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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa's inherent and adapted resistance makes this pathogen a serious problem for antimicrobial treatments. Furthermore, its biofilm formation ability is the most critical armor against antimicrobial therapy, and the virulence factors, on the other hand, contribute to fatal infection and other recalcitrant phenotypic characteristics. These capabilities are harmonized through cell–cell communication called Quorum Sensing (QS), which results in gene expression regulation via three major interconnected circuits: las, rhl, and pqs system. Pqs circuit specificity in P. aeruginosa made this system an attractive target for antipseudomonal therapy. The current study focuses on novel chalcone derivatives that attenuate P. aeruginosa's pathogenicity by inhibiting the QS system. Chalcones are included in the flavonoid class of phenolic compounds. This family forms one of the greatest groups of bioactive natural products. Method: The chalcone derivatives's potential activity against the QS system was evaluated through biofilm inhibition, decreased virulence factors production, and gene expression. Results: Among all the tested compounds, 5H and NMe2 chalcone derivatives reduced biofilm formation by 60.9% and 78.9%, respectively, and virulence factors production, including pyocyanin (decreased by 5H 30.9% and NMe2 30.7%) and pyoverdine (decreased by 5H 47.1% and NMe2 56.9%) and the QS gene expression (LasR, RhlR, and PqsR) more effectively than other derivatives. Conclusion: These chalcone compounds can be used as a supplement besides antimicrobial chemotherapy to attenuate pseudomonas pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial populations are constantly exposed to antibiotic pressures, which drive the evolution of diverse resistance mechanisms. This paper explores the complex responses of microbes to antibiotic stress, focusing on genetic and phenotypic adaptations. Key resistance mechanisms include Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT), mutations leading to target site modification and the activation of efflux pumps. Additionally, the paper examines how microbial communities adapt to prolonged exposure through biofilm formation and altered metabolic pathways. Understanding these processes is crucial for developing strategies to combat antibiotic resistance and designing next-generation antimicrobial therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthopedic infections are challenging pathologies that impose a heavy burden on patients and the healthcare system. Antimicrobial therapy is a critical component of the successful management of orthopedic infections, but its effectiveness depends on patient-, surgery-, drug-, and hospital-related factors. The dramatic increase in the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbial strains necessitates new clinical approaches in order to prevent or limit this phenomenon and to ensure a favorable therapeutic outcome. The present paper reviews the currently available antimicrobial strategies in the management of orthopedic infections, highlighting their clinical use related to the occurrence of microbial resistance. Some approaches for reducing antibiotic resistance emergence in orthopedics are also presented. The use of antibiotics tailored to the microorganism's sensitivity profile, patient factors, and pharmacokinetic profile in terms of monotherapy or combinations, the understanding of microbial pathogenicity and resistance patterns, strict control measures in healthcare facilities, the development of new antimicrobial therapies (drugs, devices, technologies), and patient education for improving compliance and tolerance are some of the most important tools for overcoming microbial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The search for substances that can overcome microorganisms' resistance and enhance the antimicrobial activity of given products has attracted the attention of researchers. Eucalyptus wood vinegar (WV) is a promising product for developing alternative antimicrobials. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether the production of WV in the co-pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood with aromatic herbs would incorporate compounds from them into WV and if that would enhance its antimicrobial action. Methodology: WV was produced alone and through co-pyrolysis with marjoram (Origanum majorana), Peruvian oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Turkish oregano (Origanum onites) at a proportion of 25% of herbs to the bone-dry wood weight. The antimicrobial effects were assessed against strains of gram-negative and -positive bacteria, and Candida glabrata. Microorganisms' colony growth in agar had their absorbances recorded after inoculation and incubation. Chemical characterization of the new products was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results: After coproduction, there were relevant chemical changes concerning the original WV. Thymol, for instance, was incorporated into the WV through co-pyrolysis with marjoram, Peruvian and Turkish oregano, and thyme. The coproducts were more efficient than the WV produced only with wood, with thyme-incorporated products having the highest efficiency. This can be attributed to the increase and incorporation of the substances after coproduction, and particularly the role of thymol in enhancing the antimicrobial action. Conclusion: Given the results, the co-production of WV with eucalyptus wood and aromatic herbs has the potential to provide alternative