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Agronomy biofortification is an important crop management strategy to enhance concentrations of micronutrients in edible portions. The availability of micronutrients for plant uptake is reduced by the high salinity, pH, and lime of soils. Hence, this study aimed to determine the most appropriate time and the best ratio of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) consumption during the wheat growth stages in a saline and calcareous soil. The experiment consisted of two factors with four levels; 0, 30, 60, and 120 kg Zn ha−1 as Zn0, Zn1, Zn2, and Zn3 respectively, and 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg Fe ha−1 as Fe0, Fe1, Fe2, and Fe3 respectively, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that the interaction effects of Fe and Zn fertilizers application were significant on the wheat yield indices and concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat shoots and grain. The simultaneous application of 120 kg Zn ha−1 and 5 kg Fe ha−1 caused significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thousand kernel weight (9.1%) and subsequently grain yield (23.4%) compared to the control treatment. The Zn concentration in the wheat shoot during tillering (37.0–58.2 mg Zn kg−1) was higher than the other two growth stages (elongation (29.2–40.8 mg Zn kg−1) and booting (20.0–31.0 mg Zn kg−1)). While the highest Fe concentration in wheat shoots was observed at the stem elongation stage (98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1), then the booting stage (91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1) and finally the least absorption was at the tillering (80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1). Because of the high calcium carbonate, salinity and Zn- deficient soil of the experimental site, the Zn concentration in wheat grain was obtained in a range of 3 to 19 mg kg−1. The results clarified that the fertilizer application of 30 kg Zn ha−1 and 2.5 kg Fe ha−1 can be proportionally and simultaneously increased the concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat grain by 100%. Therefore, the soil application of 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectare proposed for improvement in quantitative (619 kg ha−1 increase in wheat grain yield) and qualities (100% increase in grain Zn and Fe concentration and 8% increase in thousand kernel weight) indices of wheat yield in calcareous and saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The population in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) has experienced a major demographic transition with increased numbers of older adults (OA). This change brings opportunities in the public health sector to implement health prevention interventions and delay the onset of geriatric syndromes. Micronutrients play an important role in the maintenance of biological function which contributes to longevity. Micronutrient deficiencies (MD) in OA increase the risk for onset of chronic comorbidities and geriatric syndromes. Aim: To review and summarize the existing data on micronutrient status in OA in the LAC region and discuss the gaps and challenges in public health approaches to address deficiencies. Methods: Literature review in Medline for records describing nutritional biomarkers in older adults (≥ 60y) from community dwelling and population-based studies in LAC. Results: Few countries (including Chile, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Mexico) have documented one or more nutritional deficiencies for OA in national health surveys, however across the entire region, evidence of micronutrient levels is scarce. Some surveys have documented a high prevalence and large heterogeneity in the prevalence of vitamin D followed by B12 deficiency, being the 2 MDs most studied due their effects on cognition, frailty, and bone mineral density in the OA population. Other MD including C, E, A, copper, zinc, iron, and selenium have also been reported. Conclusion: Information on the micronutrient status in OA from LAC is poorly documented. Research and capacity building initiatives in the region are crucial to develop tailored strategies that address the specific nutritional needs and challenges faced by the ageing population in Latin America. Plain language title: Micronutrients Deficiencies in Older Adults in Latin American Plain language summary: For the first time, there are more older adults (OA) than children worldwide. In the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, OA represents 13.2% of the population, and it is projected to increase to 30% (220 millions) by 2030. This demographic shift represents an opportunity in the public health sector to implement health prevention strategies and public health policies to delay the onset of geriatric syndromes in the younger generation. Vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) are necessary in our body to maintain biological function. Deficiencies in older ages have been associated with the onset of geriatric syndromes (such as sarcopenia, frailty, cognitive impairment, and falls, among others). Therefore, it is relevant to understand the magnitude and distribution of micronutrient deficiencies in OA in the LAC region. This will help to inform decision-makers to further implement early actions to maintain good nutrition and health status in the population. In this narrative review, we highlight that few countries in the LAC region documented one or more nutritional deficiencies for OA in their national health surveys. Across the entire region, evidence of micronutrient levels in OA is scarce. Vitamin D and vitamin B12 are the 2 most reported micronutrients in the OA population. Research and capacity-building in the region are crucial to develop tailored strategies to address specific nutritional needs and challenges faced by the aging population in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrients like iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum (Mo) perform significant roles in the regulation of plant metabolism, growth, and development. Micronutrients, namely Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni, are involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense as they are cofactors or activators of various antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase (Fe, Cu/Zn, Mn, and Ni), catalase (Fe), and ascorbate peroxidase (Fe). An effort has been made to incorporate recent advances along with classical work done on the micronutrient deficiency-induced oxidative stress and associated antioxidant responses of plants. Deficiency of a micronutrient produces ROS in the cellular compartments. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems are often modulated by micronutrient deficiency to regulate redox balance and scavenge deleterious ROS for the safety of cellular constituents. ROS can strike cellular constituents such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and can destruct cellular membranes and proteins. ROS might act as a signaling molecule and activate the antioxidant proteins by interacting with signaling partners such as respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), G-proteins, Ca2+, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and various transcription factors (TFs). Opinions on probable ROS signaling under micronutrient deficiency have been described in this review. However, further research is required to decipher micronutrient deficiency-induced ROS generation, perception, and associated downstream signaling events, leading to the development of antioxidant responses in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition is a common issue following gastrointestinal cancer surgery, negatively affecting the quality of life and clinical outcomes of patients following surgery. However, this issue is often overlooked, and limited data are available on the long-term effectiveness of nutritional intervention. The present study describes the case of a female patient developing severe malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies following a gastrectomy for stomach cancer and a pancreaticoduodenectomy due to tumor recurrence. The patient received comprehensive nutrition intervention, combining both oral feeding and supplemental parenteral nutrition, oral and intravenous multi micronutrients supplements and personalized pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Her clinical condition markedly improved, as well as the edema caused by malnutrition and cutaneous lesions caused by micronutrient deficiency. Gastrectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy are both major surgeries that severely affect the nutritional status of patients, as these are the main digestive organs of the body, particularly in the background of cancer and more adverse events from chemotherapy treatment. Progressive protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are the results of decreased dietary intake, anatomical changes and malabsorption following gastrointestinal surgery. Thus, surgeons/clinicians should consider the comprehensive treatment of patients, including comprehensive nutritional care before, during and following surgery in order to prevent malnutrition and its complications. This would also enhance the effectiveness of surgery and the long-term clinical results following surgery for patients with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing dietary diversity is a sustainable solution to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Given the large slum population in urban India, double burden of malnutrition, nutritional transition among slum-dwellers, and limited studies focusing on dietary intake and diversity among pregnant slum-dwellers, this study aimed to 1) describe macro- and micronutrient intakes and compare them with guidelines, 2) describe dietary diversity and intake of unhealthy foods and, 3) investigate the sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of adequate dietary diversity among pregnant slum-dwellers in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Methods: This study presents cross-sectional data of 454 pregnant slum-dwelling women completing mid-pregnancy visit collected from a larger cohort study. Sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected at baseline (< 12 weeks gestation). Dietary data (24-h dietary recall) were collected in mid-pregnancy (23 ± 2 weeks). Nutrient intakes were compared with the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for pregnant Indian women. Dietary diversity score (DDS, range 0–10) and unhealthy food (sweet snacks, sweet beverages, fried and salty food) group score (range 0–3) were calculated as per FAO guidelines. