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Yao medicine Hongniuxi is the root and rhizome of Achyranthes longifolia, which is a commonly used medicinal herb in Yao ethnic areas. Currently, only a few provinces and regions have recorded the method for quality control of Hongniuxi. Microscopic method and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were qualitatively identified on the roots and rhizomes of 14 batches of Yao Medicine Hongniuxi collected in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the study. The content of β-ecdysterone was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Phenomenex column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (15∶85), the column temperature was 25 ℃, the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, and the detection wavelength was at 243 nm. The results were as follows: (1) The character and microscopic identification methods of Hongniuxi were obvious. Microscopic identification showed the inner layer of thrombus, vascular bundle, abnormal vascular bundle, duct, ray cell, calcium oxalate sand crystal or square crystal, etc. (2) The TLC identification spots of β-ecdysterone and ginsenoside RO were clear, and the separation effect was good. (3) The β-ecdysterone showed a good linear relationship within the range of 5.606-224.224 μg (r＝0.999 9), whose average recovery (n=6) was 97.68%, with the RSD of 1.37%. (4) Among 14 batches of samples, the contents of β-ecdysterone ranged from 0.005% to 0.158%, with an average content of 0.095%. This study establishes a complete method for microscopic identification, thin layer identification, and content determination, providing a scientific basis for rational evaluation of the quality of Hongniuxi and clinical rational drug use.

Sterculia monosperma fruit is the dried and mature seed of Sterculia monosperma, which belongs to genus Sterculia. In China, this plant is a widely distributed arbor with a long planting history in Lingnan area. It is mainly cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and Taiwan of China; it is also distributed in India, Vietnam and Indonesia, mostly cultivated artificially. S. monosperma fruit has many functions like warming the stomach and killing pests, but its name and characteristics are easily confused with other plants of genus Sterculia. However, the relevant research foundation is relatively weak. Pharmacognostical study can provide reference for its resource development and quality standard formulation. This study identifies the morphological and microscopic characteristics of S. monosperma fruit, as well as the microscopic identification of seed cross-section and powder. The DNA barcode sequences ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL of S. monosperma were obtained through bidirectional sequencing, Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) genetic distance was calculated, and the neighbor joining tree was established for clustering analysis. The results were as follows: (1) The morphological characteristics of S. monosperma fruit included dark red fruit shell and reddish brown or dark chestnut surface. It was hard in texture, with two thick yellowish endosperms inside. (2) The micro-morphological characteristics was that the exotesta was reddish brown, extremely thin, and brittle in texture; the mesotesta was black brown, thick, and hard in texture; the endotesta coat was light yellow and soft in texture. (3) The microscopic characteristics included the structure and arrangement of the exotesta stone cell, the grid cell structure of the mesotesta, the bead thickening of the cell wall of the endotesta cells, and the calcium oxalate cluster crystals. (4) Based on the ITS2 sequence, S. monosperma fruit could be effectively distinguished from other plants in genus Sterculia, while the matK sequence could effectively distinguish S. lanceolata from other plants in genus Sterculia. This study obtained the data on the morphological characteristics, micro-morphological characteristics and microscopic characteristics of S. monosperma fruit. Combined with the ITS2 barcode sequence, S. monosperma fruit can be effectively identified, which provides a scientific reference for the development of its germplasm resources and the formulation of relevant quality standards.

Sterculia monosperma fruit is the dried and mature seed of Sterculia monosperma, which belongs to genus Sterculia. In China, this plant is a widely distributed arbor with a long planting history in Lingnan area. It is mainly cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and Taiwan of China; it is also distributed in India, Vietnam and Indonesia, mostly cultivated artificially. S. monosperma fruit has many functions like warming the stomach and killing pests, but its name and characteristics are easily confused with other plants of genus Sterculia. However, the relevant research foundation is relatively weak. Pharmacognostical study can provide reference for its resource development and quality standard formulation. This study identifies the morphological and microscopic characteristics of S. monosperma fruit, as well as the microscopic identification of seed cross-section and powder. The DNA barcode sequences ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL of S. monosperma were obtained through bidirectional sequencing, Kimura 2-Parameter(K2P)genetic distance was calculated, and the neighbor joining tree was established for clustering analysis. The results were as follows:(1)The morphological characteristics of S. monosperma fruit included dark red fruit shell and reddish brown or dark chestnut surface. It was hard in texture, with two thick yellowish endosperms inside.(2)The micro-morphological characteristics was that the exotesta was reddish brown, extremely thin, and brittle in texture; the mesotesta was black brown, thick, and hard in texture; the endotesta coat was light yellow and soft in texture.(3)The microscopic characteristics included the structure and arrangement of the exotesta stone cell, the grid cell structure of the mesotesta, the bead thickening of the cell wall of the endotesta cells, and the calcium oxalate cluster crystals.(4)Based on the ITS2 sequence, S. monosperma fruit could be effectively distinguished from other plants in genus Sterculia, while the matK sequence could effectively distinguish S. lanceolata from other plants in genus Sterculia. This study obtained the data on the morphological characteristics, micro-morphological characteristics and microscopic characteristics of S. monosperma fruit. Combined with the ITS2 barcode sequence, S. monosperma fruit can be effectively identified, which provides a scientific reference for the development of its germplasm resources and the formulation of relevant quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yao medicine Hongniuxi is the root and rhizome of Achyranthes longifolia, which was a commonly used medicinal herb in Yao ethnic areas. Currently, only a few provinces have recorded the method for quality control of A. longifolia. Microscopic method and thin layer chromatography were qualitatively identified on the roots and rhizomes of 14 batches of Yao Medicine A. longifolia collected in Guangxi region in the standy. The content of β-ecdysterone was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The Phenomenex column（250mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm） was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water（15:85), the column temperature was 25 ℃, the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, and the detection wavelength was at 243 nm. The results were as follows:（1） The characteristics and microscopic identification methods of A. longifolia were obvious. Microscopic identification showed the inner layer of thrombus, vascular bundle, abnormal vascular bundle, duct, ray cell, calcium oxalate sand crystal or square crystal, etc.