antimicrobial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Black skimmers are state-threatened, colonial nesting seabirds that face numerous conservation health challenges. Through regular nest colony surveys, we observed a concerning pattern of annual fatalities among black skimmer juveniles that had grossly swollen joints at several nest colonies. This joint disease affected their mobility and ability to thrive and led to severe wasting and death in some individuals. Clinical and postmortem examinations of skimmers for four sequential years revealed that the joints were infected with a bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, which normally cohabits the skin of many species (including humans) without causing disease. However, in this case, S. aureus likely gained entry to joints via skin injuries from sandspurs, which arise from vegetation that is common to many Florida beaches. S. aureus is also commonly detected as a sand and water contaminant in popular recreational beaches, which may also serve as a source of exposure in the skimmers. We recommend continued monitoring of black skimmer nest colonies for arthritic disease and other health-related challenges, with consideration of management techniques to reduce the risk of sandspur–skimmer interactions at nesting sites. The black skimmer (Rynchops niger) is a state-threatened, colonially nesting seabird in Florida, USA. Conservation threats include habitat alteration, human disturbances, severe weather, and predation. During nest monitoring (May–September, 2020–2022), black skimmer juveniles at colonies on Fort Myers Beach and Marco Island, Florida, had polyarthritis and died or were euthanized due to severe illness. Similarly-aged skimmers from geographically distant (considered unaffected) colonies were evaluated for comparison (2021–2023). We documented field, clinical, radiographical, and pathological findings to characterize disease and purported pathogenesis. The majority were lame and lethargic, in poor nutritional condition, and dehydrated. Additionally, 8/23 of the skimmers with dermatitis and arthritis from affected colonies also had penetrating sandspurs associated with skin ulceration, scabbing, and/or hemorrhage. The affected joints were often in limbs (interphalangeal and hock; less commonly stifle, elbow, carpus). A postmortem evaluation and bacteriology revealed Staphylococcal aureus-associated dermatitis, arthritis, tenosynovitis, and/or osteomyelitis in 21/22 of the juvenile skimmers from southwestern nest colonies. Staphylococcus aureus dissemination to internal organs occurred in 10/13 of the skimmers tested. Among skimmers evaluated from distant colonies, 5/10 that were examined histologically had skin crusting and inflammation but lacked arthritis. Occasional coinfections were documented (e.g., West Nile virus, Gram-negative bacilli). The results suggest that staphylococcal joint disease originated from sandspur-induced skin damage, followed by hematogenous dissemination to the joints and, occasionally, the internal organs. Additional nest sites should be tested to evaluate disease risk and potentially contributing environmental factors. We recommend that site managers employ techniques that reduce the risk of skimmer interactions with sandspurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives: Confirming the eradication of Helicobacter pylori is essential due to increasing antimicrobial resistance to various treatment regimens. The primary objective of this study is to determine the eradication rate of H. pylori using the carbon-14 (14C) urea breath test. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study with an analytical component was conducted by retrospectively reviewing medical records of patients who received eradication treatment for H. pylori and subsequent confirmation of eradication through the 14C urea breath test. The study was carried out at Hospital Universitario Fundación Valle del Lili between January 2019 and June 2022. Results: A total of 360 patients met the inclusion criteria. Women represented 66.9% of the sample, with a median age of 51 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 39-61). A negative 14C urea breath test result was obtained in 84.4% of cases, with a median interval of eight weeks (IQR: 5-12) between the end of treatment and test performance. Almost all patients received 14 days of treatment. Conclusions: An acceptable eradication rate was observed in our setting, even with the standard triple therapy, which remains the most commonly used regimen. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies are needed to guide treatments based on local epidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological resistance to pesticides, vaccines, antibiotics, and chemotherapies creates huge costs to society, including extensive morbidity and mortality. We simultaneously face costly resistance to social changes, such as those required to resolve human-wildlife conflicts and conserve biodiversity and the biosphere. Viewing resistance as a force that impedes change from one state to another, we suggest that an analysis of biological resistance can provide unique and potentially testable insights into understanding resistance to social changes. We review key insights from managing biological resistance and develop a framework that identifies seven strategies to overcome resistance. We apply this framework to consider how it might be used to understand social resistance and generate potentially novel hypotheses that may be useful to both enhance the development of strategies to manage resistance and modulate change in socio-ecological systems.