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to examine determinants of adequate dietary diversity (DDS ≥ 5). Results: The average age of women was 25 (4.5) years. The median (Q1, Q3) total energy and protein intakes were 1771 (1456, 2185) kcal/d and 44.7 (34.7, 55.0) g/d, respectively. Total energy and protein were consumed as per EAR by 37% and 54% of women, respectively. Forty percent of women exceeded the recommended energy intake from carbohydrates. Diets of slum-dwelling women were lacking in multiple micronutrients (especially iron, zinc, riboflavin, thiamine, folate). The mean DDS was 4.2 ± 1.2 and 36.5% of the women had DDS ≥ 5. All women consumed mainly cereal-based starchy staples; 80% consumed pulses and legumes, and 60% consumed other vegetables. Fifty-nine percent of women consumed ≥ 2 unhealthy food groups. Higher educational and occupational status of the primary earning members of the family and lower parity were determinants of adequate dietary diversity. Conclusion: The diets of pregnant slum-dwelling women were lacking in numerous micronutrients. Dietary counselling programs need to be tailored to the socioeconomic backgrounds of pregnant slum-dwelling women and involve their family members to improve reach and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency (TD) after metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is often insidious and, if unrecognized, can lead to irreversible damage or death. As TD symptoms are vague and overlap with other disorders, we aim to identify predictors of recurrent TD and failure to collect B1 labs. Methods: We analyzed a large sample of data from patients with MBS (n = 878) to identify potential predictors of TD risk. We modeled recurrent TD and failure to collect B1 labs using classical statistical and machine learning (ML) techniques. Results: We identified clusters of labs associated with increased risk of recurrent TD: micronutrient deficiencies, abnormal blood indices, malnutrition, and fluctuating electrolyte levels (aIRR range: 1.62–4.68). Additionally, demographic variables associated with lower socioeconomic status were predictive of recurrent TD. ML models predicting characteristics associated with failure to collect B1 labs achieved 75–81% accuracy, indicating that clinicians may fail to match symptoms with the underlying condition. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that both clinical and social factors can increase the risk of life-threatening TD episodes in some MBS patients. Identifying these indicators can help with diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, the World Health Organisation (WHO) updated the recommendations for micronutrient deficiency correction in hospitalised under‐5 children with complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM). This study aimed to describe the micronutrient deficiency correction practices in relation to WHO 2013 recommendations. Data from medical records of under‐5 children admitted for SAM management at two hospitals in South Africa and three tertiary hospitals in Ghana were extracted. Micronutrient correction practices were compared to the WHO 2013 recommendations by considering the dosage, timing of micronutrient supplementation (vitamin A, iron and folic acid) and therapeutic feeds administered. In total, 723 medical records were included. Nearly half (48.3%) of the children received at least one of the studied micronutrients as a supplement. Vitamin A was supplemented in 27.4% of the children, while iron and folic acid were supplemented in 9.5% and 34.9%, respectively. Among the children who received vitamin A, 60.1% received the first dose on Day 1 of admission. Also, 46.4% of the iron‐supplemented children received iron within the first week of admission. Vitamin A, iron and folic acid were administered within the dose range of 100,000–180,000 IU, 3.1–7.7 mg per kg per day, and 3–5 mg per day, respectively. Additionally, 71.7% of the children reportedly received therapeutic feeds that met WHO recommendations. The micronutrient deficiency correction practices regarding dose and timing differed from the 2013 WHO guidelines. Qualitative studies investigating the reasons for the disparities are recommended. Key messages: Vitamin A supplementation practice among infants and children under 5 years of age hospitalised with complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) was not fully based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) 2013 recommendations in some hospitals in Ghana and South Africa. High doses of vitamin A were given irrespective of the therapeutic feeds administered and the presence of deficiency signs.Iron and folic acid supplementation did not follow WHO guidelines for the treatment of complicated SAM in under‐5 children.Higher doses than recommended for both micronutrients were observed. Iron supplementation started in the initial phase of treatment (first week of admission). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undernutrition adversely affects the cognitive and physical development of preschool children especially in arid and semi-arid areas, with far reaching effects up to adulthood. School feeding programmes are perceived as safety measures to improve children's health. The study assessed the contribution of school lunch feeding programmes in improving the micronutrients intake of preschool children in Kilifi County, Kenya. This quasi experimental study involved 288 children from ten Early Childhood Education Development (ECED) centers and their parents/guardians. Five of the centers had a government sponsored school lunch programme (Lunch programme group) and the other five centers had no lunch programme (Non programme group). Data collected included types of food, frequency and quantity consumed by the children using 24 hours' recall method and Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS). The micronutrients intake was assessed through Recommended Dietary Adequacy (RDA) using NutriSurvey 2007 Program and 2009 WHO guidelines. The SPSS version 24 and SAS version 9.4 statistical software were used in data management and analysis. Inferential statistics including Chi-square, correlation and regression were used to evaluate the contribution of the feeding programme to the micronutrient intake. The threshold for statistical significance for all analysis was set at p<0.05. The results indicated a low intake of micronutrients with only 12% meeting RDA for zinc in the feeding programme and 2% for those not in the programme. For iron, 30% of those in the programme met the RDA and 16% for those not in the programme. All the children met the RDA for iodine, vitamin A and C but none met the RDA for calcium. The study suggests diversification and supply consistency of school feeding foods to boost the micronutrient intake. The community needs to be empowered in areas of nutrition education, income generation and food production to be able to cater for the children's nutritional needs and prevent micronutrient deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Increasing dietary diversity is a sustainable solution to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Given the large slum population in urban India, double burden of malnutrition, nutritional transition among slum-dwellers, and limited studies focusing on dietary intake and diversity among pregnant slum-dwellers, this study aimed to 1) describe macro- and micronutrient intakes and compare them with guidelines, 2) describe dietary diversity and intake of unhealthy foods and, 3) investigate the sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of adequate dietary diversity among pregnant slum-dwellers in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Methods This study presents cross-sectional data of 454 pregnant slum-dwelling women completing mid-pregnancy visit collected from a larger cohort study. Sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected at baseline (

Abstract Background Food taboos and cultural beliefs among pregnant and breast-feeding women influence their food consumption patterns and hence the health of women and unborn children. Cognizant of their neglect in programs aimed to ameliorate hidden hunger among pregnant and breast-feeding women in Buyende and other resource-poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa, we opted for a study to unravel them to inform program design. Methods We documented food taboos and beliefs amongst pregnant and breast-feeding women from six sub-counties of Buyende district in Eastern Uganda. A mixed-methods approach was used, which was comprised of questionnaire interviews with 462 women, eight focus group discussions with 6–10 participants in each and a total of 15 key informant interviews. Results The present study revealed that 129 (27.9%) of the respondents practice food taboos and adhere to cultural beliefs related to their dietary habits during pregnancy and breast-feeding that are fuelling the prevalence of hidden hunger. The most tabooed foods during pregnancy were sugarcane (17.8%), fishes which included lung fish, catfish and the Lake Victoria sardine (Rastrineobola argentea) (15.2%), oranges (6.6%), pineapples (5.9%), eggs (3.3%), chicken (3.3%) and cassava, mangoes and Cleome gynandra (each at 3%). Most foods were avoided for reasons associated with pregnancy and labour complications and undesirable effects on the baby. Most women learnt of the taboos and beliefs from the elders, their own mother, grandparents or mother-in-law, but there was also knowledge transmission in social groups within the community. Conclusions The taboos and cultural beliefs in the study area render pregnant and breast-feeding women prone to micronutrient deficiency since they are denied consumption of a diversity of nutritious foods. There is a need to educate such women about consumption of nutrient-rich foods like fish, eggs, fruits and vegetables in order to improve their health, that of the unborn and children being breast fed. Additionally, culturally appropriate nutrition education may be a good strategy to eliminate inappropriate food taboos and beliefs with negative impact on the health of pregnant and breast-feeding women.