（2） The identification spots of β-ecdysterone and ginsenoside RO thin layer chromatography are clear, and the separation effect was good.（3） The β-ecdysterone showed a good linear relationship within the range of 5.606-224.224 μg（r=0.999 9), whose average recovery（n=6） was 97.68%, with the RSD of 1.37%.（4） Among 14 batches of samples, the content of β-ecdysterone range from 0.005% to0.158%, with an average content of 0.098%. This study established a complete method for microscopic identification, thin-layer identification, and content determination, providing a scientific basis for rational evaluation of the quality of A. longifoli. and clinical rational drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis (As) -induced cardiovascular disease is one of the major complications and leading causes of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) . MicroRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs, play important roles in gene regulatory networks. Numerous studies conducted both domestically and internationally have demonstrated that the abnormal expression of certain microRNAs can facilitate the pathological progression of CKD and its associated cardiovascular complications, such as As, through a variety of mechanisms and are identified as pathologically significant contributors to CKD As. Applying the unique advantages of microRNAs as disease biomarkers and the role of potential therapeutic targets of CKD As is a modern research hotspot. According to TCM, CKD As is characterized by a combination of positive deficiency and negative realities, and is characterized by the deficiency of the original and the symptoms. It is important to use microRNA as an entry point to study the specific mechanism of CKD As in Chinese medicine. The correlation between microRNAs and the pathological mechanism of CKD As as well as the research progress on the mechanism of action of Chinese medicine compound and Chinese medicine active ingredients in regulating the abnormal microRNAs of CKD to prevent and treat As were reviewed, in order to provide theoretical reference for future related research, so as to develop more effective therapeutic strategies and provide new possible pathways and intervention targets for clinical Chinese medicine treatment of CKD As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]To understand the quality differences of Pogostemon cablin medicinal materials in 10 different producing areas such as Yangchun City, Zhaoqing City and Zhanjiang City in Guangdong Province. [Method] Ten batches of glycolic herbs from different producing areas were used as materials to detect the test items under the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the differences of Pogostemon cablin herbs from different producing areas were analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. [Result] The characteristics of microscopic identification and thin layer identification were obvious, and the contents of moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract and patchouli alcohol were in accordance with the requirements of the pharmacopoeia. [Conclusion] The quality of 10 batches of Pogostemon cablin from different producing areas is different. Among them, the quality of Pogostemon cablin from Tanshui Town, Yangchun City, Guangdong Province and Sihui City, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province is the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the systematic evaluation of pharmacognostic identification of Polygonum capitatum. [Methods] 10 batches of P. capitatum cultivated in Guizhou were chosen for plant samples. Macroscopical identification was conducted on plant roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. The P. capitatum powder was processed for physical and chemical distinction by FeCl3 chromogenic reaction, hydrochloric acid magnesium powder reaction, A1C13 color development reaction and thin-layer chromatography. Microscope identification was carried out on the powder. Plant genome DNeasy Plant Kit was adopted for DNA molecular marker identification. [Results] The results showed that the stem of P. capitatum was tufted, the leaves were oval, 2 to 5 cm long, and 1 to 2 cm wide; the leaf apex was acute and cuneate at the base, the inflorescence was capitate, paired or solitary; the raceme was erect and nearly spherical, and the perianth was light red. Furthermore, for the chromogenic reaction of FeCl3 ethanol extract of P. capitatum, appeared blue and turned to dark blue after long time storing at room temperature. For the reaction of hydrochloric acid magnesium powder, the alcohol extract of P. capitatum, exhibited deep red. In the color reaction of A1C1, the alcohol extract revealed yellow fluorescence under 360 nm UV lamp. Microscope identification of the powder displayed pollen grains, crystal sheath fibers, cellulose, vessels, starch grains, cork cells, and other characteristic fragments. In addition, DNA barcoding electrophoresis results showed that P. capitatum showed a clear and bright single band near 500 bp, and further sequencing results showed that the sequence differences were mainly concentrated in 1TS1 and 1TS2 region. [Conclusions] Systematic evaluation for the identification of P. capitatum is established, which combines with macroscopic identification, physicochemical identification, powder microscope identification, and DNA molecular identification. Finally, the original medicinal material is identified as P. capitatum Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To perform microscopic identification for the roots of Actinidia macrosperma C.F. Liang, Actinidia valvata Dunn, Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc) Planch. ex Miq., Actinidia chinensis Planch., and provide the basis for judging medicinal materials exactly. Methods The powder microscopic characteristics of 4 medicinal plants of Actinidia genus were observed by microscopic identification method. Results Taking the morphological characteristics of calcium oxalate clusters, starch granules and ducts as the main differences, a key table was compiled to identify the roots of these four medicinal plants. Conclusion The microscopic identification method could effectively distinguish 4 Chinese herbs of Actinidia genus, and which is worth further studying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To perform the pharmacognostic identification of Anoectochilus lylei and establish the foundation for its accurate identification and further development. Methods The macroscopic identification and microscopic identification methods were used to identify A. lylei. Results A. lylei has ovate leaf shape, possessing red reticulated veins. Inverted flowers have Y-shaped and white lip. The anterior part of lip is two-lobed, and the lobes are linear-oblong. There are 1 to 3 shorts serrations on each side of the middle part of lip. Microscopic characteristics mainly show as follows: the cortex is broad in the transverse section of roots and stems; 1-5 and 1-7 vascular bundles in