Abstract Background The study aims to investigate the effect of combining silver nanoparticles (AGNPs) with different antibiotics on multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and to investigate the mechanism of action of AGNPs. Methods AGNPs were prepared by reduction of silver nitrate using trisodium citrate and were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) in addition to an assessment of cytotoxicity. Clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected, and antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was calculated, and bacteria were categorized as MDR or XDR. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and AGNPs were determined. The mechanism of action of AGNPs was researched by evaluating their effect on biofilm formation, swarming motility, protease, gelatinase, and pyocyanin production. Real-time PCR was performed to investigate the effect on the expression of genes encoding various virulence factors. Results TEM revealed the spherical shape of AGNPs with an average particle size of 10.84 ± 4.64 nm. AGNPS were safe, as indicated by IC50 (42.5 µg /ml). The greatest incidence of resistance was shown against ciprofloxacin which accounted for 43% of the bacterial isolates. Heterogonous resistance patterns were shown in 63 isolates out of the tested 107. The MAR indices ranged from 0.077 to 0.84. Out of 63 P. aeruginosa isolates, 12 and 13 were MDR and XDR, respectively. The MIC values of AGNPs ranged from 2.65 to 21.25 µg /ml. Combination of AGNPs with antibiotics reduced their MIC by 5–9, 2–9, and 3-10Fold in the case of gentamicin, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin, respectively, with synergism being evident. AGNPs produced significant inhibition of biofilm formation and decreased swarming motility, protease, gelatinase and pyocyanin production. PCR confirmed the finding, as shown by decreased expression of genes encoding various virulence factors. Conclusion AGNPs augment gentamicin, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin against MDR and XDR Pseudomonas isolates. The efficacy of AGNPs can be attributed to their effect on the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa. The combination of AGNPs with antibiotics is a promising strategy to attack resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa.

Background: Extreme rainfall and flooding events are projected to increase in frequency and disturb biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen (N) cycle. By combining trees and grasses, silvopastoral agroforestry is expected to increase the stability of this cycle in response to flooding. However, little is known about the response of nitrification to flooding in silvopastoral systems. Aim of this study was to assess nitrification stability in response to flooding and identify the main causal relations that drive it in temperate silvopastures. Methods: The nitrification stability (i.e., resistance and resilience) was assessed in two silvopastoral systems (i.e., hedgerows and alley cropping) at three positions relative to the trees. The resistance and resilience of nitrification potential were measured in the laboratory after four weeks of flooding stress and four weeks after the end of the stress, respectively. For the first time, we used multigroup latent structural equation modeling (ML-SEM) to explore the spatial structure of causal relations between nitrification stability and soil properties across all positions of the two silvopastoral systems. Results: Tree rows of both systems favored nitrification resistance, while the mean nitrification potential under flooded conditions was on average 27% and 35% higher as compared to non-stressed soils at the two positions assessed in the grass alleys. ML-SEM revealed that the causal relations that explained these results differed between the two systems. The ML-SEM models tested were unable to explain the causal relations in the hedgerow system. However, the model that considered a covariance between soil physical properties and soil resources availability (model A) was able to explain them in the alley-cropping system. It revealed that causal relations explaining nitrification stability varied according to the position relative to the trees: in the tree rows nitrification stability was associated with higher soil organic carbon concentration and earthworm abundance; in the grass alleys it was associated with higher soil organic carbon concentration and soil bulk density. Conclusions: This study indicates that silvopastoral systems help regulate the N cycle near the trees. The results further imply that improvements in soil organic carbon concentration and soil bulk density favor the regulation of N-related processes in grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated crotamine (CTA), a peptide derived from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, known for its exceptional cell penetration potential. The objective was to explore the antibacterial and antifungal activity of CTA, its ability to inhibit efflux pumps and evaluate the effectiveness of its pharmacological combination with antibiotics and antifungals. In microbiological assays, CTA in combination with antibiotics was tested against strains of S. aureus and the inhibition of NorA, Tet(K) and MepA efflux pumps was also evaluated. CTA alone did not present clinically relevant direct antibacterial action, presenting MIC > 209.7 µM against strains S. aureus 1199B, IS-58, K2068. The standard efflux pump inhibitor CCCP showed significant effects in all negative relationships to assay reproducibility. Against the S. aureus 1199B strain, CTA (20.5 µM) associated with norfloxacin diluted 10 × (320.67 µM) showed a potentiating effect, in relation to the control. Against the S. aureus IS-58 strain, the CTA associated with tetracycline did not show a significant combinatorial effect, either with 2304 or 230.4 µM tetracycline. CTA at a concentration of 2.05 µM associated with ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 309.4 µM showed a significant potentiating effect. In association with EtBr, CTA at concentrations of 2.05 and 20.5 µM potentiated the effect