Plant-based diets are increasingly popular worldwide. A well-planned plant-based diet lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers. In contrast, a poorly planned plant-based diet increases the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, chiefly, vitamin B12 (B12). Because B12 is not present in plants or in unfortified plant-based foodstuffs, the safest way to prevent its deficiency in plant-based diets is to take an oral B12 supplement. Studies determining the dose and frequency of B12 to be taken by healthy individuals on a plant-based diet to support an adequate B12 status are scarce. Here, we summarize the natural sources, metabolic requirements, biomarker findings with and without supplementation with B12, and current recommendations to help prevent vitamin B12 deficiency in healthy individuals adhering or transitioning to plant-based diets. This review focuses on the prevention of vitamin B12 deficiency in healthy individuals adhering to plant-based diets. The information covered in this review does not apply to individuals suffering from autoimmune-based malabsorption of vitamin B12 resulting from pernicious anemia due to atrophic gastritis, other acquired causes of B12 malabsorption or to those with genetic disorders that impair vitamin B12 absorption, transport and utilization. Plain language title: Vitamin B12 in Plant-Based Diets Plain language summary: Plant-based diets are increasingly popular worldwide. Because vitamin B12 is not found in plants, individuals must acquire the micronutrient by consuming fortified foods or by taking an oral vitamin B12 supplement. We review B12 sources, required daily intake, and use of B12 supplements among those on plant-based diets. The safest way to prevent B12 deficiency in individuals adhering to plant-based diets is by using an oral B12 supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies, are prevalent public health issues in developing countries, with children under 5 years old and breastfeeding women being the most affected in Senegal. Agronomic approaches, including soil fertilization and microbial biotechnology, are used to alleviate these deficiencies, yet challenges persist due to poor nutrient availability in staple food crops like pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). Methods: This study aimed to assess the contribution of one arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) strain, Glomus mosseae, to the bioavailability of micronutrients (zinc and iron) in pearl millet biomass. Four pearl millet accessions from the National Laboratory for Research on Plant Production (LNRPV) collection were inoculated with G. mosseae obtained from the Common Microbiology Laboratory (LCM), with four replications. Gaussian regression tests were employed to analyze the data and determine correlations between AMF concentration and micronutrient bioavailability. Results: The results indicate that the combination of Glomus mosseae inoculation and organic residual products improved growth parameters and micronutrient absorption in pearl millet accessions. Analysis revealed significantly greater iron, zinc, phosphorus, and potassium contents in the foliar biomass of mycorrhizal pearl millet plants compared to nonmycorrhizal plants (control). Inoculation with AMF facilitated micronutrient absorption, particularly iron and zinc, not only in roots but also in aerial parts of the plants. Discussion: These findings suggest that incorporating AMF and organic residual products in millet cultivation could be a viable strategy for enhancing plant development and increasing iron and zinc contents in varieties. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying AMF-mediated nutrient uptake and optimize their use in agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects, a traditional food in many parts of the world, are highly nutritious and especially rich in proteins and thus represent a potential food and protein source. They are rich in essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids and provide ample quantities of minerals such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, and P essential for human health. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional value of dried edible caterpillars with an exclusive focus on mineral content. Quantitative analysis of seven essential minerals for humans was analyzed for two dried edible caterpillars currently commercialized in Bukavu town, South Kivu province (eastern DR Congo) central market including Bunaeopsis aurantiaca (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and Imbrasia oyemensis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Mineral content analysis of Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, and Mn were carried out using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) while the P content was analyzed using the Colorimetric method, then the mineral content was compared to the recommended daily intakes (mg/day). On a dry weight basis, we find that mineral content differed with type of caterpillar. I. oyemensis had the highest concentrations of most minerals tested compared to B. aurantiaca, which nevertheless had the greatest amount of phosphorus (P). P was significantly the most abundant mineral detected (605.70 ± 6.08 mg/100g; p < 0.001), followed by Mg and Na in I. oyemensis with 220.11 ± 6.10 mg/100g and 216.43 ± 1.08 mg/100g respectively. Oligo-minerals Zn and Fe, were the lowest in the caterpillar samples. All the edible caterpillars analyzed met the recommended daily mineral intake. The consumption of < 28 g and < 8 g of these caterpillars covers daily RNI in adults for Fe and Mn respectively. Thus, edible caterpillars in this study have shown that they can be excellent contributors to people's mineral requirements and should be sustainably utilized. Aside from direct consumption, there is a huge potential for using these caterpillars as raw material and food fortification. The mineral content of commonly eaten caterpillars was analyzed to inform consumers among indigenous populations in the Democratic Republic of Congo about the micro-nutritional quality of the insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food taboos and cultural beliefs among pregnant and breast-feeding women influence their food consumption patterns and hence the health of women and unborn children. Cognizant of their neglect in programs aimed to ameliorate hidden hunger among pregnant and breast-feeding women in Buyende and other resource-poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa, we opted for a study to unravel them to inform program design. Methods: We documented food taboos and beliefs amongst pregnant and breast-feeding women from six sub-counties of Buyende district in Eastern Uganda. A mixed-methods approach was used, which was comprised of questionnaire interviews with 462 women, eight focus group discussions with 6–10 participants in each and a total of 15 key informant interviews. Results: The present study revealed that 129 (27.9%) of the respondents practice food taboos and adhere to cultural beliefs related to their dietary habits during pregnancy and breast-feeding that are fuelling the prevalence of hidden hunger. The most tabooed foods during pregnancy were sugarcane (17.8%), fishes which included lung fish, catfish and the Lake Victoria sardine (Rastrineobola argentea) (15.2%), oranges (6.6%), pineapples (5.9%), eggs (3.3%), chicken (3.3%) and cassava, mangoes and Cleome gynandra (each at 3%). Most foods were avoided for reasons associated with