gland in the process of filogenesis and ontogenesis, the features of the structure and function of the organ in normal and pathological conditions. A significant contribution to the study of the morphology of the adrenal gland of animals at the third stage was made by such scientists as Ziyade A. M., Dardykina O. N., Harina V. V., Atagimov M. Z., Torguj P. M., Antipin I. A., Shishkin A. P., Volkova M. V., Shevchenko L. F., Sidorova O. G., Vovchenko M. B., Salekh M. M., Ovcharenko N. D., Zaika S. V., Samatova I. M., Gorbacheva E. S., Pronin V. V., Kuznecov A. V., Pashinin N. S., Strel’nikova I. G., Barvenko A. D., Fedotov D. N., Izatulin A. V., Kvarackheliya A. G., Silkina A. V., Muhametov A. I. Among the studies of morphologists of the third period, the method of electron microscopy prevails.

In this article we review results of computer simulation of glasses carried out using first principles approaches, notably density functional theory. We start with a brief introduction to this method and compare the pros and cons of this approach with the ones of simulations with classical potentials. This is followed by a discussion of simulation results of various glass-forming systems that have been obtained via ab initio simulations and that demonstrate the usefulness of this approach to understand the properties of glasses on the microscopic level.

The microscopic explanation of the physical phenomena represented by a macroscopic theory is often cast in terms of the reduction of the latter to a more fundamental theory, which represents the same phenomena at the microscopic level, albeit in an idealized way. In particular, the reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics is a much discussed case-study in philosophy of physics. Based on the Generalized Nagel–Schaffner model, the alleged reductive explanation would be accomplished if one finds a corrected version of classical thermodynamics that can be strictly derived from statistical mechanics. That is the sense in which, according to Callender (1999, 2001), one should not take thermodynamics too seriously. Arguably, the sought-after revision is given by statistical thermodynamics, intended as a macroscopic theory equipped with a probabilistic law of equilibrium fluctuations. The present paper aims to evaluate this proposal. The upshot is that, while statistical thermodynamics enables one to re-define equilibrium so as to agree with Boltzmann entropy, it does not provide a definitive solution to the problem of explaining macroscopic irreversibility from a microscopic point of view.

An analysis of students’ performance in Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of gases was done to determine the extent of the understanding of these chemistry concepts in three modes of representation, namely macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic. The study employed one-shot quasi-experimental research where students in Grade 10 at a secondary school in Cebu City were exposed to the Integrated Macro-Micro-Symbolic Approach (IMMSA). A validated post-test tool with macro, micro, and symbolic questions was used in the study. The post-test results revealed that there was a gradual improvement of the students’ understanding from a good understanding of macroscopic and microscopic levels to a very good understanding of the symbolic level. Thus, it was concluded that the use of three modes of chemical representation led to a high extent in the understanding of concepts in chemistry. It is recommended that teachers begin their instruction at the macroscopic level and introduce symbols only after the microscopic level. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.1.3

En este trabajo se reporta el efecto de la adición de subproductos de mango, jamaica y café a una formulación de almidón-gelatina para elaborar una bioplástico en forma de cuchara. Se encontró que la adición de los subproductos mejoró las propiedades mecánicas del bioplástico debido a la compatibilidad de sus componentes observados a nivel microscópico (la dureza aumento de 190 hasta 290 N). Asimismo, las propiedades físicas de los bioplásticos como el ángulo matiz (63-89), y los índices de solubilidad y absorción en agua se modificaron por la adición de subproductos. Se observó que las condiciones de máxima estabilidad de los bioplásticos obtenidas a partir del modelado de las isotermas de adsorción a 35 °C con la ecuación de GAB y el cálculo el volumen de microporo correspondieron a una actividad de agua cercana a 0.40, independientemente del subproducto agregado. Las distintas formulaciones exhibieron un evento endotérmico a una temperatura de 180ºC, asociado a un proceso de fusión, así como una elevada tasa de degradación en suelo después de 120 h. Los subproductos probaron ser un refuerzo en la formulación de bioplásticos. El uso de subproductos de mango, café y jamaica representan una alternativa interesante para incrementar su potencial tecnológico.