in all strains tested, reducing the prevention of NorA, Tet(K) and MepA efflux pumps. In the C. albicans strain, a potentiating effect of fluconazole (334.3 µM) was observed when combined with CTA (2.05 µM). Against the C. tropicalis strain, a significant effect was also observed in the association of fluconazole 334.3 µM, where CTA 2.05 µM considerably reduced fungal growth and decreased the potentiation of fluconazole. Against the C. krusei strain, no significant potentiating effect of fluconazole was obtained by CTA. Our results indicate that CTA in pharmacological combination potentiates the effects of antibiotics and antifungal. This represents a new and promising antimicrobial strategy for treating a wide variety of infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is a common cause of urinary tract infections and has shown increasing resistance to available antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides, such as Pardaxin, offer a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics due to their ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes through interaction with the lipid bilayer. This mode of action reduces the likelihood of resistance development compared to conventional antibiotics that target specific cellular processes. The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the Pardaxin peptide against both standard and clinical strains of E. coli. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as the standard strain, and 20 samples derived from patients were included in the study. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. Bacterial cultures were conducted on Mueller-Hinton agar, and the antimicrobial effect of the Pardaxin peptide was assessed using classic disk diffusion tests. During the disk diffusion test, a distinct area of no growth was observed surrounding the Pardaxin disks for both the standard and clinical strains. In the microdilution test, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Pardaxin was found to be 390 µg/ml for the clinical strain and 450 µg/ml for the standard strain. These concentrations are comparable to the 500 µg/ml concentration of erythromycin, indicating the antibacterial properties of Pardaxin against E. coli. The results of this study provide evidence for the antimicrobial properties of the Pardaxin peptide against both standard and clinical strains of E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing resistance of microbes to standard antibiotics is a major concern in the management of contagious infections and has led to an unprecedented increase in mortality rates. The identification of the microbial "superbugs" responsible for hospital-acquired pathogenic maladies has prompted a significant amount of research in recent years, with the hope of revealing potentially beneficial answers to the ensuing health challenges by leveraging on ethnomedicinal remedies. The antibacterial activity of phytophenols was demonstrated against a wide range of pathogens, including those that have developed resistance to conventional antibiotics via their aligning resistance mechanisms. Here, we have recapitulated the most important bacterial drug resistance pathways and elucidated the dynamics of the phytophenols in Thymus vulgaris, Piper nigrum, Nigella sativa, and Annona muricata in potentially hindering and disrupting the antibiotic resistance dynamics of microbial superbugs implicated in nosocomial infections. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of phytophenolic substances and their synergistic selectivity with chemotherapeutics validated an efficacy in combating antibiotic resistance mechanisms in microbial superbugs in-vitro. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance synthesis and polyphenolic interactions with microbial cellular pathways via antioxidant properties showed promising prospects in ameliorating the public health threat posed antibiotic-resistant superbugs. The major challenge in developing new phytochemicals with public health importance for microbial "superbugs" is the replication of in-vitro explorations via in-vivo experimentation and, ultimately, human medical testing for clinical trial. However, additional research is needed to confirm the activity pathways and stability of these phytoactive compounds, as a number of these phytoactives exhibit synergistic antimicrobial effects with chemotherapeutics.Article Highlights: The threat posed by antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" in healthcare settings is necessitated by high mortality owing to the public health challenges of recalcitrant microbes. The synergistic effects of phytophenols from Thymus vulgaris, Piper nigrum, Nigella sativa, and Annona muricata with chemotherapeutics demonstrate efficacy in combating antibiotic resistance mechanisms in microbial superbugs in-vitro.. Polyphenols interact with cellular microbial pathways, particularly through their antioxidant properties, to inhibit the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant superbugs effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aims to investigate the effect of combining silver nanoparticles (AGNPs) with different antibiotics on multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and to investigate the mechanism of action of AGNPs. Methods: AGNPs were prepared by reduction of silver nitrate using trisodium citrate and were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) in addition to an assessment of cytotoxicity. Clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected, and antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was calculated, and bacteria were categorized as MDR or XDR. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and AGNPs were determined. The mechanism of action of AGNPs was researched by evaluating their effect on biofilm formation, swarming motility, protease, gelatinase, and pyocyanin production. Real-time PCR was performed to investigate the effect on the expression of genes encoding various virulence factors. Results: TEM revealed the spherical shape of AGNPs with an average particle size of 10.84 ± 4.64 nm. AGNPS were safe, as indicated by IC50 (42.5 µg /ml). The greatest incidence of resistance was shown against ciprofloxacin which accounted for 43% of the bacterial isolates. Heterogonous resistance patterns were shown in 63 isolates out of the tested 107. The MAR indices ranged from 0.077 to 0.84. Out of 63 P. aeruginosa isolates, 12 and 13 were MDR and XDR, respectively. The MIC values of AGNPs ranged from 2.65 to 21.25 µg /ml. Combination of AGNPs with antibiotics reduced their MIC by 5–9, 2–9, and 3-10Fold in the case of gentamicin, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin, respectively, with synergism being evident. AGNPs produced significant inhibition of biofilm formation and decreased swarming motility, protease, gelatinase and pyocyanin production. PCR confirmed the finding, as shown by decreased expression of genes encoding various virulence factors. Conclusion: AGNPs augment gentamicin, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin against MDR and XDR Pseudomonas isolates. The efficacy of AGNPs can be attributed to their effect on the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa. The combination of AGNPs with antibiotics is a promising strategy to attack resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thorough analysis of the article describes the therapeutic potential of herbal treatments, such as ginger, papaya, bamboo shoots, and Plectranthus species, in addressing the complex issues of oxidative stress, microbial infections, and cancer. Innovative and comprehensive approaches to disease management are desperately needed in light of rising cancer rates and the advent of microbial resistance to traditional treatments. While papaya leaves contain a multitude of bioactive constituents, such as papain, chymopapain, and flavonoids, with demonstrated anticancer and antimicrobial effects, bamboo shoots, rich in bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Because of its bioactive ingredients, such as gingerol and shogaol, ginger, a popular culinary and medicinal herb, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential. Meanwhile, Plectranthus species possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties linked to substances like carvacrol and thymol. The combination of these herbal substances exhibits synergistic effects that offer potential routes for targeting many disease pathways, such as immune response modulation, tumour growth suppression, and oxidative damage mitigation. To further understand their modes of action, adjust dosage schedules, and assess their efficacy and safety in clinical settings, more study is necessary. Herbal medicines have great promise for enhancing health outcomes and reducing the worldwide burden of cancer, microbial resistance, and oxidative stress. They provide a natural and possibly beneficial supplement to conventional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of widespread antimicrobial resistance, the utilization of essential oils (EOs) derived from plants has emerged as a promising alternative in combating pathogens that have developed resistance to antibiotics. This review explores the therapeutic potential of essential oils as valuable tools in restoring the efficacy of antibiotics, highlighting their unique ability to affect bacteria in multiple ways and target various cellular systems. Despite the challenge of elucidating their precise mode of action, EOs have shown remarkable results in rigorous testing against a diverse range of bacteria. This review explores the multifaceted role of EOs in combating bacterial microorganisms, emphasizing their extraction methods, mechanisms of action, and comparative efficacy against synthetic antibiotics. Key findings underscore the unique strategies EOs deploy to counter bacteria, highlighting significant differences from conventional antibiotics. The review extends to advanced coating solutions for medical devices, exploring the integration of EO formulations into these coatings. Challenges in developing effective EO coatings are addressed, along with various innovative approaches for their implementation. An evaluation of these EO coatings reveals their potential as formidable alternatives to traditional antibacterial agents in medical device applications. This renaissance in exploring natural remedies emphasizes the need to combine traditional wisdom with modern scientific advancements to address the urgent need for effective antimicrobial solutions in the post-antibiotic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite years of research, technological advancements, and the widespread use of vaccines and antibiotics as tools to combat microbial threats to humans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections remain a serious threat to global healthcare systems. The challenge of MRSA is a result of the bacteria's remarkably rapid evolution and adaptation, building up a collection of resistance genes that defeat the mechanism of traditional antibiotics. Conventional antibiotics, including the most notable beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin and cephalosporin, are increasingly inadequate against the rapid adaptability and resistance of MRSA. Consequently, the scientific community's therapeutic arsenal for battling MRSA infections is becoming increasingly limited, necessitating innovative interventions. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with their precise targeting mechanisms and innate modifiability, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. By selectively interrupting bacterial processes and boosting innate immunological responses, AMPs offer a multifaceted strategy. Modern biotechnological and bioinformatics advancements have enabled the refinement of AMPs for improved efficacy. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate facets of MRSA pathogenicity, determinants of resistance, foundational tenets of peptide-based therapeutics, and recent scientific breakthroughs. A comprehensive analysis of the current research landscape, clinical implications, and persistent challenges underscores the potential of precisely tailored peptides as formidable weapons for counteracting the enduring threat of MRSA infections.