pregnancy and labour complications and undesirable effects on the baby. Most women learnt of the taboos and beliefs from the elders, their own mother, grandparents or mother-in-law, but there was also knowledge transmission in social groups within the community. Conclusions: The taboos and cultural beliefs in the study area render pregnant and breast-feeding women prone to micronutrient deficiency since they are denied consumption of a diversity of nutritious foods. There is a need to educate such women about consumption of nutrient-rich foods like fish, eggs, fruits and vegetables in order to improve their health, that of the unborn and children being breast fed. Additionally, culturally appropriate nutrition education may be a good strategy to eliminate inappropriate food taboos and beliefs with negative impact on the health of pregnant and breast-feeding women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A potential complication of bariatric surgery is development of nutritional deficiencies. Study aims were to assess prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in preoperative bariatric patients and to examine for ethnic differences. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 573 patients that underwent bariatric surgery at Counties Manukau District Health Board was carried out. Mean preoperative levels of albumin, calcium, phosphate, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, magnesium, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, ferritin, iron, and transferrin were calculated. Chi square, fisher exact test, and multiple logistic regression was used to assess for differences in prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies across ethnicities. Results: The most common micronutrient deficiency was vitamin D (30.85%). There were statistically significant differences in vitamin D deficiency across ethnicities (p < 0.0001). Asians had the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (60%), followed by Pacifica (44.57%), and Māori (31.68%). Asians were more likely to have vitamin D deficiency compared to NZ/Other Europeans (OR = 14.93, p < 0.001). Vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher BMI (OR = 1.05, p = 0.008). The second most common deficiency was iron (21.1%). Asians had the highest prevalence of iron deficiency (44%), followed by Māori (27.95%), and Pacifica (19.57%) (p = 0.0064). Compared to NZ/Other Europeans, Asians (OR = 4.26) and Māori (OR = 1.78) were more likely to be iron deficient (p = 0.004). Female gender was associated with iron deficiency (OR = 2.12, p = 0.007). Conclusion: Vitamin D and iron are the most common micronutrient deficiencies among preoperative bariatric patients in this cohort and ethnic differences were seen. There may be a role for preoperative supplementation in these at-risk ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofortification of plant food products including microgreens is one of the most promising approaches to combat with the problem of balanced nutrition for the human population. This study introduces the microbiological biofortification using plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria, specifically three strains of zincsolubilizing Pseudomonas sp. (STF10, STF14, STF16) isolated from the rhizosphere of Tussilago farfara L. The research explores their impact on growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments in pea (Pisum sativum L.) microgreens following iodine spraying, providing groundbreaking insights. The experimental results indicate that inoculation of pea seeds with these rhizobacteria significantly increased the fresh and dry biomass of 14-day-old microgreens (by 22 and 15%, respectively, on average) compared to non-inoculated plants. At the same time the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in seedlings increased on average by 18 and 36%, respectively. Spraying with one form of iodine (0.01% KI or KIO3) slightly increased fresh and dry biomass (by 8% on average) and did not alter the content of photosynthetic pigments. Wherein iodine content in pea microgreens increased by 4.4 and 3.8 times, after KI and KIO3 spraying, respectively. By conducting experiments in a hydroponic nutrient solution, this study provides a robust platform for evaluating the biofortification potential of the three Pseudomonas strains along with foliar iodine feeding, marking a significant stride towards enhancing the nutritional profile of pea microgreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Vietnam is facing a double burden of malnutrition, with increasing prevalence of overweight coexisting with undernutrition (stunting and/or thinness) and micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs). Although malnutrition during female adolescence leads to poor health outcomes with potential intergenerational effects on offspring, no studies have comprehensively investigated MNDs and nutritional status among contemporary Vietnamese female adolescents. Methods: Data from 10- to 18-year-old female participants (n = 1471) in the nationally-representative Vietnam General Nutrition Survey 2020 were analysed. Blood nutritional biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, and sociodemographic data were collected, and associations between nutrition status and MNDs were analysed; with anaemia, iron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anaemia, low serum zinc, low serum retinol, and any MNDs as specified outcomes. Findings: Prevalence of overweight, stunting, and thinness was 27.2%, 14.3%, and 6.9%, respectively. Low serum zinc was common (39.8%), as was ID (13.4%). Bivariate analyses showed that older age (16–18 years old), ethnic minority status, lower wealth index, and inflammation were associated with MNDs. In adjusted logistic regressions, stunting was associated with increased odds ratio and [95% confidence intervals] of low serum retinol (8.92 [2.26, 35.15], p

Abstract In 2013, the World Health Organisation (WHO) updated the recommendations for micronutrient deficiency correction in hospitalised under‐5 children with complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM). This study aimed to describe the micronutrient deficiency correction practices in relation to WHO 2013 recommendations. Data from medical records of under‐5 children admitted for SAM management at two hospitals in South Africa and three tertiary hospitals in Ghana were extracted. Micronutrient correction practices were compared to the WHO 2013 recommendations by considering the dosage, timing of micronutrient supplementation (vitamin A, iron and folic acid) and therapeutic feeds administered. In total, 723 medical records were included. Nearly half (48.3%) of the children received at least one of the studied micronutrients as a supplement. Vitamin A was supplemented in 27.4% of the children, while iron and folic acid were supplemented in 9.5% and 34.9%, respectively. Among the children who received vitamin A, 60.1% received the first dose on Day 1 of admission. Also, 46.4% of the iron‐supplemented children received iron within the first week of admission. Vitamin A, iron and folic acid were administered within the dose range of 100,000–180,000 IU, 3.1–7.7 mg per kg per day, and 3–5 mg per day, respectively. Additionally, 71.7% of the children reportedly received therapeutic feeds that met WHO recommendations. The micronutrient deficiency correction practices regarding dose and timing differed from the 2013 WHO guidelines. Qualitative studies investigating the reasons for the disparities are recommended.