Collective behaviour emerges from interacting units within communities, such as migrating herds, swimming fish schools, and cells within tissues. At the microscopic level, collective behaviours include collective cell migration in development and cancer invasion, rhythmic gene expression in pattern formation, cell competition in homeostasis and cancer, force generation and mechano-sensing in morphogenesis. Studying the initiation and the maintenance of collective cell behaviours is key to understand the principles of development, regeneration and disease. However, the manifold influences of contributing factors in in vivo environments challenge the dissection of causalities in animal models. As an alternative model that has emerged to overcome this difficulty, in vitro three-dimensional organoid cultures provide a reductionist approach yet retain similarities with the in vivo tissue in cellular composition and tissue organisation. Here, we focus on recent progresses in studying collective behaviours in different organoid systems and discuss their advantages and the possibility of improvement for future applications.

Microfocus cone-beam computed tomography (micro-CBCT) combines the technology of cone beam-computed tomography (CBCT) with a microfocus X-ray tube. Micro-CBCT is used in medicine in a relatively small number of experimental scientific works, the results of which demonstrate that micro-CBCT is a promising new diagnostic technique. The purpose of this work is a comparative analysis of the results of CBCT and micro-CBCT studies of the roots of extracted teeth before and after endodontic treatment, identification of the radiological characteristics of endodontic materials. Materials and methods. Devices Kavo OP 3D Vision (USA) and “Micron” (Russia) were used in order to scan 136 untreated and 91 endodontically treated roots of extracted teeth. A comparative analysis of the acquired CBCT and micro-CBCT reconstructions was performed. Results and discussion. Additional canals in the apexes of the roots, contents of the root canals and longitudinal fractures of the roots were imperceptible on the CBCT images of the untreated roots, but could be discovered with the help of micro-CBCT. The radiological characteristics of calcium-aluminosilicate cement, gutta-percha pins for lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha, zinc oxide-eugenol sealer, thermoplasticized gutta-percha on a plastic carrier, and epoxy resin-based sealer were determined for both of the computed tomography techniques. The microscopic structure of the materials could only be observed using the micro-CBCT reconstructions. A comparative analysis of the CBCT and micro-CBCT scans of the roots which contained intentionally broken metal instruments was performed. The presence of metal fragments resulted in stronger distortions on CBCT images compared to the results of micro-CBCT. Conclusion. Compared to CBCT, micro-CBCT is characterized by a higher spatial resolution and clarity of images, less pronounced artifacts from metal, allows to detect additional root canals, fracture lines and inclusions in root canals, makes it possible to characterize the structure of filling materials at the microscopic level.

A simultaneous development of the fundamental research areas of the information theory is needed for efficient development in the information technologies. It is known that for the complicated macroscopic systems information evolution may be shaped on the basis of the principal thermodynamics laws (the second law of thermodynamics, etc). At the same time it is not known whether the fundamentals of the information theory for the macroscopic systems may be applicable to the microscopic systems. The study works out a mathematic model of the discrete phase space adapted to describing the evolution of information (entropy) of the microscopic systems. The discrete phase-space model rests on the indeterminacy principle and fundamental properties of the discrete continuous-time Markovian systems. The Kolmogorov equations represent the main mathematical tools technique. The suggested model refers to the smallest metric scale when the external macroscopic observation is possible. This scale can be viewed as a quasiclassical level. The research results are the following. The structure of the phase space of the elementary signal is revealed. It is demonstrated that the entropy of the microscopic systems increases, i.e. for the microscopic systems the second law of thermodynamics is true. There has been demonstrated transition from the microscopic model to the macroscopic one thus proving the former’s adequacy. The discrete phase-space model is promising in the aspect of further development. For example, it can be applied to the physical systems “particle – field”. The approach represented by the model will allow to study electromagnetic and gravity fields at the quasiclassical level. The above model of the discrete phase space and its application in the study of the evolution of the microscopic systems is a proprietary design of the authors.