the xylem of transverse section of roots and stem, respectively. Collateral vascular bundle in the main veins of transverse section of leaves. There are multitudinous types of stomas in the leaf abaxial epidermis, most of which are anomocytic. Conclusion These characteristics could provide reference for the correct identification of A. lylei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To establish the quality standard for Zijinbiao. [Methods] Microscopic identification, physical and chemical identification, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to qualitatively identify Zijinbiao. The moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and alcohol-soluble extract content were determined. The content of Plumbagin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [Results] Microscopic identification, physical and chemical identification and thin layer identification features were remarkable. The moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and extract content of the 15 batches of samples were 7.49% -11.84%, 2.43% -5.81%, 0.59% -3.18% and 13.80% -20.45%, respectively. The linear equation of Plumbagin was Y = 38 094X, R² =0.999 6. Plumbagin had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.01 -0.53 mg/mL. [Conclusions] This method is specific and reproducible, and can be used for quality control of Zijinbiao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, the characteristics of the transverse section of Apium graveolens L. root (AR) were observed. The surface morphology, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of five kinds of powders obtained by superfine pulverization (850–355, 355–180, 180–125, 125–50, and <50 μm) were evaluated. Under the microscope, the transverse section of AR had distinct identification features. Parenchyma cells, cork cells, vessels, fibers, nonglandular hair, and tubing fragments were observed via powder microscopic identification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that superfine pulverization evidently changed the shape and surface morphology of the AR powders. As particle size decreased, the moisture and oil‐binding capacity (OBC) of AR powder decreased, whereas its total ash content, water solubility index (WSI), swelling capacity (SC), water‐holding capacity (WHC), bulk densities, tapped densities, repose angles, slide angles, and crash angles increased. The AR powder with a particle size of <50 μm had the highest contents of total flavonoids (30.46 mg/g), apiin (15.29 mg/g), and 3′‐methoxyapiin (6.78 mg/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that the chemical composition of the powder and its extracts did not notably change as particle size decreased. Meanwhile, the scavenging ability of DPPH and ABTS radicals increased with the decrease of particle size. Therefore, there are more obvious differences in physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of AR powders with different particle sizes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of new AR products. Research Highlights: Under the microscope, the transverse section of Apium graveolens L. root (AR) had distinct identification features.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the morphology and microstructure of AR after superfine pulverization.The surface morphology and physicochemical properties of the powders obtained by superfine pulverization were evaluated.FTIR analysis revealed no notable differences in the chemical composition of the AR powders with different particle sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To improve the standardization and legitimacy of the quality control for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by analyzing the microscopic identification quality standard of TCM in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition (Volume 1). Methods Through the analysis of the standard items of microscopic identification in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition (Volume1), the problems in the standard was summarized and classified, and suggestions for revision were provided. Results The standardization and consistency have the room to improve in TCM microscopic identification standard in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (Volume 1). Conclusion The TCM microscopic identification standard needs to be improved, and the formulation for the standard should be more specific and practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue mold pathogen, isolated from infected Allium cepa L., was identified as a Penicillium species through morphological and molecular characterisation. Internal Transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was utilised for DNA sequencing. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis has found the maximum similarity index of the fungus to be 82.39% with the Uncultured Penicillium clone (Accession: MF535522). So, the isolated Penicillium specie is the first reported specie of the genus that infects onion. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to establish a relationship of the isolated fungus with the most relevant species reported on GenBank. Extracts of Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb. were evaluated against the isolated fungus as a potential biocontrol agent. Among the five tested methanol concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) of each plant part (root, inflorescence and foliage), 0.5% root extract showed maximum growth retardation, i.e. 89%. For bioassay-guided fractionation, the root extract was partitioned in n -hexane, chloroform, n -butanol and ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate (1%) was proved to be the most potent one. Phytochemical screening has confirmed the occurrence of terpenoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. The applied molecular approach has deduced that the Penicillium specie collected from Pakistan might be novel. This study can be concluded that P. flaccidum contains potent phytochemicals which might be used as antifungal agent against Penicillium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To identify the crude drugs of Anoectochilus burmannicus, and clarify its original plant pharmacognostical and microscopic characteristics. Methods The pharmacognostical identification method was used to observe the original plant, tissue structure and microscopic characteristics of A. burmannicus. Results Leaves were ovate or ovate elliptic with golden-red veins. Non-inverted yellow flowers had Y-shaped and yellow labellum, which were anteriorly enlarged and 2-lobed. The lobes were narrowly oblong or narrowly oblanceolate. The middle part of labellum was narrow to form a 10 mm long structure with margin narrowly winged. In the microscopic structure, the cortex is obvious in the cross sections of root and stem, together with needle crystals of calcium oxalate and mucous cells. The upper epidermal cells on the cross section of the leaves were papilloid in shape, whereas diverse stomas existed among the lower epidermal cells, with anomocytic stomas as the major type. Needle crystals of calcium oxalate and conduits can be found in the powder. Conclusion These data provide a reference for the identification and resource development and utilization of A. burmannicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To establish the quality standard of Tibetan medicine Corydalis dasyptera Maxim. [Methods] According to the research method of drug