Carissa carandas (C. carandas), an Apocynaceae family member, fruit bearing crop is locally known as karonda in Asia, grown wild has gained attention owing to impressive nutritional composition and health benefits. A 100–200 g serving size of C. carandas meets 100 % recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of iron, zinc, manganese, copper, chromium, and vitamin C in all age groups, making it a promising candidate for addressing nutrient deficiencies across all age groups. Other than that it also contains significant amount of carbohydrates (61–67 %) sugars (4.7–13 % mainly reducing), fats (4.5–19 % mainly PUFAS), and protein (1.6–3.2 %) despite remaining underutilized. C. carandas extracts reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-tyrosinase potential comparable to the commercially available synthetic drugs. Therefore, this review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the nutritional profile and bioactive components of C. carandas, and to explore its importance in food technology sector. The study provides novel insights about the potential of C. carandas to address micronutrient deficiencies, boost local economies, and provide income for farmers. It also highlights its potential for sustainable agriculture, functional food development, and innovative products due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Background: Globally, there is a rising trend in obesity, known to increase morbidity and mortality. Metabolic surgery and adequate weight loss decrease mortality but may worsen pre-existing nutrient deficiencies. Most data on pre-existing nutritional deficiencies in the population undergoing metabolic surgery is from the developed world, where an extensive micronutrient assessment is achievable. In resource-constrained environments, the cost of a comprehensive micronutrient assessment must be weighed against the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies and the potential harm if one or more nutritional deficiencies are missed. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of micronutrient and vitamin deficiencies in participants scheduled to undergo metabolic surgery in Cape Town, South Africa, a low-middle income country. 157 participants were selected and 154 reported on; who underwent a baseline evaluation from 12 July 2017 to 19 July 2020. Laboratory measurements were conducted, including vitamin B12 (Vit B12), 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), folate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), ferritin, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), magnesium, phosphate, albumin, iron, and calcium. Results: Participants were predominantly female, aged 45 years (37-51), with a preoperative BMI of 50.4 kg/m² (44.6-56.5). A total of 64 individuals had Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), with 28 undiagnosed cases at study entry (18% of study population). 25(OH)D deficiency was most prevalent (57%), followed by iron deficiency (44%), and folate deficiency (18%). Other deficiencies (vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, phosphate) were rarely encountered and affected ≤1% of participants. Folate and 25(OH)D deficiency were related to obesity classification, with a higher prevalence in participants with a BMI ≥40 kg/m² (p <0.01). Conclusion: A higher prevalence of some micronutrient deficiencies was noted compared with data from similar populations in the developed world. The minimum baseline/preoperative nutrient evaluation in such populations should include 25(OH)D, iron studies, and folate. Additionally, screening for T2D is recommended. Future efforts should seek to collate broader patient data on a national scale and include longitudinal surveillance after surgery. This may provide a more holistic picture of the relationship between obesity, metabolic surgery and micronutrient status inform more appropriate evidence-based care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAmong commonly performed bariatric surgeries, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) provides greater weight loss than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG), with sustained metabolic improvements. However, the risk of long-term nutritional deficiencies due to the hypoabsorptive component of BPD-DS hinders its widespread use.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to examine nutritional status over 2 years after BPD-DS, RYGB or SG.MethodsPatients were recruited in the REMISSION trial (NCT02390973), a single-center, prospective study. Out of 215 patients, 73, 48 and 94, respectively, underwent BPD-DS, RYGB or SG. Weight loss, micronutrient serum levels (including iron, calcium, parathormone, vitamins A, B12 and D), and nutritional supplementation were assessed over 2 years. Patients were supplemented according to the type of surgery and individual micronutrient level evolution.ResultsAt baseline, BPD-DS patients were younger than SG patients (p = 0.0051) and RYGB patients had lower body mass index (p

IntroductionMicronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies, are prevalent public health issues in developing countries, with children under 5 years old and breastfeeding women being the most affected in Senegal. Agronomic approaches, including soil fertilization and microbial biotechnology, are used to alleviate these deficiencies, yet challenges persist due to poor nutrient availability in staple food crops like pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.).MethodsThis study aimed to assess the contribution of one arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) strain, Glomus mosseae, to the bioavailability of micronutrients (zinc and iron) in pearl millet biomass. Four pearl millet accessions from the National Laboratory for Research on Plant Production (LNRPV) collection were inoculated with G. mosseae obtained from the Common Microbiology Laboratory (LCM), with four replications. Gaussian regression tests were employed to analyze the data and determine correlations between AMF concentration and micronutrient bioavailability.ResultsThe results indicate that the combination of Glomus mosseae inoculation and organic residual products improved growth parameters and micronutrient absorption in pearl millet accessions. Analysis revealed significantly greater iron, zinc, phosphorus, and potassium contents in the foliar biomass of mycorrhizal pearl millet plants compared to non-mycorrhizal plants (control). Inoculation with AMF facilitated micronutrient absorption, particularly iron and zinc, not only in roots but also in aerial parts of the plants.DiscussionThese findings suggest that incorporating AMF and organic residual products in millet cultivation could be a viable strategy for enhancing plant development and increasing iron and zinc contents in varieties. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying AMF-mediated nutrient uptake and optimize their use in agricultural practices.

Abstract Background Despite a large body of literature on the nexus between knowledge, attitude and practice towards nutrition and gender, this nexus is likely to vary and is not clear in many societies, such as Ethiopia. Objectives The study aimed to analyze the level of gender-based knowledge, attitude, and practice towards malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency using primary data collected from two regional states in Ethiopia. Methods Qualitative and quantitative data collection approaches were used. Qualitative data were analyzed using a narrative and content approach. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Results indicate that female are generally more adept than male at identifying the symptoms of malnutrition. However, concerning vitamin A and iodine food types and its deficiency, male respondents had relatively better knowledge and consumption practice than female. Results show that there is very little awareness about biofortified and fortified foods. When we rate respondents, male had a relatively better understanding about fortified foods than their female counterparts. Conclusion Findings can support development agents working to improve nutrition in Ethiopia to focus on improving community knowledge and perception of biofortified and fortified foods to improve diet quality through increased micronutrient intake. The majority of the respondents were aware of the importance of consuming micronutrient rich foods and had a positive attitude towards them. However, there is still a gap in practice. It may therefore require more targeted campaigns to increase the ability of community members to adopt best practices while reducing barriers to consumption of nutritious diet.