In this paper the consequences of road closures considering the introduction of a smart city solution, namely traffic simulation on micro level, are analyzed. The use-case comes from the city of Maribor in Slovenia with about 100 thousand inhabitants. To perform the analyses, the open source road traffic simulation package SUMO (simulation of urban mobility) has been employed to analyze the effects of the introduction of traffic regulations in real environment. Using it by experts in a plan-do-check-act loop, multiple scenarios with lesser impact of traffic regulations, as opposed to ad-hoc scenarios usually employed (e.g., for road works, events, etc.), can be considered and the best one chosen, leading to a smart city solution.

This paper is a review of the past research of mechanical testing methods for natural fibre honeycomb sandwich structure as well as failure modes analysis at a microscopic level by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). As the world is garnering attention towards renewable resources for environmental purposes, studies of natural fibre have been increasing as well as the application of natural fibre throughout various industries such as aerospace, automobiles, and construction sectors. This paper is started with brief information regarding the honeycomb sandwich structure, introduction to natural fibre, its applications as well as the factors affecting the performances of the structure. Next, the mechanical testing methods are listed out as well as the expected outcomes obtained from the respective testing. The mechanical properties are also identified by conducting lab tests according to the ASTM standard for sandwich and core structures. The microstructure of the deformed samples is then examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) by using different magnifications to study the failure mechanisms of the samples. The images obtained from the SEM test are analyzed by using fractography which will show the failure modes of the samples. This article is based on past research conducted by professional on the related topic.

This study aims to describe the difficulties of class XI MIPA State Senior High School students in Palangka Raya City in understanding the concept of factors that affect chemical equilibrium and the application of the principle of equilibrium reactions in industry at a microscopic level which is applied in the form of images. The research subjects were 928 students of class XI MIPA Senior High School in Palangka Raya City for the 2017/2018 Academic Year. Students' difficulties were investigated using a test instrument for understanding the factors that affect chemical equilibrium and the application of the principle of equilibrium reactions in industry. The instrument used is a multiple choice written test with five answer choices and five closed reasons and interviews. The results showed that students had difficulty understanding the concept of factors that affect chemical equilibrium at the microscopic level which were applied in the form of pictures and identified the causes of student difficulties, namely: (1) Explaining the effect of changes in concentration on shifts in chemical equilibrium by 62.82%, students consider the addition of the concentration of similar ions into the solution causes the ions to increase; (2) Explaining the effect of temperature changes by 55.28%, students assume that if the temperature is lowered the reaction shifts to endothermic reactions and vice versa (students do not understand the characteristics of exothermic/endothermic reactions and their relationship to temperature changes); (3) Explaining the change in volume of 61.96%, students assume that if the volume is reduced the equilibrium reaction shifts towards the component of the large reaction coefficient and vice versa; (4) Explaining the effect of changes in pressure by 53.56%, students assume that if the pressure is increased the reaction shifts to a large component of the reaction coefficient and vice versa; (5) Explaining the principle of an equilibrium reaction in an industry of 66.06%, students assume that by adding pressure to an exothermic reaction, the reaction shifts towards the reactants.

Purpose This paper aims to reschedule the freight train timetable in case of disturbance to restore the train services as soon as possible. Design/methodology/approach Hence, an integer linear programming model for the real-time freight heavy-haul railway traffic management is developed in case of large primary delays caused by the delayed cargos loading. The proposed model based on the alternative graph at the microscopic level depicts the freight train movements in detail. Multiple dispatching measures such as re-timing and re-ordering are taken into account. Moreover, two objective functions, namely, the total final delays and the consecutive delays, are minimized in the freight trains dispatching problem. Findings Finally, a real-world computational experiment based on the Haolebaoji-Ji’an freight heavy-haul railway is implemented. The results of all disrupted cases are obtained within 10 s. The results give insight into that the consecutive delays are more than the total final delays when the same disrupted situation and the consecutive or total final delays increase as the primary delays increase. Originality/value An integer linear programming model based on the alternative graph for the real-time freight heavy-haul railway traffic management is developed in case of large primary delays caused by the delayed cargos loading. The method can be developed as the computer-aided tool for freight train dispatchers.