Background: Oral mucositis as a complication of chemotherapy has posed significant challenges to the quality of life in cancer patients. Tricyclic antidepressants, including nortriptyline can control the pain caused by mucositis by inhibiting sodium channels. Since patient compliance and rapid drug effect are the goals of the proposed formulation, it was decided to prepare and evaluate a nortriptyline mouthwash according to the United States Pharmacopeia. Methods: Based on the pharmacopeia, the necessary excipients in the nortriptyline mouthwash were determined, and the amount of each was specified. After validating the UV spectrophotometric technique, drug interaction with the mouthwash container was investigated. In addition to measuring the aqueous activity, necessary microbiological tests were also performed. Results: The UV spectroscopy method validation for nortriptyline was performed at the obtained maximum absorption wavelength (238.5 nm). The findings of the investigation of the interaction of polyethylene terephthalate container with nortriptyline indicate almost no drug adsorption into the internal part of the mouthwash container over 28 days. The results of antibacterial and antifungal/antimycotic tests were within the standard range of the United States Pharmacopeia. The mouthwash's aqueous activity was also found to be 0.81, indicating an unfavorable environment for microbial growth. Conclusion: This study has shown that the prepared nortriptyline mouthwash meets microbiological resistance standards and there is no interaction between the active drug ingredient and the proposed container. Therefore, this formulation can be suggested as a promising candidate for clinical exploration.

Multidrug microbial resistance is risking an annual loss of more than 10 million people’ lives by 2050. Solutions include the rational use of antibiotics and the use of drugs that reduce resistance or completely obliterate them. Here endophytes come to play due to their high-yield production and inherent nature to produce antimicrobial molecules. Around 40%, 45% and 17% of antibacterial agents were obtained from fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, respectively, whose secondary metabolites revealed effectiveness against resistant microbes such as MRSA, MRSE, and Shigella flexneri. Endophyte’s role was not confined to bactericidal effect but extended to other mechanisms against MDR microbes, among which was the adjuvant role or the “magic bullets". Scarce focus was given to antibiotic adjuvants, and many laboratories today just screen for the antimicrobial activity without considering combinations with traditional antibiotics, which means real loss of promising resistance combating molecules. While some examples of synthetic adjuvants were introduced in the last decade, the number is still far from covering the disused antibiotics and restoring them back to clinical use. The data compiled in this article demonstrated the significance of quorum sensing as a foreseen mechanism for adjuvants from endophytes secondary metabolites, which call for urgent in-depth studies of their molecular mechanisms. This review, comprehensively and for the first time, sheds light on the significance of endophytes secondary metabolites in solving AMR problem as AB adjuvants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background. Irrational and excessive use of antimicrobials drugs (AMD) creates conditions for the development of a global crisis of health systems around the world associated with antibiotic resistance. Aim. To conduct a retrospective study of the impact of the use of AMD on the change in the microbiological landscape and the sensitivity of microorganisms in the conditions of pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in 2020–2021 in intensive care departments (ICD) of a multidisciplinary hospital. Materials and methods. In the course of the work, strains of microorganisms isolated from patients and from the surfaces of the hospital environment and changes in their sensitivity to significant groups of AMD in ICD for somatic and infectious patients with COVID-19 were compared. The sensitivity of the isolates was evaluated in accordance with the criteria of requirements of European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – EUCAST, version 10.0, 2020. Results. A total of 1,394 isolates were studied, including 1,379 clinical and 15 isolates from the surfaces of the hospital environment. It was found that in all ICD in 2020–2021, gram-negative microorganisms prevailed in infectious loci in 70% of cases or more. In 2021, in the ICD in infectious patients with COVID-19, the persistent dominance of the Acinetobacter baumannii microorganism was revealed with an increase in the number of poly- and pan-resistant strains – 48.7%. While in the ICD for somatic patients Klebsiella Pneumoniae prevailed among gram-negative microorganisms – 37.5% in 2020 and 43.7% in 2021. It has been shown that in one department or in adjacent departments of the same medical institution, various nosocomial microorganisms with an unequal set of resistance genes and sensitivity to AMD may appear over time. Conclusion. The necessity of conducting constant microbiological monitoring and a passport of the medical department with mandatory registration of not only isolated strains of microorganisms, but also resistance genes in order to optimize the appointment of timely adequate empirical antimicrobial therapy is substantiated. The period of the latter should be as short as possible, and confirmed by convincing clinical signs of bacterial infection, and subsequently by the isolation of nosocomial flora from the biomaterial of critical loci from patients.