quality standard in the appendix of 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 8 batches of C. dasyptera Maxim. from different habitats were studied by character identification, microscopic identification and TLC identification. The content of water, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and alcohol-soluble extract was determined, and the content of protopine in medicinal materials was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). [Results] The properties and microscopic characteristics of C. dasyptera Maxim. were determined. The TLC characteristic spots of the medicinal materials were clear, the degree of separation was good, and the specificity was strong. Both the test sample and the control sample showed the same yellow-green spots in the corresponding position. It was tentatively determined that the water content of C. dasyptera Maxim. should not exceed 14.0%, the total ash content should not exceed 14.0%, the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 3.0%, and the alcohol-soluble extract content should not be less than 18.0%. There was a good linear relationship between the concentration of protopine and the peak area in the range of 16.64-166.40 μg ·10~(-3)(r=0.999 6). The average recovery rate was 98.47% and the RSD was 1.21%(n=6). The content of protopine in 8 batches of C. dasyptera Maxim. was 0.023%-0.093%. [Conclusions] The established quality research method is simple, stable and reliable, and can be used for the quality control of C. dasyptera Maxim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To explore morphological identification, macroscopical identification, microscopic identification, thin layer chromatography(TLC) identification of Tibetan medical material Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim., and provide experimental data for its identification and application. [Methods] The Tibetan medical material was identified by means of original plant, characters, powder, paraffin section and thin layer chromatography(TLC). [Results] Tibetan medical material D. tanguticum Maxim. was obviously distinguished in character identification and microscopic identification, and the TLC method was simple and feasible. [Conclusions] The results will provide the source work foundation for the formulation of the quality standard of Sichuan Province(draft) for Tibetan medicinal material "D. tanguticum Maxim." and the development of pharmaceutical preparations for medical institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Characters and microscopic characteristics of Aralia cordata were studied, to improve identification method for Aralia cordata. [Methods] Using pharmacognostic identification method, original plant morphology of Aralia cordata was observed, and microscopic observation of its root cross section and powder was conducted. [ Results] It is perennial herb, with rhizome recess, arranged in clusters of nodules. There are double or triple pinnate compound leaves. It is glabrous or sparsely pubescent, with umbel. Flowers are white, while fruits are spherical and purple black. In microstructure, the cork layer on the cross section of root consists of 6 -10 rows of cells, and there is secondary cortex. The parenchyma cells are rich in starch granules, and the cambium is not obvious. The vessels are uniserial, and the wood fiber is less, and the primary xylem is bipartite. There are many starch granules in powder, mostly single granules, round or quasi round, oval, umbilicus herringbone or short slit, with many marginal pits and reticulate ducts. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are mostly gathered. Cork cells are yellowish brown and arranged neatly. The fibrous wall is thin, and the pore groove is obvious, and stone cells are occasionally seen. [Conclusions] Using character and microscopic identification method, it could accurately identify medicinal material of Aralia cordata, and provide reference basis for development and utilization of its resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To improve the quality standard of Yishen Jiangu pills. METHODS: To conduct microscopic identification on radix rehmanniae, semen cuscutae, poria, rhizoma dioscoreae and rhizoma alismatis, to preform thin-layer chromatographic identification on cornus officinalis, rhizoma atractylodis and salviae miltiorrhizae, and the high performance liquid chromatography was adopted to carry out quantitative analysis on monosidine and strychnine in the preparation. RESULTS: The characteristics of microscopic identification of radix rehmanniae, semen cuscutae, poria, rhizoma dioscoreae and rhizoma alismatis were obvious, the spots of thin-layer chromatograms of cornus officinalis, rhizoma atractylodis and salviae miltiorrhizae were clear. The morroniside showed good linearity in the range of 0. 368-0. 828 μg, with r² = 0. 999 9 (n = 6), the average recovery was 97. 55%, and the RSD= 1. 57%; strychnine showed good linearity in the range of 0. 392-0. 882 μg, with r² = 0. 999 9 (n = 6), the average recovery was 97. 29%, and the RSD= 0. 82%. CONCLUSIONS: This method is comprehensive and accurate, which has effectively improved the quality control of this preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to establish a microscopic identification method of Polygonum. capitatum Buch. Ham. ex D. Don. [Methods] The cross sections were identified by microscopic identification. [Results] The stem cross section of P. capitatum is round-like, and shows pericyclic fibers forming a ring, strongly lignified, many vascular bundles, and a hollow pith part. There are many starch granules in the powder, and single granules are more common; and fibers are mostly bundled or scattered, lignified or non-lignified, and calcium oxalate cluster crystals are common. There are many pollen grains, obtuse triangular or round-like, and some of them have three germination apertures. They have fine thorn-like protrusions on the outer wall, the surface of which has reticulate carvings. [Conclusions] The results of microscopic identification are reliable and can be used as the basis for identification of P. capitatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study is aimed for anatomical characterization of nine taxa of Acmella to supplement data specifically for its current sectional classification and species circumscriptions. Anatomical characterization of this genus is little explored. This study focuses on internal structure of leaves, petioles, peduncles, stems, roots and cell inclusions to determine its taxonomic importance. In stem anatomy the number of hypodermal collenchymatous layers and the arrangement of parenchymatous cortex together place an important role in the identification of Acmella. Root anatomy was similar in all the examined taxa except in the arrangement of xylem vessels. In A. tetralobata xylem vessels arranged in pentarch fashion while rest of the species possess tetrarch arrangement. Several cellular inclusions such as calcium oxalate crystals and oil bodies were observed. The petioles were crescent shaped having bifacial surfaces with both surfaces pubescent. Peduncles possess ridges and furrows in its outline. The leaves are dorsi ventral and possess single layered epidermal cells covered with cuticle having anomocytic, anisocytic and diacytic types of stomata in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The present study provides a tool for the microscopic identification of the genus.