Abstract Background Hemoglobin assessments in children and women have been conducted annually in Chad since 2016 through the Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) cross-sectional surveys. This analysis aims to characterize national and sub-national trends in anemia among children under five and women of reproductive age from 2016 to 2021 and to compare risk factors for anemia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Hemoglobin concentrations were measured in approximately half of the 12,000 to 15,000 included households each year, except for 2020 when hemoglobin tests were omitted. For children 6 to 59 months of age, anemia was defined as hemoglobin less than 11.0 g/dL. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin less than 11.0 g/dL and 12.0 g/dL for pregnant women and non-pregnant women, respectively. Trends were stratified by agroecological zone, and tests of proportions were used to assess statistical significance. Simple and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted for 2019 and 2021 to identify risk factors for anemia. Results Reductions in anemia over the 6-year period were significant among women (47.6–30.8%, p = 0.000) and children (68.6–59.6%, p = 0.000). The Sudanian zone had consistently higher rates, particularly in children, compared to the Sahelian and Saharan zones. Significant declines in women’s anemia were observed in all zones from 2019 to 2021, but this global decline was not observed among children, where rates in the Saharan zone significantly increased. In 2019, only minimum dietary diversity significantly reduced the odds of anemia in children (AOR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.46–0.92), whereas in 2021, improvements in all diet indicators were associated with lower odds of anemia. Improved household socio-economic factors, including head of household literacy, were associated with lower odds of anemia in children (2019 AOR: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.67, 0.88) and women (2019 AOR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.65, 0.87; 2021 AOR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.70, 0.93). Conclusions Anemia declined significantly in Chad among women of reproductive age and children from 2016 to 2021, but the national prevalence of 60% among children remains unacceptably high. Sub-national differences in anemia rates underline the need to identify and address regional causes of anemia while strengthening national level programs.

Introduction: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency (TD) after metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is often insidious and, if unrecognized, can lead to irreversible damage or death. As TD symptoms are vague and overlap with other disorders, we aim to identify predictors of recurrent TD and failure to collect B1 labs. Methods: We analyzed a large sample of data from patients with MBS (n = 878) to identify potential predictors of TD risk. We modeled recurrent TD and failure to collect B1 labs using classical statistical and machine learning (ML) techniques. Results: We identified clusters of labs associated with increased risk of recurrent TD: micronutrient deficiencies, abnormal blood indices, malnutrition, and fluctuating electrolyte levels (aIRR range: 1.62–4.68). Additionally, demographic variables associated with lower socioeconomic status were predictive of recurrent TD. ML models predicting characteristics associated with failure to collect B1 labs achieved 75–81% accuracy, indicating that clinicians may fail to match symptoms with the underlying condition. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that both clinical and social factors can increase the risk of life-threatening TD episodes in some MBS patients. Identifying these indicators can help with diagnosis and treatment.

Study data from World Health Organization indicate that 2.8% of the disease around the world is caused by micronutrient insufficiency due to improper consumption of a balanced diet. The micronutrient deficiency is detected from the individual's blood sample which is an invasive technique. Such techniques are quite in comfort for the persons and also painful. This proposed method involves the micronutrient deficiency identification using the non-invasive method of image processing. In this work, images of the anterior conjunctiva of eye, tongue and nail bed are used to detect the deficiency. Convolutional neural network models are used in the proposed deep learning model to extract the features of the parts of eye, nail and tongue. CNN-LSTM and CNN-GRU architectures are used to predict the deficiency in the images by extracting the features and perform the classification. A collection of 140 images were used as a dataset in this system. The real-time images are used to train the model, which is then validated with sample images for increased accuracy. The simulation of the CNN network with CNN-GRU has very low MSEs with 0.22%, results show that the proposed system achieved an accuracy of 99.6%, specificity of 99.7% and sensitivity of 99.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite a large body of literature on the nexus between knowledge, attitude and practice towards nutrition and gender, this nexus is likely to vary and is not clear in many societies, such as Ethiopia. Objectives: The study aimed to analyze the level of gender-based knowledge, attitude, and practice towards malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency using primary data collected from two regional states in Ethiopia. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative data collection approaches were used. Qualitative data were analyzed using a narrative and content approach. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Results indicate that female are generally more adept than male at identifying the symptoms of malnutrition. However, concerning vitamin A and iodine food types and its deficiency, male respondents had relatively better knowledge and consumption practice than female. Results show that there is very little awareness about biofortified and fortified foods. When we rate respondents, male had a relatively better understanding about fortified foods than their female counterparts. Conclusion: Findings can support development agents working to improve nutrition in Ethiopia to focus on improving community knowledge and perception of biofortified and fortified foods to improve diet quality through increased micronutrient intake. The majority of the respondents were aware of the importance of consuming micronutrient rich foods and had a positive attitude towards them. However, there is still a gap in practice. It may therefore require more targeted campaigns to increase the ability of community members to adopt best practices while reducing barriers to consumption of nutritious diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adults with Crohn's disease (CD) may be at risk of micronutrient insufficiency in clinical remission through restrictive eating, malabsorption, abnormal losses or inflammation. This systematic review synthesises the literature on micronutrient insufficiency in CD in clinical remission in terms of the prevalence of low circulating micronutrient concentrations and as a comparison against a healthy control (HC). Studies were included if the population was predominantly in remission. A total of 42 studies met the inclusion criteria; 12 were rated as low quality, leaving 30 studies covering 21 micronutrients of medium/high quality that were included in the synthesis. Vitamins D and B12 were the most frequently reported nutrients (8 and 11); there were few eligible studies for the remaining micronutrients. The prevalence studies were consistent in reporting individuals with low Vitamins A, B6, B12 and C, β-carotene, D, Magnesium, Selenium and Zinc. The comparator studies were inconsistent in finding differences with CD populations; Vitamin D, the most reported nutrient, was only lower than the HC in one-quarter of the studies. Adult CD populations are likely to contain individuals with low levels of one or more micronutrients, with the most substantial evidence for Vitamins D and B12. The studies on other micronutrients are of insufficient number, standardisation and quality to inform practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify the factors associated with anemia, iron deficiency (ID) and vitamin B12 (B12D) in women aged 12 to 49 years participating in the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua 2022 (Ensanut Continua 2022). Materials and methods. The 2022-NHNS is a nationally representative probabilistic survey. Venous blood was collected from women for analysis of hemoglobin, ferritin, and vitamin B12 to estimate deficiencies according to World Health Organization. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models (SVY/STATA module) were performed. Results. The prevalence of anemia, ID and B12D were 15.7, 41.9 and 17.2%, respectively, and anemia was associated with carboy/bottled water (OR=2.27; 95%CI: 0.99,5.17) and DH with non-pipe water (OR= 2.86; 95%CI: 1.31, 6.22) and urban stratum (OR=1.56; 95%CI: 0.98, 2.45). Conclusions. Anemia, ID and B12D in women were highly prevalent, therefore, it is necessary to conduct interventions focused into the issue of drinking water and right to access in women with greater socio-economic disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea is the third most consumed pulse and provides a kit of essential nutrients for an exponential population. High temperatures and drought stress are two major abiotic stresses that cause serious effects on chickpea growth and development. The comprehension of abiotic stresses' impact on chickpea productivity and nutritional quality will permit the selection of promising genotypes. The current study aimed to assess the impact of heat and drought stresses on plant growth, grain yield and its components, grain size, and nutritional quality in chickpea. For this purpose, 43 international chickpea genotypes were evaluated under normal, heat, and combined heat-drought stress conditions. The findings revealed a significant decrease of over 50% in plant height, biological yield, and seed yield under both stress conditions. Grain size and hundred-seed weight were the most heritable traits under normal, heat, and combined heat-drought stress. Proteins were accumulated under both stresses, evolving from 20.26% for normal conditions to 22.19% for heat stress and to 21.94% for combined heat-drought stress. For minerals, significant variation between treatments was observed for Mn, Mg, and Na. Our results also showed a significant impact of genotype and genotype-environment interaction factors only on K content. Using selection indices, 22 genotypes were identified as highly tolerant to the combined heat-drought stress, while eleven genotypes were heat-tolerant. Mineral profile analysis according to the contrasting tolerance clusters revealed decreased potassium content in susceptible genotypes, indicating genetic potential in the studied chickpea collection, ensuring tolerance to both stresses while maintaining good grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The association between bariatric surgery and IBD-related inpatient outcomes is not well characterized. We report, analyze, and compare inpatient trends and outcomes among encounters with a history of bariatric surgery (Hx-MBS) compared to those receiving bariatric surgery during index admission (PR-MBS) admitted from 2009 to 2020. Methods: Retrospective cohort design: the 2009–2020 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) databases were used to identify hospital encounters with patients aged ≥ 18 years with a history of MBS (Hx-MBS) or with procedure coding indicating MBS procedure (PR-MBS) according to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth (ICD-9-CM/ ICD-9-PCS) or Tenth Revision (ICD-10-CM/ICD-10-PCS) Clinical Modification/Procedure Coding System during index admission (ICD-9-CM: V4586; ICD-10-CM: Z9884; ICD-9-PR: 4382, 4389; ICD-10-PR: 0DB64Z3, 0DB63ZZ). Pearson χ2 analysis, analysis of variance, multivariable regression analyses, and propensity matching on independent variables were conducted to analyze significant associations between variables and for primary outcome inflammatory bowel disease-related admission, and secondary outcomes: diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or chronic mesenteric ischemia during admission. Results: We identified 3,365,784 (76.20%) Hx-MBS hospitalizations and 1,050,900 hospitalizations with PR-MBS (23.80%). Propensity score matching analysis demonstrated significantly higher odds of inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic mesenteric ischemia for Hx-MBS compared to PR-MBS, and significantly lower odds of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease for Hx-MBS compared to PR-MBS. Conclusion: In our study, Hx-MBS was associated with significantly increased odds of inflammatory bowel disease and other GI pathologies compared to matched controls. The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Additional studies are needed to examine these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemoglobin assessments in children and women have been conducted annually in Chad since 2016 through the Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) cross-sectional surveys. This analysis aims to characterize national and sub-national trends in anemia among children under five and women of reproductive age from 2016 to 2021 and to compare risk factors for anemia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Hemoglobin concentrations were measured in approximately half of the 12,000 to 15,000 included households each year, except for 2020 when hemoglobin tests were omitted. For children 6 to 59 months of age, anemia was defined as hemoglobin less than 11.0 g/dL. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin less than 11.0 g/dL and 12.0 g/dL for pregnant women and non-pregnant women, respectively. Trends were stratified by agroecological zone, and tests of proportions were used to assess statistical significance. Simple and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted for 2019 and 2021 to identify risk factors for anemia. Results: Reductions in anemia over the 6-year period were significant among women (47.6–30.8%, p = 0.000) and children (68.6–59.6%, p = 0.000). The Sudanian zone had consistently higher rates, particularly in children, compared to the Sahelian and Saharan zones. Significant declines in women's anemia were observed in all zones from 2019 to 2021, but this global decline was not observed among children, where rates in the Saharan zone significantly increased. In 2019, only minimum dietary diversity significantly reduced the odds of anemia in children (AOR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.46–0.92), whereas in 2021, improvements in all diet indicators were associated with lower odds of anemia. Improved household socio-economic factors, including head of household literacy, were associated with lower odds of anemia in children (2019 AOR: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.67, 0.88) and women (2019 AOR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.65, 0.87; 2021 AOR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.70, 0.93). Conclusions: Anemia declined significantly in Chad among women of reproductive age and children from 2016 to 2021, but the national prevalence of 60% among children remains unacceptably high. Sub-national differences in anemia rates underline the need to identify and address regional causes of anemia while strengthening national level programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a severe need to develop a sustainable, affordable, and nutritious food supply system. Broccoli microgreens have attracted attention due to their rich nutritional content and abundant bioactive compounds, constituting an important opportunity to feed the ever-increasing population and fight global health problems. This study aimed to measure the impact of the combined application of biofertilizers and zinc and iron nanofertilizers on plant growth and the biofortification of glucosinolates (GLSs) and micronutrients in broccoli microgreens. Biofertilizers were based on plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacterial consortia previously isolated and characterized for multiple PGP traits. Nanofertilizers consisted of ZnO (77 nm) and γ-Fe2O3 (68 nm) nanoparticles synthesized with the coprecipitation method and functionalized with a Pseudomonas species preparation. Treatments were evaluated under seedbed conditions. Plant growth parameters of plant height (37.0–59.8%), leaf diameter (57.6–81.1%) and fresh weight (112.1–178.0%), as well as zinc (122.19–363.41%) and iron contents (55.19–161.57%), were mainly increased by nanoparticles subjected to the functionalization process with Pseudomonas species and uncapped NPs applied together with the biofertilizer treatment. Regarding GLSs, eight compounds were detected as being most positively influenced by these treatments. This work demonstrated the synergistic interactions of applying ZnO and γ-Fe2O3 nanofertilizers combined with biofertilizers to enhance plant growth and biofortify micronutrients and glucosinolates in broccoli microgreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bariatric surgery or weight loss surgery has been in practice for achieving significant weight loss in patients who have failed to achieve weight loss after pharmacological interventions. The rising cases of obesity are a triggering factor for more bariatric surgeries worldwide. Interestingly, sustained weight loss achieved post-bariatric surgery offers metabolic advantages, and patients show improved glucose and lipid metabolisms. Bariatric surgery is directly linked to higher incidences of vitamin, mineral, and trace element deficiencies, thus making patients susceptible to anemia, osteoporosis, and cardiomyopathy. Reduced nutrient absorption capacity, dietary changes, dietary restriction, and altered gastrointestinal tract