The in situ formation of lead–sulfur inorganic compounds in historical oil paintings can have a strong detrimental effect on an artwork's physical and visual integrity. In this paper, paint micro-samples collected from several paintings from the Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) and Mauritshuis (The Hague) collections were probed using a combination of synchrotron micro-XRD and micro-XRD-CT. This permitted precise identification of the chemical nature of the in situ formed crystalline compounds as well as charting their distribution within paint layers at the microscopic level. This provided new information on the origin of the ions involved in the crystallization of the various newly formed mineral lead–sulfur products. The formation of palmierite K2Pb(SO4)2, anglesite PbSO4 and lanarkite Pb2(SO4)O in historical samples can thus be connected to the paint stratigraphic build-up, environmental conditions and potential past restoration treatments.

Comprehensive analysis of traffic behavior requires continuous studies to develop traffic theories explaining that behavior at the microscopic level. The study aims to develop a microsimulation program to evaluate the freeway weaving performance depending on the observed data. FWASIM represents a microscopic analysis of the freeway traffic features. It scans events periodically. The developed FWASIM involves the formulation of driver and vehicle behavior at freeway link, on-ramp, off-ramp, and combine them to produce a flexible, friendly use simulation model. Its concept is mainly depending on the car following and lane change theories. Analytical model validation was conducted based on a comparison of FWASIM output with the VISSIM output. Tests consider the important factors that may affect the traffic behavior for a given segment configuration. The obtained results show agreement between FWASIM and VISSIM outputs. Besides, the field data were used to validate FWASIM. Graphical and t-test methods were used to examine the results. The results are statistically significant which implies that the model provides reasonably accurate measures of effectiveness for the validated range of input data.

To evaluate the contact slip behaviour of particle on compaction characteristics of the asphalt mixture, the relation between contact slip behaviour and compaction characteristic was analyzed. The ...

The purpose of this study is to investigate how students develop their mental models of chemical equilibrium through Argumentation within Model-based learning (AMBL). This qualitative research methodology draws upon a pre-post chemical equilibrium mental models survey, teacher’s logs, classroom observations, and students’ reflective diaries. The participants, purposively selected, were 29 grade 11 students. Data were analysed via qualitative methods, namely categorizing, comparing, and concluding. The research findings reveal that AMBL could develop students’ tentative mental models into scientific models, particularly on the topics of dynamic equilibrium and reversible reactions. Key ideas for enhancing students’ mental models include: providing students with opportunities to use evidence and justification in order to develop their mental models into scientific models; the suggested use of several media to represent particles at the microscopic level; and using driving questions to help students modify their models and link their understanding of both the macroscopic and microscopic levels through the modelling process. The study recommends the need for more emphasis on the role of argumentation in the modelling process. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.7.7

The distinction between nevoid melanoma and a mitotically active nevus can be challenging at the microscopic level. In this study, we performed cytogenetic testing on a cohort of 25 mitotically active melanocytic proliferations resembling common melanocytic nevus from 25 patients. Based on cytogenetic findings, the lesions were classified as "nevoid melanoma" (n = 13) or "mitotically active nevus" (n = 12). Subsequently, we compared the clinicopathological features between these 2 groups. Nevoid melanomas occurred in older patients (P = 0.007); however, there were no significant differences in gender, size, or anatomical distribution between the 2 groups. Histologically, deep/marginal mitoses (P = 0.006), lack of maturation with depth (P = 0.036), and pseudo-maturation (P = 0.006) were significantly more common in nevoid melanomas. Immunohistochemically, complete loss of p16 was an important divisive feature (P = 0.0004), seen in 70% of nevoid melanomas, and highly correlated with loss of CDKN2A gene (chromosome 9p21). Our findings suggest that such reproducible immunomorphological differences can be of value in distinguishing nevoid melanoma from mitotically active nevus. Nevoid melanomas demonstrated a spectrum of chromosomal aberrations similar to those seen in common subtypes of melanoma, which can serve as a powerful adjunct diagnostic tool in morphologically challenging lesions.