Objectives] To stutdy the pharmacognosy of the stems and leaves of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. var. microsperma and to provide reference materials for clinical application and further development and utilization. "Methods] The stems and leaves were sliced by paraffin section method, and the tissue structure and microscopic characteristics were observed by routine microscopic technique. " Results] It was found that the epidermal cell wall was red with unicellular non-glandular hairs, the phloem fiber bundles were arranged in rings, and the xylem vessels were large and few, arnnged in the shape of " V". The non-glandular hairs in the cross section of leaves were mostly unicellullr, and the palisade tiisues were in 2 - 3 rows. Most of the veesels in the powder were with marginal pores and crystal sheath fibers, and there were a lot of non-gllndullr hairs in single ceHs. " Conclusions] The above characteristics can be used as the main basis for the identification of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. var. miccospeema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral compositions of 34 gneiss samples are tested through thin section identification of polarizing microscope and X-ray powder diffraction phase analysis. Comparison shows that 18of the 34 rock samples were named consistently by the two methods, while the other 16 were differently. The advantage of polarizing microscope identification is that it can accurately determine the structure and texture of rocks, identify most of metallic minerals and tourmaline, sphene, apatite and epidote as well, and effectively distinguish muscovite from biotite. The X-ray powder diffraction can exactly distinguish stratiform silicate minerals such as chlorite, montmorillonite and mica, and determine the mineral types and contents of potassium feldspar, albite and quartz. The results suggest that gneiss identification should combine the two methods to better determine mineral compositions and provide more objective data and analysis conclusions for geological study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective　To verify the feasibility and maneuverability of fast bare-handed vertical slicing method for dry Chinese herbal medicine, and to provide reference of this method for different types of medicinal materials. Methods　Several representative medicinal herbs were randomly selected in the market to make micro-slices using the top-slicing method to observe its cutting effect. Results　Experiments showed that microscopic slices can be obtained for most herbs in a few minutes, which can be used for identification and quality testing. Conclusion　This method is fast, effective, simple and practical. It meets the requirements of pharmacopoeia for microscopic identification. This method deserves for promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sauropus spatulifolius Beille (S. spatulifolius) is the dried plant of the genus Sauropus, and belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. To study the pharmacognosy of Sauropus spatulifolius Beille (S. spatulifolius). A preliminary analysis in terms of primal identification, macroscopic identification and chemistry was carried out on S. spatulifolius. The transverse section of S. spatulifolius roots and stem showed that the cambium was obvious and the xylem was well developed; the transverse section of roots shows that the phloem appeared narrow and the vascular bundle was collateral. The transverse section of the stem showed occasional prickling of the periderm. The transverse section of the leaves showed that the lower epidermal cells are covered by non-glandular hairs; the palisade cells and spongy tissues were clearly distinguished; the stomatic type of the lower epidermis was paracytic, with stomatal index of 31.76%. Fiber, scalariform vessels and spiral vessels, pollen grains and so on were commonly seen in the powder. Through chemical identification, polysaccharides, glycosides, alkaloids and other components were identified in the plant. TLC result shows that T-test result was 0.018, indicating significant difference. The pharmacognostic features of S. spatulifolius are obvious, providing reference for further utilization and development of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The purpose was to provide scientific basis for the identification and application of Kadsura coccinea and its chief adulterant Kadsura heteroclite. [Methods] The botanical characteristics, traits and microscopic morphology of the two plants were compared. [Results] K. coccinea was clearly distinguished from K. heteroclite in botanical characteristics, traits and microscopic morphology. [Conclusions] This study is of great significance to the identification and development of K. coccinea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study deals with the detailed morphology investigation of eight Cypsela species belonging to tribe Cichoreae. The different Cypsela types were described, explained, compared, and their taxonomic significance is discussed in detail. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to highlight quantitative and qualitative characters of underestudied species. Cypsela exhibit great diversity in macro and micromorphological features such as shape, color, length, width, anticlinal and periclinal wall patterns, surface patterns, epicuticular projections. Majority of Cypsela species were brownish in color and their size ranges from 2.16 to 3.98 mm in length and 1.16 to 0.82 mm in breadth. A great diversity in Cypsela shapes like oblanceolate to obovate, obovoid to cylindrical, obvate, narrowly lanceolate were observed. Most of the platelets having epicuticular projections were observed. The surface pattern on the cypsela surface varied from rugose papillate, verrucose papillate, and striated. On the basis of considerable variations observed, the present study can assist as useful constraints at various taxonomic levels. The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive description of the Cypsela morphology and to determine the extent to which these micro morphological data can be used as a taxonomic character to delineate various taxa belonging to the tribe Cichoreae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourmaline is an efficient tracer during diagenesis and metallogenesis. Chemical composition of tourmaline can not only be used to give information about environment of diagenesis and metallogenesis, but can also be useful in prospecting. Prospecting work of pegmatite-type rare metal deposits in Southern and Western China has seen a big breakthrough, however, there has been no obvious advance in prospecting in Northern China. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out systematical and detailed prospecting work. There are a lot of grey black idiomorphic tourmalines in pegmatite veins in Quyang County, Hebei Province, which makes it suitable for carrying out systematical mineralogy research. Samples based on detailed field work were systematically collected and are described in this paper. Microscopic identification, Powder X-ray Diffraction and Electron Microprobe were used to determine the chemical composition of tourmaline, in order to investigate the types, and diagenetic and metallogenic environment of tourmaline. Electronic Probe and Powder X-ray Diffraction show that tourmaline in Zhongzuo pegmatite belongs to dravite but is close to that of schorl. The Ca-Fe-Mg ternary diagram indicates that the diagenetic environment is poor Ca metamorphic pelite, metamorphic arenite and quartz-tourmaline rock. The chemical composition of tourmaline is closely related to the types of surrounding rock. The dravite in pegmatite veins was formed by assimilation blending between magmatic melt and surrounding rock at a temperature of 700-600℃ where Mg and Fe in surrounding rock provide the necessary sources for the formation of tourmaline. The systematical study of chemical composition of tourmaline in Zhongzuo pegmatite veins provides fundamental geological data and a prospecting direction for pegmatite-type deposits.