Abstract Background Multidrug-resistant bacterial strains cause several serious infections that can be fatal, such as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae (often referred to as ESKAPE pathogens). Since ancient times, several indigenous medical systems in India have utilized diverse medicinal plants (approximately 80,000 species) as conventional treatments for a variety of illnesses. A member of the Fabaceae family, also referred to as “Himalayan indigo,” Indigofera heterantha Wall, is well known for its therapeutic properties. Methods The present study investigated the antibacterial, antifungal and antihelmintic properties of the roots, bark, leaves, and flowers of I. heterantha from the Kashmir Himalayas. The effectiveness of the extracts against bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. Three of the tested organisms for bacteria were ESKAPE pathogens, as they are responsible for creating fatal bacterial infections. The antifungal potency of I. heterantha aqueous and methanolic extracts was evaluated using the Agar Well Diffusion Assay. The antihelmintic activity was carried out on an adult Pheretima posthuma Indian earth worm, which shares physiological and anatomical similarities with human intestinal roundworm parasites. Results The methanolic extracts of root and bark have shown prominent activity against all bacterial strains, whereas aqueous extracts of flower, root, and leaves have shown promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous extract demonstrated good activity against S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 200 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm, while the methanolic extract displayed comparable activity against the fungal strains. The remaining two strains, P. crysogenum and A. fumigatus, were only moderately active in response to the extracts. All the extracts have shown anthelmintic activity except aqueous flower. Conclusion These results will pave the way for the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive constituents that may act as hits for further development as potential antibacterial agents against drug-resistant microbial and helminthic infections.

Orthopedic infections are challenging pathologies that impose a heavy burden on patients and the healthcare system. Antimicrobial therapy is a critical component of the successful management of orthopedic infections, but its effectiveness depends on patient-, surgery-, drug-, and hospital-related factors. The dramatic increase in the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbial strains necessitates new clinical approaches in order to prevent or limit this phenomenon and to ensure a favorable therapeutic outcome. The present paper reviews the currently available antimicrobial strategies in the management of orthopedic infections, highlighting their clinical use related to the occurrence of microbial resistance. Some approaches for reducing antibiotic resistance emergence in orthopedics are also presented. The use of antibiotics tailored to the microorganism’s sensitivity profile, patient factors, and pharmacokinetic profile in terms of monotherapy or combinations, the understanding of microbial pathogenicity and resistance patterns, strict control measures in healthcare facilities, the development of new antimicrobial therapies (drugs, devices, technologies), and patient education for improving compliance and tolerance are some of the most important tools for overcoming microbial resistance.

Background: The search for substances that can overcome microorganisms’ resistance and enhance the antimicrobial activity of given products has attracted the attention of researchers. Eucalyptus wood vinegar (WV) is a promising product for developing alternative antimicrobials. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether the production of WV in the co-pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood with aromatic herbs would incorporate compounds from them into WV and if that would enhance its antimicrobial action. Methodology: WV was produced alone and through co-pyrolysis with marjoram (Origanum majorana), Peruvian oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Turkish oregano (Origanum onites) at a proportion of 25% of herbs to the bone-dry wood weight. The antimicrobial effects were assessed against strains of gram-negative and -positive bacteria, and Candida glabrata. Microorganisms’ colony growth in agar had their absorbances recorded after inoculation and incubation. Chemical characterization of the new products was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results: After coproduction, there were relevant chemical changes concerning the original WV. Thymol, for instance, was incorporated into the WV through co-pyrolysis with marjoram, Peruvian and Turkish oregano, and thyme. The coproducts were more efficient than the WV produced only with wood, with thyme-incorporated products having the highest efficiency. This can be attributed to the increase and incorporation of the substances after coproduction, and particularly the role of thymol in enhancing the antimicrobial action. Conclusion: Given the results, the co-production of WV with eucalyptus wood and aromatic herbs has the potential to provide alternative antimicrobial products.

Abstract Biological resistance to pesticides, vaccines, antibiotics, and chemotherapies creates huge costs to society, including extensive morbidity and mortality. We simultaneously face costly resistance to social changes, such as those required to resolve human–wildlife conflicts and conserve biodiversity and the biosphere. Viewing resistance as a force that impedes change from one state to another, we suggest that an analysis of biological resistance can provide unique and potentially testable insights into understanding resistance to social changes. We review key insights from managing biological resistance and develop a framework that identifies seven strategies to overcome resistance. We apply this framework to consider how it might be used to understand social resistance and generate potentially novel hypotheses that may be useful to both enhance the development of strategies to manage resistance and modulate change in socio‐ecological systems.

