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** Philonema sp. Sites: body cavity, peritoneum, stomach, testes Hosts: Acrocheilus alutaceus (6); Catostomus commersonii (17); Coregonus artedi (2, 19); Coregonus clupeaformis (15, 16); Coregonus sp. (5); Esox lucius (5); Oncorhynchus clarkii (14); Oncorhynchus kisutch (12, 13); Oncorhynchus mykiss (15, 16, 18); Oncorhynchus nerka (10, 11, 15, 16, 20); Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (12, 13); Prosopium cylindraceum (6); Prosopium williamsoni (6, 11, 15, 16); Salvelinus alpinus (7, 8); Salvelinus fontinalis (4, 9); Salvelinus malma (15, 16); Salvelinus namaycush (1, 2, 3, 5); Thymallus arcticus (15, 16) Distribution: Alberta, Labrador, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Pacific, Quebec Records: 1. MacLulich 1943 (ON); 2. Miller 1945 (AB, NT); 3. Miller & Kennedy 1948 (NT); 4. Munroe 1949 (LB, QC); 5. Rawson 1951 (NT); 6. Bangham & Adams 1954 (BC); 7. Andrews & Lear 1956 (LB); 8. Thomson 1957 (NT); 9. Pippy 1965 (NF); 10. Wood 1965 (BC); 11. Meredith 1966 (BC); 12. Arai 1967a (PA); 13, Arai 1969 (PA); 14. Hoskins et al. 1976 (BC); 15. Anon. 1978 (BC); 16. Arai & Mudry 1983 (BC); 17. Poole 1983 (MB); 18. Margolis 1984 (PA); 19. Nelson & Paetz 1992 (AB); 20 Després et al. 1995 (BC)

** Philonema agubernaculum Simon & Simon, 1936 Synonym: ** Philonema salvelini Richardson, 1936 Description (after Simon & Simon 1936). With characteristics of the genus. Males: mean 16.5 (range 12–23) long; mean maximum width 0.296. Mean lengths of the muscular and glandular portions of the oesophagus are 0.404 and 1.122 respectively. Anus to tail tip averages 0.276. Spicules equal, sharply curved, lightly chitinized, mean length 0.284 (Fig. 36 A). Females: 86.1 (49–140) long; mean maximum width 0.771. Mean lengths of muscular and glandular oesophagus 0.553 and 1.172 respectively (Fig. 36 B). Anus to tail tip averages 0.446 (Fig. 36 C). Anus sometimes atrophied in gravid worms. Vulva and vagina atrophied in gravid worms. Small ovary present at each end of body. Uterus of gravid worms filled with embryos and occupying nearly all of the body cavity. Uteri of young specimens contains eggs in various stages of development. Eggs measure 0.032 x 0.046. Embryos 0.343 long. Comments: ** P. agubernaculum requires both redescription and much improved illustrations. A nerve ring is not mentioned in the original description so in Figure 36 B one has been added in a position based on the anatomy of ** P. oncorhynchi (see Fig. 37 B,D). Sites: body cavity, kidneys, liver, swim bladder Hosts: Coregonus artedi (11, 15); Coregonus clupeaformis (6, 21); Gasterosteus aculeatus (8); Oncorhynchus kisutch (9, 11, 15, 33); Oncorhynchus mykiss (4, 7, 12, 14, 19, 21, 33); Oncorhynchus nerka (14, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 32, 36); Osmerus mordax (8); Prosopium cylindraceum (6); Prosopium williamsoni (12, 14, 19, 21, 35); Salmo salar (31); Salvelinus alpinus (5, 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 34, 37); Salvelinus fontinalis (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 30, 31); Salvelinus malma ( 14, 21); Salvelinus namaycush (6, 20, 21) Distribution: Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Pacific, Quebec Records: 1. Richardson 1936a (QC); 2. Richardson 1936b (QC); 3. Sandeman & Pippy 1967 (NF); 4. Ko & Adams 1969 (BC); 5. Pippy 1970 (NF); 6. Hicks & Threlfall 1973 (LB); 7. Adams 1974 (EX, BC); 8. Hanek & Molnar 1974 (QC); 9. Leong & Holmes 1974 (AB); 10. Jamieson & Freeman 1975 (NT); 11. Leong 1975 (AB); 12. Anon. 1978 (BC); 13. Curtis 1979 (NU); 14. Anon. 1981 (BC); 15. Leong & Holmes 1981 (AB); 16. Dick & Belosevic 1981 (NT); 17. Curtis 1982 (NT); 18. Stewart & Bernier 1982 (NU); 19. Arai & Mudry 1983 (BC); 20. Stewart & Bernier 1983 (NT); 21. Anon. 1984 (BC); 22. Curtis 1984 (NT, QC); 23. Dick 1984 (NT); 24. Groot et al. 1984 (BC); 25. Stewart & Bernier 1984 (NT); 26. Bailey & Margolis 1987 (BC); 27. Bailey et al. 1988 (BC); 28. Bouillon & Dempson 1989 (LB); 29. Groot et al. 1989 (BC); 30. Marcogliese & Cone 1991a (LB, NL); 31. Marcogliese & Cone 1991b (NF); 32. Adamson et al. 1992 (BC); 33. Despres et al. 1995 (BC); 34. Kolasa & Curtis 1995 (QC); 35. Nener et al. 1995 (BC); 36. Bennett et al. 1998 (BC); 37. Desdevises et al. 1998 (QC), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Simon, J. R. & Simon, F. (1936) Philonema agubernaculum sp. nov. (Dracunculidae), a nematode from the body cavity of fishes. Parasitology, 28, 440 - 442. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0031182000022617","Richardson, L. R. (1936 a) Notes on the parasites of Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) in Lake Edward (Quebec) with a description of Philonema salvelini sp. n. (Filarioidea) and a description of Echinocephalus lateralis Leidy, 1851. Minutes of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada (Appendix B), p. 109. (Abstract Report ̶ read 22 May.)","Richardson, L. R. (1936 b) Observations on the parasites of the speckled trout in Lake Edward, Quebec. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 66, 343 - 356. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1577 / 1548 - 8659 (1936) 66 [343: ootpot] 2.0. co; 2","Sandeman, I. M. & Pippy, J. H. C. (1967) Parasites of freshwater fishes (Salmonidae and Coregonidae) of insular Newfoundland. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 24, 1911 - 1943. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 67 - 158","Ko, R. C. & Adams, J. R. (1969) The development of Philonema oncorhynchi (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Cyclops bicuspidatus in relation to temperature. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 307 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 062","Pippy, J. H. C. (1970) Use of ultraviolet light to find parasitic nematodes in situ. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 963 - 965. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 70 - 107","Hicks, F. J. & Threlfall, W. (1973) Metazoan parasites of salmonids and coregonids from coastal Labrador. Journal of Fish Biology, 5, 399 - 415. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1973. tb 04468. x","Leong, T. S. & Holmes, J. C. (1974) Acquisition of helminths by coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, introduced into Cold Lake, Alberta: a comparison with helminths of native salmonid fish. Proceedings. 3 rd International Congress of Parasitology, 25 - 31 August 1974, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, 3, p. 1639.","Jamieson, J. & Freeman, R. S. (1975) Parasitology: Parasites of man and Arctic char at Igloolik. In: T. W. M. Cameron & L. W. Billingsley (Eds.), Energy Flow: its Biological Dimension. Summary of the International Biological Programme in Canada 1964 - 1974. Published by the Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 290 - 293.","Leong, T. S. (1975) Metazoan parasites of fishes of Cold Lake, Alberta: a community analysis. Ph. D. Dissertation. Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 170 pp.","Curtis, M. A. (1979) Metazoan parasites of resident Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from a small lake on southern Baffin Island. Le Naturaliste Canadien (Quebec), 106, 337 - 338.","Leong, T. S. & Holmes, J. C. (1981) Communities of metazoan parasites in open water fishes of Cold Lake, Alberta. Journal of Fish Biology, 18, 693 - 713. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1981. tb 03811. x","Dick, T. A. & Belosevic, M. (1981) Parasites of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) and their use in separating sea-run and non-migrating charr. Journal of Fish Biology, 18, 339 - 347. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1981. tb 03775. x","Curtis, M. A. (1982) Host-parasite interactions in Arctic and sub-Arctic lakes. In: Meerovitch, E. (Ed.). Aspects of Parasitology ̶ a Festschrift dedicated to the 50 th Anniversary of the Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 1932 - 1982. McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 41 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0031182000054895","Stewart, D. B. & Bernier, L. M. J. (1982) An aquatic resource survey of islands bordering Viscount Melville Sound, District of Franklin, Northwest Territories. Environment Canada and Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Northern Environmental Protection Branch, Land Directorate. Northern Land Use Series, Background Report, No. 2, 110 pp.","Arai, H. P. & Mudry, D. R. (1983) Protozoan and metazoan parasites of fishes from the headwaters of the Parsnip and McGregor Rivers, British Columbia: a study of possible parasite transfaunations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40, 1676 - 1684. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 83 - 194","Stewart, D. B. & Bernier, L. M. J. (1983) An aquatic resource survey of Victoria and King William islands and the northeastern District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories. Environment Canada and Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Northern Environmental Protection Branch, Land Directorate. Northern Land Use Series, Background Report, No. 3, 127 pp.","Anthony, D. D. (1984) Helminth parasites of white bass (Morone chrysops) from Lake Nipissing, Ontario. Program and Abstracts. 