[Objectives] This study was conducted to identify the microscopic characteristics of Chenopodium album L. [Methods]The microscopic identification method was adopted. [Results] The xylem vessels and fiber bundles of the roots are arranged into 3-4 intermittent ring belts in a concave-convex pattern, alternately with the parenchymal cell ring belts; and the xylem rays vary in width. The cross section of the stems is polygonal; there are parenchyma cells at the corners of the cortex; there are many vascular bundles of varying sizes; and calcium oxalate clusters are common in the medulla and cortex. There are 2 to 4 vascular bundles in the main leaf vein, peltate; and fiber bundles exist below the phloem. The powder is characterized by numerous clusters of calcium oxalate, which are uniform in size, sharp at edges and corners. [Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the identification and quality standard of the crude drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dendrobium is an important medicinal material in China. It has the effect of nourishing the stomach, nourishing yin and clearing heat. In China, there are many types of Dendrobium, and different Dendrobium species have different efficacy. The present study is aimed at distinguishing three major Dendrobium species from morphological and microscopic identification in Ta‐pieh mountains area. In this article, the roots, stems and leaves of Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium officinale, and Dendrobium moniliforme are used as materials to compare the differences of tissues of these three Dendrobium species by morphological indexes and microscopic identification of different Dendrobium. The stem morphology of these three Dendrobium species was significantly different except for stem internodes number and the middle part of the stem diameter by measuring the stems of Dendrobium. To ensure the safe use of Dendrobium, we built a fast and convenient method combining normal and fluorescence microscopy was applied in the present study to distinguish D. huoshanense, D. officinale, and D. moniliforme. The microscopic results show that different types of Dendrobium exhibit different states that can be distinguished under normal light normal and fluorescence microscopy. This comparative study of morphology and microscopy contributes to the development of identification and quality evaluation of Dendrobium. We identified the morphology of three Dendrobium.We identified the microscopy of three Dendrobium.Different Dendrobium can be distinguished under normal light and fluorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Via systematic comparative study on Paris daliensis and Paris dulongensis, the research aimed to provide test data for their character and microscopic identification. [Methods] Original plants, characters, microscopic identification of cross section and powder of rhizome were used. [Results] Microscopic characteristics of cross section and powder of rhizome were basically cons is tent with identification results of literature, and parenchyma cell of P. dulongensis had brown-red mass. [Conclusions] The research could provide reference basis for identification of authenticity and establishment of quality standards for original plants and medicinal materials of P. daliensis and P. dulongensis, and their further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to establish the quality assessment methods of Pollen Typhae. Materials and Methods: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for quality evaluation of Pollen Typhae from different origins together with microscopic identification. Then, the quantity of 43 crude Pollen Typhae samples in the market was collected and analyzed. Results: In true and false test, four False Pollen Typhae samples, 13 Net Pollen Typhae (NPT) samples, and 26 Grass Pollen Typhae (GPT) samples were identified by microscopic identification. In quality test, the amounts and percentages of Qualified Pollen Typhae, Unqualified Pollen Typhae were 24 (55.81%) and 19 (44.19%), respectively with typhaneoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside determined by HPLC according to China Pharmacopeia. We analyzed 43 samples from 20 regions and established their fingerprints, then selected 31 peaks as characteristic peaks and calculated their relative peak areas. To express the HPLC fingerprints quantitatively, peak 16, 18, 22, 23, and 26 were verified as typhaneoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-neoheptanoside, rutin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. The similarity of correlation coefficients in chromatogram was 0.954 ± 0.007 and 0.922 ± 0.004 for NPT and GPT, respectively, while 0.67 ± 0.008 for 43 samples. The analysis of HCA and PCA can distinguish true or false, qualified or unqualified of Pollen Typhae. Conclusion: HPLC fingerprint combined with HCA and PCA provides a very efficient and comprehensive method for quality evaluation of Pollen Typhae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To detect the species and diversity of fungi on surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces and provide reference for medication safety of tortoiseshell decocting pieces. Methods The decocting pieces of tortoiseshell (8 batches) were collected from retail pharmacies in Beijing, and species and diversity of fungi on surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces were estimated by using method of high-throughput sequencing (HTS). At the same time, fungi on surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces were cultured by using plate method, and then were purified by using top purification method for obtaining a single fungus strain. The fungi on the surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces were identified according to colony morphology, microstructure, and DNA barcodes. Results The results of HTS showed that there were 2 lines, 5 doors, 21 classes, 56 orders, 123 families, 173 genera and 201 species of fungi on surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces summed up totally, including mainly Aspergillus, Cordyceps, Wickerhamamyces, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Candida, Wallemia and Penicillium. The results of plate method showed that there were 42 strains of 10 species of fungi on surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces summed up totally, including mainly Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus amstelodami, Penicillium sp., Mucor racemosus f. racemosus, Aspergillus candidus and Eurotium sp. Conclusion The fungi on surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces can be separated and purified by using plate method. HTS is rapid and efficient. The combination of plate method and HTS can identify scientifically, accurately and comprehensively the species of fungi on surface of tortoiseshell decocting pieces, and provide a detection method for medication safety of tortoiseshell decocting pieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The most frequent demands on microscopic food analysis are allegations of consumers finding macroscopic foreign matter or suspecting the presence of undeclared ingredients on products labels. The byproducts and foreign matters detection are fundamental practice for indirectly verifying the conditions of food production. Objective: This study reports the processes of microscopic and molecular identification (PCR) of a foreign matter found in a meat pie after a consumer complaint, occurred in the city of Itapira, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: Two distinct procedures were used to identify foreign matter: macroscopic examination, following FDA standards, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to identify DNA extracted from foreign materials. Results: The macroscopic analysis identified animal taste buds composing the pie fillings, and the PCR test confirmed that they were of bovine origin. Conclusions: Macroscopic analysis and the PCR test allowed the identification of the type of foreign matters and confirmed its bovine origin, what was enough to characterize it as a fraud by the improper use of inferior tissues in the preparation of ready-to-eat pastry.