Osseointegration is the direct contact between the living bone and the implant surface without interposed soft tissue at the microscopic level and it is a critical process for implant stability and consequent short- and long-term clinical success. Surface conditions are particularly important as they play a major role in the osseointegration process. Several characteristics among implant surface, such as surface composition, physicochemical properties, surface wettability, and roughness influence the rate and quality of osseointegration. The goal of this review is to analyze the currently available methods for implant surface modification and also discuss the future trends in surface bioengineering and nanotechnology for improving the osseointegration and consequently their biological performance.

Stress fractures are common injuries that may present to general practice, emergency departments or orthopaedic clinics. An understanding of how bone remodels, which has evolved since Wolff's original theory almost 130 years ago, aids treatment of stress fractures. Further research into the forces bones can withstand and the mechanisms of failure have helped prevention of these injuries. The aetiology is believed to be multifactorial. Various risk factors contribute at varying levels in individuals with stress injuries. Stress fractures can occur in weight-bearing bones as well as non-weight-bearing bones and the injuries are often specific to certain activities. In order to diagnose and treat these injuries, it is important for the clinician to understand the changes occurring at a microscopic level and the many contributory risk factors. These risk factors can be elucidated by a focused history and examination and supplemented with blood tests and radiological investigations. This information can aid the clinician in staging the injury and allow tailored treatment. This increases the chance of optimal recovery.

Background Starch is a vital component of the human diet and is widely used in food manufacturing. Its complex and subtle structure influences its physicochemical properties, thus affecting its application. Microwave heating has experienced increased popularity in the food industry for many diverse uses. Dielectric properties are crucial parameters reflecting the response of food to microwave treatment. Recent studies have often neglected the importance of dielectric properties when investigating the structural changes of starch in a microwave field. Scope and approach This review summarizes the dielectric and microwave absorption properties of starches and starch systems (with water and/or ions). The various possible structural changes of starch under a microwave field are also analyzed, from the macroscopic to the microscopic level (morphology, lamellar structure, crystalline structure and molecular structure), in an attempt to elucidate the essential features of the response of starch to microwave heating in terms of the dielectric properties. Key findings and conclusions Microwaves can directly or indirectly induce a series of changes in the morphology and internal structures of starch granules, closely related to the dielectric properties of the system and microwave input energy. The future research trend will be to regulate and manipulate the structural changes of microwave-treated starch systems from the perspective of changing their dielectric properties and to obtain microwave-treated starch-based food with desirable properties.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based imaging analysis is a dominant method to inspect the electrode composition, to study electrochemical reaction kinetics at a microscopic level, and also a rapid emerging technology in bioanalysis with high spatiotemporal resolutions, high-throughput and visualization characteristics. In comparison with other imaging microscopes, an optical excitation is not involved in imaging, thus the approach is free from background noise resulting in a low detection limit. In this review work, the principle of ECL, its unique natures compared to other luminescence techniques were briefed at first. Then after, the progress and basic principles of ECL imaging were summarized. Furthermore, recent and representative advances of ECL imaging for visualizing and sensing applications were reviewed. Finally, the perspectives in ECL imaging for further perspective were discussed.