59 th Annual Meeting, American Society of Parasitologists, 05 - 09 August 1984. Snowbird, Utah, p. 27.","Curtis, M. A. (1984) The influence of food web structure on parasite transmission to Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in northern Canada. Proceedings. British Society for Parasitology, 04 - 06 April 1984, University of Bristol. Parasitology, 89 (2), xlix.","Groot, C., Margolis, L. & Bailey, R. (1984) Does the route of seaward migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts determine the route of return migration of the adults? In: J. D. McCleave, G. P. Arnold, J. J. Dodson & W. B. Neill (Eds.), Mechanisms of Migration in Fishes. NATO Conference Series, Series IV. Marine Sciences, Volume 14. Plenum Press, New York & London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 2763 - 9 _ 17","Stewart, D. B. & Bernier, L. M. J. (1984) An aquatic resource survey of Melville Peninsula, Southampton Island, and the northeastern District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories. Environment Canada and Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Northern Environmental Protection Branch, Land Directorate. Northern Land Use Series, Background Report, No. 4, 144 pp.","Bailey, R. E. & Margolis, L. (1987) Comparison of parasite fauna of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from southern British Columbian and Washington State lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 420 - 431. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 87 - 063","Bailey, R. E., Margolis, L. & Groot, C. (1988) Estimating stock composition of migrating juvenile Fraser River (British Columbia) sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, using parasites as natural tags. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 45, 586 - 591. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 88 - 071","Bouillon, D. R. & Dempson, J. B. (1989) Metazoan parasite infections in landlocked and anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus), and their use as indicators of movement to sea in young anadromous charr. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2478 - 2485. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 350","Groot, C., Bailey, R., Margolis, L. & Cooke, K. (1989) Migratory patterns of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, as determined by analysis of parasite assemblages. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 1670 - 1678. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 240","Marcogliese, D. J. & Cone, D. K. (1991 a) Do brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) from insular Newfoundland have different parasites than their mainland counterparts? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 809 - 811. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 91 - 119","Marcogliese, D. J. & Cone, D. K. (1991 b) Importance of lake characteristics in structuring parasite communities of salmonids from insular Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 2962 - 2967. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 91 - 417","Adamson, M. L., Clease, D. F. & Margolis, L. (1992) Differentiation of Philonema spp. (Nematoda: Philometridae) in British Columbia salmonid fishes using DNA restriction fragment length differences. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 49, 1650 - 1656. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 92 - 184","Despres, L., Adamson, M. L. & McDonald, T. E. (1995) Development of a diagnostic molecular marker for Philonema spp. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) infecting salmonids in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52 (Suppl. 1), 129 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 95 - 518","Kolasa, K. & Curtis, M. (1995) Seasonal dynamics of helminth parasites in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), from a lakeresident population in northern Quebec, Canada. Proceedings. 3 rd International Charr Symposium. 13 - 18 June 1994, Trondheim, Norway. Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research, 71, 345 - 351.","Nener, J., Kieser, D., Thompson, J. A. J., Lockhart, W. L., Metner, D. A. & Roome, R. (1995) Monitoring of mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni from the Columbia River system near Castlegar, British Columbia: health parameters and contaminants in 1992. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 2036: xi + 89 pp.","Bennett, S. N., Adamson, M. L. & Margolis, L. (1998) Long - term changes in parasites of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 977 - 996. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 97 - 295","Desdevises, Y., Arthur, J. R. & Pellerin-Massicotte, J. (1998) Parasites of anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) from two sites in Ungava Bay (Quebec, Canada). Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 65, 87 - 90."]}

** Philonema sp. Sites: body cavity, peritoneum, stomach, testes Hosts: Acrocheilus alutaceus (6); Catostomus commersonii (17); Coregonus artedi (2, 19); Coregonus clupeaformis (15, 16); Coregonus sp. (5); Esox lucius (5); Oncorhynchus clarkii (14); Oncorhynchus kisutch (12, 13); Oncorhynchus mykiss (15, 16, 18); Oncorhynchus nerka (10, 11, 15, 16, 20); Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (12, 13); Prosopium cylindraceum (6); Prosopium williamsoni (6, 11, 15, 16); Salvelinus alpinus (7, 8); Salvelinus fontinalis (4, 9); Salvelinus malma (15, 16); Salvelinus namaycush (1, 2, 3, 5); Thymallus arcticus (15, 16) Distribution: Alberta, Labrador, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Pacific, Quebec Records: 1. MacLulich 1943 (ON); 2. Miller 1945 (AB, NT); 3. Miller & Kennedy 1948 (NT); 4. Munroe 1949 (LB, QC); 5. Rawson 1951 (NT); 6. Bangham & Adams 1954 (BC); 7. Andrews & Lear 1956 (LB); 8. Thomson 1957 (NT); 9. Pippy 1965 (NF); 10. Wood 1965 (BC); 11. Meredith 1966 (BC); 12. Arai 1967a (PA); 13, Arai 1969 (PA); 14. Hoskins et al. 1976 (BC); 15. Anon. 1978 (BC); 16. Arai & Mudry 1983 (BC); 17. Poole 1983 (MB); 18. Margolis 1984 (PA); 19. Nelson & Paetz 1992 (AB); 20 Després et al. 1995 (BC), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["MacLulich, D. A. (1943) Parasites of trout in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Research, Section D, 21, 405 - 412. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / cjr 43 d- 033","Miller, R. B. (1945) Parasites collected from fishes of Lake Athabasca and Great Slave Lake in 1945. Department of Zoology, University of Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta. Unpublished Report. 9 pp.","Miller, R. B. & Kennedy, W. A. (1948) Observations on the lake trout of Great Bear Lake. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 7, 176 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 47 - 019","Munroe, E. G. (1949) Notes on fish of the interior of the Labrador peninsula. Arctic, 2, 165 - 173. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.14430 / arctic 3986","Rawson, D. S. (1951) Studies of the fish of Great Slave Lake. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 8, 207 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 50 - 014","Bangham, R. V. & Adams, J. R. (1954) A survey of the parasites of freshwater fishes from the mainland of British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11, 673 - 708. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 54 - 043","Andrews, C. W. & Lear, E. (1956) The biology of the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) in northern Labrador. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 13, 843 - 860. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 56 - 047","Thomson, J. A. C. (1957) On the biology of the Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) of Nettilling Lake, Baffin Island, N. W. T. M. Sc. Thesis. Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, 95 pp.","Pippy, J. H. C. (1965) Studies on the parasites of freshwater fishes (Salmonidae and Coregonidae) of insular Newfoundland. M. Sc. Thesis. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, 170 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 67 - 158","Wood, J. W. (1965) A report on fish disease as a possible cause of pre-spawning mortalities of Fraser River sockeye. International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, New Westminster, British Columbia, 24 pp.","Meredith, J. E. (1966) Some aspects of the host reaction to the dracunculoid nematode, Philonema sp. B. Sc. Thesis. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. 31 pp.","Arai, H. P. (1967 a) A preliminary report on a study of the parasites of Burke Channel, British Columbia. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Reports, 925, 26 pp.","Arai, H. P. (1969) Preliminary report on the parasites of certain marine fishes of British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26, 2319 - 2337. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 69 - 226","Hoskins, G. E., Bell, G. R. & Evelyn, T. P. T. (1976) The occurrence, distribution and significance of infectious diseases and of neoplasms observed in fish in the Pacific Region up to the end of 1974. Canadian Department of the Environment. Fisheries and Marine Service. Research and Development Directorate. Technical Report, No. 609, 35 pp.","Arai, H. P. & Mudry, D. R. (1983) Protozoan and metazoan parasites of fishes from the headwaters of the Parsnip and McGregor Rivers, British Columbia: a study of possible parasite transfaunations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40, 1676 - 1684. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 83 - 194","Poole, B. C. 1983. Fish-parasite population dynamics in small boreal lakes of central Canada. M. Sc. Thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.","Nelson, J. S. & Paetz, M. J. (1992) The Fishes of Alberta. University of Alberta Press and University of Calgary Press, Edmonton and Calgary, Alberta. 437 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / hep. 1840100226","Despres, L., Adamson, M. L. & McDonald, T. E. (1995) Development of a diagnostic molecular marker for Philonema spp. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) infecting salmonids in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52 (Suppl. 1), 129 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 95 - 518"]}

** Philonema oncorhynchi Kuitunen-Ekbaum, 1933 Description (after Moravec & Nagasawa 1999a). With characteristics of the genus. Body filiform, whitish in colour, cuticle smooth. Head end rounded, bearing two rings of small papillae: outer ring of four pairs of papillae, inner ring with four single papillae. Small lateral bifid amphids present (Fig. 37 A). Mouth opening circular. Oesophagus comprises short and narrow anterior muscular portion, and longer and wider posterior glandular portion. Oesophagus enters intestine through valve. Intestine light coloured, relatively wide anterior end. Tail conical ending in sharp point. Males: body 13.91–30.16 long, and 0.206–0.412 wide. Muscular oesophagus 0.444–0.762, and glandular portion 1.218–2.162 long. Nerve ring 0.261–0.391 from anterior end (Fig. 37 B). Excretory pore not seen. Caudal end ventrally curved. Tail 0.331–0.566 long. Spicules equal, simple, needle-like, well sclerotized, 0.188–0.396 long. Pre-cloacal papillae: nine pairs small sessile subventral papillae, plus two subventral horn-like outgrowths or papillae separated by one unpaired median papilla on anterior cloacal lip. Post-cloacal papillae: nine pairs of small subventral papillae, distance between 2nd and 3rd greater than that between 3rd and 4th pairs (Fig. 37 C). Females (gravid worms with larvae): body 102.8–185.0 long, and 0.948–1.483 wide. Head end rounded, cephalic papillae indistinct in lateral view. Muscular oesophagus 0.433–1.092, and glandular portion 1.277–2.019 long. Nerve ring 0.252–0.453 from anterior end (Fig. 37 D). Excretory pore not seen. Anal opening absent. Vulva and vagina atrophied. Uterus amphidelphic, occupying most of body space, containing many 1st -stage larvae; it extends anteriorly to oesophagus level (Fig. 37 D), and posteriorly a little behind end of intestine (Fig. 37 E). Anterior and posterior ovaries reflexed, relatively short (Fig. 37 D,E). Larvae from uterus variable in shape and size, 0.392–0.580 long, 0.020–0.028 wide. Head end with small dorsal tooth. Tail sharply pointed (Fig. 37 E). Sites: body cavity, mesenteries, swim bladder Hosts: Carassius auratus (25); Oncorhynchus clarkii (6); Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (9, 31); Oncorhynchus kisutch (6); Oncorhynchus mykiss (6, 16, 25); Oncorhynchus nerka (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35); Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (5, 23, 24); Salvelinus malma (6) Distribution: British Columbia, Ontario, Pacific Records: 1. Kuitunen-Ekbaum 1933a (PA); 2. Kuitunen-Ekbaum 1933b (PA); 3. Smedley 1933 (BC); 4. Kuitunen- Ekbaum 1937a (BC); 5. Margolis 1952b (PA); 6. Bangham & Adams 1954 (BC); 7. Dombrowski 1955 (BC); 8. Margolis 1956 (BC, PA); 9. Margolis 1957 (BC, PA); 10. Margolis 1963 (BC, PA); 11. Bashirullah & Adams 1966 (BC); 12. Platzer 1966 (BC); 13. Platzer & Adams 1967 (BC); 14. Ko & Adams 1969 (BC); 15. Adams 1969 (EX, BC); 16. Bell & Hoskins 1971 (BC); 17. Lewis 1973 (BC); 18. H. D. Smith 1973 (BC); 19. Adams 1974 (BC); 20. Lewis et al. 1974 (BC); 21. Bell & Margolis 1976 (BC); 22. Boyce & Yamada 1977 (BC); 23. Anon. 1978 (BC); 24. Arai & Mudry 1983 (BC); 25. Bashirullah 1983 (EX, BC); 26. Bashirullah & Adams 1983 (BC); 27. Groot et al. 1984 (BC); 28. Bailey & Margolis 1987 ((BC); 29. Wood et al. 1987 (BC); 30. Bailey et al. 1988 (BC); 31. Dechtiar & Lawrie 1988 (ON); 32. Groot et al. 1989 (BC); 33. Garnick & Margolis 1990 (BC); 34. Adamson et al. 1992 (BC); 35. Després et al. 1995 (BC), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Moravec, F. & Nagasawa, K. (1999 a) New data on the morphology of Philonema oncorhynchi Kuitunen-Ekbaum, 1933 (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) from the abdominal cavity of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Systematic Parasitology, 43, 67 - 74. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1006181528423","Kuitunen-Ekbaum, E. (1933 a) The occurrence of dracontiasis in Pacific coastal fishes. Annual Report on the Work of the Biological Board of Canada for the year 1932, Ottawa, 90 pp.","Kuitunen-Ekbaum, E. (1933 b) Philonema oncorhynchi nov. gen. et spec. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, New Series, 8, 71 - 75. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 33 - 004","Smedley, E. M. (1933) Nematode parasites from Canadian marine and freshwater fishes. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, 8, 169 - 179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 33 - 014","Kuitunen-Ekbaum, E. (1937 a) Notes on the biology and partial lfe history of the dracunculid, Philonema oncorhynchi Kuitunen-Ekbaum. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report (Biology), No. 304, 8 pp.","Margolis, L. (1952 b) Studies on the parasites and diseases of marine and anadromous fish from the Canadian Pacific coast. Ph. D. Dissertation, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.","Bangham, R. V. & Adams, J. R. (1954) A survey of the parasites of freshwater fishes from the mainland of British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11, 673 - 708. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 54 - 043","Margolis, L. (1956) Report on parasite studies of sockeye and pink salmon collected in 1955, with special reference to the utilization of parasites as a means of distinguishing between Asiatic and American stocks of salmon on the high seas ̶ a progress report on work being carried out as part of F. R. B. ' s commitments to INPFC. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report (Biology), No. 624, 36 pp.","Margolis, L. (1957) A study of the parasites of sockeye and pink salmon with particular reference to their application in distinguishing between Asiatic and North American stocks of these fishes on the high seas ̶ report of results of examination of 1956 samples. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report (Biology), No. 641, 24 pp.","Margolis, L. (1963) Parasites as indicators of the geographical origin of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), occurring in the North Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin, No. 11, 101 - 156.","Bashirullah, A. K. M. & Adams, J. R. (1966) Effect of pituitary extract on maturation of Philonema oncorhynchi. Program and Abstracts. 41 st Annual Meeting, American Society of Parasitologists, 29 October - 04 November 1966, San Juan, Puerto Rico, p. 44.","Platzer, E. G. (1966) The life cycle of Philonema oncorhynchi (Dracunculoidea) from anadromous hosts. Proceedings of the 1 st International Congress of Parasitology, 21 - 26 September 1964, Rome, Italy, p. 561. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / b 978 - 1 - 4832 - 2913 - 3.50449 - 4","Platzer, E., G. & Adams, J. R. (1967) The life history of a dracunculoid, Philonema oncorhynchi, in Oncorhynchus nerka. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 45, 31 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 67 - 004","Ko, R. C. & Adams, J. R. (1969) The development of Philonema oncorhynchi (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Cyclops bicuspidatus in relation to temperature. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 307 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 062","Bell, G. R. & Hoskins, G. E. (1971) Investigations of wild fish mortalities in B. C., 1969 - 1970. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Technical Report, No. 245, 19 pp.","Lewis, J. W. (1973) Internal pressure changes in the dracunculoid nematode Philonema oncorhynchi. Parasitology, 67, xv - xvi. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0031182000063095","Smith, H. D. (1973) Observations on the cestode Eubothrium salvelini in juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Babine Lake, British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30, 947 - 964. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 74 - 220","Lewis, J. W., Jones, D. R. & Adams, J. R. (1974) Functional bursting by the dracunculoid nematode Philonema oncorhynchi. Parasitology, 69, 417 - 427. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0031182000063095","Bell, G. R. & Margolis, L. (1976) The fish health program and the occurrence of fish diseases in the Pacific region of Canada. Fish Pathology, 10, 115 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3147 / jsfp. 10.115","Boyce, N. P. & Yamada, S. B. (1977) Effects of a parasite, Eubothrium salvelini (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), on the resistance of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, to zinc. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34, 706 - 709. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 77 - 110","Arai, H. P. & Mudry, D. R. (1983) Protozoan and metazoan parasites of fishes from the headwaters of the Parsnip and McGregor Rivers, British Columbia: a study of possible parasite transfaunations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40, 1676 - 1684. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 83 - 194","Bashirullah, A. K. M. & Adams, J. R. (1983) Philonema oncorhynchi: effect of hormones on maturation in anadromous sockeye, Oncorhynchus nerka. International Journal for Parasitology, 13, 261 - 265. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 7519 (83) 90037 - 1","Groot, C., Margolis, L. & Bailey, R. (1984) Does the route of seaward migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts determine the route of return migration of the adults? In: J. D. McCleave, G. P. Arnold, J. J. Dodson & W. B. Neill (Eds.), Mechanisms of Migration in Fishes. NATO Conference Series, Series IV. Marine Sciences, Volume 14. 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Keys are provided for the identification of the nematode species known to be parasites of Canadian fishes. The nematodes are described and illustrated, with a note of the site(s) they occupy in named fish host(s) and their geographical distribution. Parasite records are given by author and date, full details of which can be found in a bibliography of over 800 references. Diagnoses and keys for 22 Families, 47 genera and 88 species of nematodes are also given, together with a glossary of terms, a host-parasite list, and indices to both nematode parasites and hosts.

Philonema sp. Intestine. NUEVO LE��N: Pesquer��a: Herichthys cyanoguttatus (120)., Published as part of Garrido-Olvera, Lorena, Garc��a-Prieto, Luis & Le��n, Gerardo P��rez-Ponce De, 2006, Checklist of the adult nematode parasites of fishes in freshwater localities from Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1201 on page 27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273411

Philonema sp. Intestine. NUEVO LEÓN: Pesquería: Herichthys cyanoguttatus (120).

A new nematode species, Micropleura australiensis n. sp., is described on the basis of specimens found in the peritoneal cavity of the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnsoni Krefft, from the Ord River area, Western Australia. The new species is mainly characterized by the length of spicules (0.360-0.366 mm) and gubernaculum (0.096-0.105 mm), the number and arrangement of male caudal papillae (4 preanal and 6 postanal pairs), and the postequatorial vulva. To date, it is the first species of Micropleura reported from Australia. Micropleura trionyxi Agrawal, 1966, and M. lissemysia Chattervati, 1985, are considered junior synonyms of M. indica Khera, 1951.

Based on original data gathered from fieldwork during the last years and from previous records from all published accounts, a checklist of the adult nematode parasites of freshwater fishes from Mexico is presented. The checklist is organized as a nematode-host list and comprises taxonomic and geographic distributional information. In total, the checklist includes 70 taxa (50 identified at species level) pertaining to 13 families. These taxa have been collected from 107 freshwater fish taxa in 198 localities along the Mexican Republic. The information we provide herein indicates that sampling effort has been concentrated in Central and South East Mexico, with the Northern region remaining mostly unexplored. The proportion of endemic nematodes is high in the country (74%, i.e., 37 of the 50 taxa identified at species level). The family Rhabdochonidae displays the highest species richness (12 species), and Rhabdochona kidderi is the most widespread nematode species in the country. Cichlids represent the host group with the largest number of samples in Mexico. Finally, we present a list containing new records of larval nematodes from localities in the states of Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas and Veracruz.