[Objectives] This paper aimed to study the quality standard of pummelo pericarp from Guangxi. [Methods] The medicinal material was identified by microscopy and thin-layer chromatography, and the contents of moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and extract in the medicinal material were determined according to the methods of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2010 edition). [Results] The content limits for moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and extract were determined (moisture ≤ 12%; total ash ≤ 6.0%; acid-insoluble ash ≤ 0.6%; water-soluble extract ≥ 43.0%; naringin ≥ 10.00 mg/g). The micro-characteristics of pummelo pericarp were identified, and a thin-layer chromatography identification and content determination method was established. [Conclusions] The established method can provide an experimental basis for the formulation of quality standard for pummelo pericarp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To improve the quality standards of Hypericum ascyron. Methods Hypericum ascyron was identified by microscopic observation and TLC method.The moisture, total ash,acid-insoluble ash and alcohol soluble extract were assayed following the procedures stated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The contents were determined by HPLC. Results Identification methods for Hypericum ascyron with microscopy,TLC and HPLC were established.The limits of moisture,total ash and alcohol soluble extract were defined. Conclusion This study provides scientific data for the quality control of Hypericum ascyron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To systematically identify and analyze pharmacognostical features of Mongolian medicine Shoushen and Naishoushen (dairy tablets) to provide scientific basis for the establishment and identification of its quality standard. [Methods] According to relevant methods specified in Appendix to 2010 Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the water content, total ash, and extracts of Shoushen and Naishoushen were detected, ad thin layer chromatography (TLC) was applied to make qualitative identification. Gastrodin was used as the reference substance, extracted with 70% methanol, ad then sprayed with ethyl acetate-formic acid-water (9:1:0.2) as the developing solvent, and then sprayed with 10% phosphomolybdic acid ethanol solution and heated at 10°C to clear spot color. UV-Visible spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze the content of polysaccharides and gastrodins in Shoushen and Naishoushen. The chromatographic column was a ZOBB AX eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 cm) column with the methanol -.04% phosphoric acid solution (8.92) as the mobile phase, the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, the detection wavelength of 222 nm, and the column temperature of 30°C. [Results] In the thin-layer chromatography test, spots of the same color appeared at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the reference substance. Gastrodin eluted under high pressure reached baseline separation. Gastrodin had a good linearity in the concentration range of 0.009 -0.09 mg/mL. The regression equation was Y = 586 866X + 425 821 (R² = 0.999 6), and the average recovery rate was 100.1%. Precision test, reproducibility test, and stability test conformed to the requirements. The results of extracts of three batches of samples were 26.13%-42.58%, water content was 3.47%-5.31%, and total ash was 5.43% -6.33%. [Conclusions] The quality control method has high reliability, high sensitivity, high specificity, high accuracy, and high stability. The results are expected to provide a scientific basis for the identification, resource utilization, and improvement of quality standard for Shoushen and Naishoushen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and identify the chaenomeles sinensis koehne. METHODS: The characteristic cells in chaenomeles sinensis koehne were identified by microscopic identification. According to the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China( 2015 edition), the moisture, total ash, acidity and extraction were determined. TLC method was adopted to identify the chaenomeles sinensis koehne. The static headspace sampling technique was used to collect the aroma components of chaenomeles sinensis koehne, and its composition was analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry( GC-MS). RESULTS: The characteristics of the chaenomeles sinensis koehne powder were significant in microscopic identification. The spot identified by TLC was clear, and the test, control and control materials had corresponding spots in the same position. By GC-MS analysis combined with the NIST database search, the aroma components of chaenomeles sinensis koehne mainly included acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, lipids and olefins, among which aldehydes, ketones, olefins were critical components that contributed to aroma components of chaenomeles sinensis koehne. CONCLUSIONS: Chaenomeles sinensis koehne is rich in aroma components and has higher nutritional value and medicinal value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives To provide basis for identification, development and use of (jimpsis grandijlora (Thunb. ) Schum. Methods Original plants, traits, microsIruclures and UV spectra were used for identification. Results For the first time, the pharmacognostical characteristics were elaborated about stems and leaves of Campsis grandijlora (Thunb. ) Schum. [ Conclusions This study is expected to provide basis for pharmacognostical quality standard of stems and leaves of Campsis grandijlora (Thunb.) Schum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourmaline is an efficient tracer during diagenesis and melallogenesis. Chemical composition of tourmaline can not only be used to give information about environment of diagenesis and melallogenesis, but can also be useful in prospecting. Prospecting work of pegmatite-type rare metal deposits in Southern and Western China has seen a big breakthrough, however, there has been no obvious advance in prospecting in Northern China. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out systematical and detailed prospecting work. There are a lot of grey black idiomorphic tourmalines in pegmatite veins in Quyang County, Hebei Province, which makes it suitable for carrying out systematical mineralogy research. Samples based on detailed field work were systematically collected and are described in this paper. Microscopic identification, Powder X-ray Diffraction and Electron Microprobe were used to determine the chemical composition of tourmaline, in order to investigate the types, and diagenetic and metallogenic environment of tourmaline. Electronic Probe and Powder X-ray Diffraction show that tourmaline in Zhongzuo pegmatite belongs to dravite but is close to that of schorl. The Ca-Fe-Mg ternary diagram indicates that the diagenetic environment is poor Ca metamorphic pelite, metamorphic arenite and quartz-tourmaline rock. The chemical composition of tourmaline is closely related to the types of surrounding rock. The dravite in pegmatite veins was formed by assimilation blending between magmatic melt and surrounding rock at a temperature of 700 - 600°C