The automatic cell analysis method is capable of segmenting the cells and can detect the number of live/dead cells present in the body. This study proposed a novel non-linear segmentation model (NSM) for the segmentation and quantification of live/dead cells present in the body. This work also reveals the aspects of electromagnetic radiation on the cell body. The bright images of the hippocampal CA3 region of the rat brain under the resolution of 60 × objective are used to analyze the effects called NISSL-stained dataset. The proposed non-linear segmentation model segments the foreground cells from the cell images based on the linear regression analysis. These foreground cells further get discriminated as live/dead cells and quantified using shape descriptors and geometric method, respectively. The proposed segmentation model is showing promising results (accuracy, 82.82%) in comparison with the existing renowned approaches. The counting analysis of live and dead cells using the proposed method is far better than the manual counts. Therefore, the proposed segmentation model and quantifying procedure is an amalgamated method for cell quantification that yields better segmentation results and provides pithy insights into the analysis of neuronal anomalies at a microscopic level. Graphical Abstract Resultant View of the overall proposed approach.

The presence of structural inhomogeneity and physical phenomena therein taking place at the microscopic level is very difficult to identify simultaneously using a holistic technique. Raman microsco...

Aeroengine blades have high requirements for surface integrity. Through the flexible polishing of TC17 engine blades, the surface integrity of polished blades is improved. First, the influence of process parameters on polishing force and polishing temperature is analyzed through experiments. The influence of parameters on surface roughness is analyzed, and the relationship between wear debris shape and surface morphology under different process parameters are analyzed from the microscopic level. Second, the influence of process parameters on the residual stress of the polished surface is analyzed in accordance with the polishing force and polishing temperature. Then, the variation of the residual stress of the blade after milling and polishing is analyzed. In addition, the microstructure of the metamorphic layer after milling and polishing is analyzed. Experimental results show that reasonable polishing parameters can effectively improve the surface integrity of the blade.

There are three different levels of description for macroscopic physical systems: macroscopic level using thermodynamics and continuum mechanics, mesoscopic level by the kinetic theory, and microscopic level by statistical mechanics of many-particle systems. The search for possible links bridging among these levels is the core part of the Hilbert Sixth Problem. Through a concrete example, we explain the links and also the main idea of Rational Extended Thermodynamics.

Traditionally, routing decisions have been based on minimizing travel time as the associated cost. Eco-routing considers the environmental aspects (e.g., emissions and fuel) as part of the travel cost to mitigate the undesirable impact of transportation systems on the environment. Unlike the existing eco-routing review papers, this research work is aimed at providing a three-factor taxonomy at a more disaggregated level from the optimization perspective and map eco-routing studies to the proposed taxonomy. Furthermore, the strengths and weaknesses of the presented models are summarized. Our main findings include (a) a majority of studies optimized one objective at a time; (b) the microscopic level of aggregation of the flow and emission/fuel models was rarely employed for large case studies, due to the associated complexity; and (c) all of the reviewed studies were applied in a centralized routing system environment. In the near future, when intelligent vehicles will be on the roads, a multi-objective distributed routing framework can be employed with a microscopic level of aggregation for both traffic and emission models, which is capable of operating on largescale networks in real time. Additionally, short-term spatiotemporal prediction of GHG cost is a crucial aspect to be tackled.

Oncological management of patients with breast cancer, with the use of pre-operative systemic therapy in the last decade presented significant increase of effectiveness. The greater the number of cases with complete or major pathomorphological response means that getting the right material for postoperative histopathological assessment is becoming more and more difficult. In addition, the demonstrated correlation between complete pathomorphological response (pCR) and long-term treatment effects (in HER2-positive and triple-negative subtypes of breast carcinoma) makes the standardisation of postoperative pathomorphological examination, both at the gross and microscopic level, a necessity. This article presents the recommended rules for the preparation of such material and the method of its reporting, corresponding to the needs of contemporary oncology.

This paper examines the characteristics of a harmonic plane wave in 1D and applies it to a model of an auditorium in the shape of a quarter of an ellipsoid. In the application, this paper will mainly look at transmission loss, reverberation, disruption of the performers, and differences between different frequencies. The differences between different frequencies will be analyzed on both a macroscopic auditorium level as well as on a microscopic level of a single point in the audience.