morphology are some reasons for nutritional deficiency observed in post-bariatric surgery procedures. Micro-and-macronutrient deficiency observed in patients during the postoperative phase requires continuous monitoring of nutritional parameters. Therefore, adequate multivitamin and mineral supplements become essential to prevent/overcome micronutrient deficiencies. Bariatric surgery also raises the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) babies. Hence, a 12 − 24 months gap is recommended between bariatric surgery and pregnancy to achieve desired weight loss targets. The topic of this review is the impact of bariatric surgery procedures on vitamin and mineral absorption and the role of dietary supplements in maintaining a healthy nutritional balance during the postoperative phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Micronutrient deficiencies are common complications after bariatric surgery as alterations to the gastrointestinal tract change absorption. Patients are recommended to take supplements including multivitamins, B complex, calcium, vitamin D, and iron after bariatric surgery, and can take these as specifically formulated vitamins for post-bariatric patients or separate vitamin supplements. We investigated the compliance, efficacy, and cost of specifically formulated vitamins for post-bariatric patients in comparison to separate vitamin supplements. Methods: We surveyed 126 post-bariatric adult patients between February 1, 2022, and August 31, 2022, who had undergone bariatric surgery between 2014 and 2021 to assess the type of supplements taken, compliance, and cost. Demographics, type of bariatric surgery, and serum micronutrient levels were evaluated for all patients. Results: There were 51 patients taking formulated vitamins and 75 patients taking separate vitamins. The formulated vitamin group demonstrated greater adherence to optimal vitamin dosage (formulated vitamin group, 76.5% vs. separate supplement group, 30.7%; p < 0.001) and higher compliance (formulated vitamin group, 90.2% vs. separate supplement group, 66.7%; p = 0.002). The costs associated with both groups were comparable. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of micronutrient deficiency between the groups. Conclusions: Our study shows that formulated vitamins do not offer significant difference in micronutrient levels or cost compared to separate standard vitamin supplements. However, formulated bariatric vitamins have improved compliance compared to separate vitamin supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: The primary aim is to identify the micronutrient deficiencies commonly reported in SSc. The exploratory aim is to evaluate associations between micronutrient deficiencies and SSc clinical manifestations. PATIENT AND METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of all published reports on SSc and nutrition in PubMed from its inception to August 2020. Clinical trials, observational studies, meta-analyses, and case series (with ≥20 cases) containing data on nutritional deficiency and SSc were included. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for reporting our findings. Two reviewers (ADN and ERV) studied the titles and abstracts of all search results with pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Among 790 retrieved publications, 35 full-length articles and 3 abstracts met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Included studies took place across multiple geographic locations and included patients with both diffuse and limited cutaneous SSc. Vitamin D deficiency was the most commonly reported deficiency described in SSc, followed by vitamin B12, vitamin B9, selenium, zinc, and iron. In addition, some small studies found deficiencies in vitamins B1, B6, C, E, and A. While some studies reported associations between specific micronutrient deficiencies and SSc disease features (eg, interstitial lung disease was commonly associated with vitamin D deficiency and elevated homocysteine [Hcy]), the evidence to support these associations was not robust. CONCLUSION: Micronutrient deficiencies are common in SSc and are associated with specific SSc features. Routine screening for micronutrient deficiencies may lead to early detection of malnutrition. Future studies are needed to understand how interventions to replete micronutrient deficiencies affect patient outcomes in SSc.

Abstract Background Anemia among adolescents (ages 10–19 years) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries and carries long-term health and economic consequences. To address the issue, policymakers and programmers require evidence of the burden of anemia among adolescents in specific contexts, as well as an understanding of the factors associated with anemia in this population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey as a baseline assessment to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in secondary school students, as part of a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial testing different micronutrient supplementation strategies in addressing anemia among adolescents in Zanzibar. Between March 7th to 25th, 2022 the survey was conducted on 2,479 school-going adolescents aged 10–17 years from 42 schools on the island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. Hemoglobin concentration was measured along with the collection of socio-demographics, health, food frequency, and water, sanitation and hygiene data. Results Based on the World Health Organization cutoffs for anemia, 53.3% of the sample had anemia (mild, moderate, or severe). Using chi-square tests and logistic regressions, we determined that females had higher odds of anemia than males (Adjusted OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.74), those in the highest wealth quintile had lower odds of anemia than those in the lowest wealth quintile (Adjusted OR = 0.7; CI: 0.54, 0.91), stunted adolescents had higher odds of anemia than non-stunted students (Adjusted OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.06,1.81), and those who used shared toilets had higher odds of moderate or severe anemia than those with private toilet access (Adjusted OR = 1.68; CI: 1.07, 2.64). Conclusions The high prevalence of anemia in this sample indicates an urgent need to address anemia among adolescents in Zanzibar, and the factors associated with anemia point to the importance of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in addition to dietary and nutritional support. Trial Registration NCT05104554, registered 03/11/2021.

Abstract Background It is well known that the magnitude of undernutrition in Ethiopia is unacceptably high. The burden of co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency, on the other hand, has received less attention. Thus, in this study, we looked at the prevalence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 397 pregnant women in Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia. An interview-assisted questionnaire and blood serum were collected from pregnant women using standard techniques and shipped to an EPHI for micronutrient analysis. Factors associated with the co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency were identified using binary and multiple logistic regressions. Results According to this study, 81.6% of the participants were deficient in at least one micronutrient, and 53.53.2% were deficient in two or more. Women who did not receive iron-folic acid supplementation (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.52–3.92), did not attend Antenatal care (ANC) follow up (AOR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.81–4.61), and reported low consumption of diversified diet (AOR = 2.18 (95% CI = 1.35–3.51) had a higher risk of co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency. Conclusion This study found that more than half of pregnant women were in multiple micronutrients, indicating a major public health issue. In addition to the IFA supplementation programs that are already in place, there is a need for multiple micronutrient supplementation.

Background: Diversified diet is the key to combat micronutrient deficiency in India. Kitchen garden is a sustainable approach to provide diversified diet in rural area. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the utilization and perception of kitchen garden use among the households in rural area. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study carried out among women in the age group 18–65 years in Nagamangala was asked about the details on awareness and utilization of kitchen garden. Results: One-third of the study subjects were in the age group 30–40 years. About 18.2% of them were involved in some form of agriculture related work. Around 64% of the households had space available for kitchen garden. About 54% households had kitchen garden and 95% of the subjects used their kitchen garden products for self-use. Conclusion: Having kitchen garden contributes to household food security by providing direct access to food that can be easily harvested, prepared, and consumed.