where Mg and Fe in surrounding rock provide the necessary sources for the formation of tourmaline. The systematical study of chemical composition of tourmaline in Zhongzuo pegmatite veins provides fundamental geological data and a prospecting direction for pegmatite-type deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpiniae zerumbe was a traditional medicinal medicine in Guizhou minority areas,which was the first large product of Guizhou “Southern Medicine”, and also an important economic plant for controlling rocky desertification. The natural resources of A. zerumbe were very rich, and as a common spice plant resource, but has not yet seen the research report about pharmacognosy on A. zerumbe. The systematic study on the pharmacognosy and the determination of content by GC of the national medicine fructus of A. zerumbe. The results showed that the peel had 12-20 longitudinal ridge uplift,and a perianth protrusions with the top of fructus. The seed was divided into three petals from the white septum, and each petal with 8-20 seeds which easy to scattered. The microscopic identification results were as follows: seed cross-section containing 1-2 oil cells, endosperm cells containing starch granules, and a small amount of fine calcium oxalate crystal. There were thread duct, calcium oxalate crystal, starch granules, sclereid and so on which in the powder of A. zerumbe. And the average contents of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene and 1,8-eucalyptol were 4.292%, 3.966%, 9.703% and 27.171% determined by GC. The character and microscopic identification method of this experiment were accurate, simple and easy to use, which can be used as the basis for the identification of the fructus of A. zerumbe. The method of determination of GC content was good reproducibility and the result was accurate and reliable, and could be used for the determination of volatile oil of fructus of A. zerumbe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agastache rugosa is well-known as a common traditional Chinese medicine, which have relieving summer-heat, analgesic and antipyretic effects, have long been used as folkloristic remedy in the treatment of several infectious diseases, anti-inflammatory, and for its antibacterial properties. Considering the lack of available data on the morphology, anatomy and in vitro activity of A rugosa, the goal of the present study was to carry out the microscopic identification of its aerial parts and in vitro activity research as a contribution to the quality control and reasonable utilization involving A. rugosa. Methods: The present study was (a) to describe the microscopic identification with usual light and scanning electron microtechniques of A rugosa, collected from Xinjiang Region; (b) based on previous research on the essential oil constituents among different parts of A rugosa from Xinjiang by GC-MS method, to evaluate its antibacterial effect and cell viabilitity assay. Results: The microscopic identification of botanical material showed some typical structure. The essential oils from the dried flower (EOF) and leaves (EOL) of A rugosa were 0.29% and 0.57% (w/w), respectively. The in vitro antibacterial activities showed strong inhibition against S. aureus, E. coli of EOF; strong inhibition against E. coli of EOL. Based GC-MS analysis, the MTT assay showed a dose and time-dependent increase in damage for gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. Conclusions: The results of this work, based on an extensive analytical characterization of the EOF and EOL chemical composition, compared with other origins, showed A rugosa possessed antibacterial and cytotoxicity properties activities, which need much additional work to open up new biomedical application of these components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Pharmacognosy identification was performed on Xiaohuangcao(Dendrobium loddigesi Rolfe). [Methods] The medicinal materials were identified through original plants, characters, microscopic structure and thin-layer identification characteristics. [Results] D. loddigesi has obvious plant morphology, characters, microscopic structure and thin-layer identification characteristics. The stem of Xiaohuangcao is slender and cylindrical, and the surface is golden yellow; and the fiber bundles outside the vascular bundles are crescent-shaped or semi-circular in the stem transection. For the powder, crystal fiber can be observed; the vascular bundles are embedded with siliceous block cells; and there are more starch grains. In the thin layer chromatography, petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-butanone-glacial acetic acid(8.5:3.5:1.5:5 d) was used as a developing solvent, and 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution was used as a color developing agent. [Conclusions] The research results provide reference for the application of the medicinal material and the formulation of its related quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study was performed to identify the microscopic characteristics of hair or feather in the five animal drug components contained in Shenrongbian pill. Penis et Testis Canis is 40±0.07 in the medulla index, with long circular, banana or triangular circular shaped medulla cells arranged in one line or network, and the hair cuticle is in imbrication (d, m) and flat wave (p) shape. Penis et Testis Equi is 66±0.10 in the medulla index, with ellipse, spindle or long strip-shaped medulla cells arranged in network, and the hair cuticle is in flat wave shape. Penis et Testis Bovis is 67±0.05 in the medulla index, with rectangle, spindle or polygon-shaped medulla cells arranged in ladder or network form, and the hair cuticle is in flat wave shape. Penis et Testis Mustelae is 29±0.05 in the medulla index, with ellipse-like, square-like or circular shaped medulla cells arranged in one line generally, and the hair cuticle is in acuminate (d, m), imbrication (m,p) and slightly flat wave (p) shape. Musculus et Bonis Passeris is 24±0.05 in the medulla index, with bamboo joint-shaped barbs and unclear medulla cells, without hair cuticle.

Macroscopic and microscopic studies were applied to distinguish Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and its 5 common counterfeits. Transverse sections of stroma and larvae and surface sections of stroma of C. sinensis, Cordyceps gunnii, Cordyceps barnesii, Cordyceps gracilis, Cordyceps liangshanensis and Cordyceps militaris were examined and their morphological and microscopic features photographed. The main morphological and microscopic features of the 6 species of Cordyceps were basically similar except for certain diagnostic differences. These included macroscopic differences from C. sinensis as follows: the stroma of C. gunnii is stout and rough with sterile bulgy or branched apex; the larvae of C. barnesii has a pair of teeth on the head; the stroma of C. liangshanensi is thread-like; C. gracilis is without stroma; and C. militaris is without larvae. There were also microscopic differences: from C. sinensis as follows: the stroma of C. barnesii is without perithecia; C. gunnii, C. liangshanensis and C. gracilis are without bristles on the larva body. These differences allow C. sinensis and its counterfeits to be easily distinguished.