Background and purpose: Hospital infections remain a significant health concern despite advancements in treatment methods. The emergence and spread of pathogens with multiple resistance remain a global health issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infections and determine the antibiotic resistance pattern in Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital, Mazandaran. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital in Mazandaran province during 2016-2017. Positive cultures from hospitalized patients were used as samples and subjected to antibiotic resistance pattern analysis using the disk diffusion method. Results: Out of the 672 hospitalized patients in different wards, the infectious ward had the highest frequency distribution of patients (40%). The most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (26.2%), Acinetobacter baumannii (14.7%), Enterobacter (14.1%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (13.5%), and Citrobacter (12.8%). The pathogens were highly resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, beta-lactamase inhibitors, and carbapenems. Conclusion: It was found that the most frequently isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli. The emergence of Citrobacter with high antibiotic resistance can possibly be attributed to a shift in the prevalence pattern of microorganisms within this hospital

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the health, social, and economic systems, triggering lasting damage and exposing the complexity of the problem beyond just being a health emergency. This crisis has highlighted the need for a comprehensive and collaborative strategy to successfully counter infectious diseases and other global challenges. With the COVID-19 pandemic pushing One Health to the forefront of global health and sustainable development agendas, this concept has emerged as a potential approach for addressing these challenges. In the context of COVID-19, this study investigates global knowledge about One Health by examining its state, significant contributions, and future directions. It seeks to offer an integrated framework of insights guiding the development of well-informed decisions. A comprehensive search using the Scopus database was conducted, employing specific terms related to One Health and COVID-19. VOSviewer 1.6.19 software was used to generate network visualization maps. Countries' research output was adjusted based on their gross domestic product (GDP) and population size. The study identified a total of 527 publications. The United States led with 134 documents (25.4%), but India topped the adjusted ranking. One Health journal stood as the most common outlet for disseminating knowledge (49 documents; 9.3%), while Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United States emerged as the most prolific institution (13 documents; 2.5%). Key topics were related to the virus transmission mechanisms, climate change impacts, antimicrobial resistance, ecosystem health, preparedness, collaboration, community engagement, and developing of efficient surveillance systems. The study emphasizes how critical it is to capitalize on the present momentum of COVID-19 to advance One Health concepts. Integrating social and environmental sciences, and a variety of professions for better interaction and collaboration is crucial. Additionally, increased funding for developing countries, and legislative empowerment are vital to advance One Health and boost disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, we collected swine feces at different physiological stages for macrogenomic sequencing. By comparing the sequencing results of the samples, we analyzed the differences in microbial species in these samples at different physiological states. In addition, we also compared the differences in drug-resistance genes among different samples in order to provide a basis for the development of scientific pig breeding policies and management measures. We analyzed metagenome data of feces from sows at different physiological periods reared on large-scale farms in Anhui Province, China, to provide a better understanding of the microbial diversity of the sow intestinal microbiome and the structure of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes it carries. Species annotation of the metagenome showed that in the porcine intestinal microbiome, bacteria were dominant, representing >97% of the microorganisms at each physiological period. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominated the bacterial community. In the porcine gut microbiome, the viral component accounted for an average of 0.65%, and the species annotation results indicated that most viruses were phages. In addition, we analyzed the microbiome for ARGs and virulence genes. Multidrug-like, MLS-like, and tetracycline-like ARGs were most abundant in all samples. Evaluation of the resistance mechanisms indicated that antibiotic inactivation was the main mechanism of action in the samples. It is noteworthy that there was a significant positive correlation between ARGs and the total microbiome. Moreover, comparative analysis with the Virulence Factor Database showed that adhesion virulence factors were most abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multidrug-resistant bacterial strains cause several serious infections that can be fatal, such as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae (often referred to as ESKAPE pathogens). Since ancient times, several indigenous medical systems in India have utilized diverse medicinal plants (approximately 80,000 species) as conventional treatments for a variety of illnesses. A member of the Fabaceae family, also referred to as "Himalayan indigo," Indigofera heterantha Wall, is well known for its therapeutic properties. Methods: The present study investigated the antibacterial, antifungal and antihelmintic properties of the roots, bark, leaves, and flowers of I. heterantha from the Kashmir Himalayas. The effectiveness of the extracts against bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. Three of the tested organisms for bacteria were ESKAPE pathogens, as they are responsible for creating fatal bacterial infections. The antifungal potency of I. heterantha aqueous and methanolic extracts was evaluated using the Agar Well Diffusion Assay. The antihelmintic activity was carried out on an adult Pheretima posthuma Indian earth worm, which shares physiological and anatomical similarities with human intestinal roundworm parasites. Results: The methanolic extracts of root and bark have shown prominent activity against all bacterial strains, whereas aqueous extracts of flower, root, and leaves have shown promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous extract demonstrated good activity against S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 200 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm, while the methanolic extract displayed comparable activity against the fungal strains. The remaining two strains, P. crysogenum and A. fumigatus, were only moderately active in response to the extracts. All the extracts have shown anthelmintic activity except aqueous flower. Conclusion: These results will pave the way for the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive constituents that may act as hits for further development as potential antibacterial agents against drug-resistant microbial and helminthic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobials are drugs that, when widely used or used incorrectly, can confer characteristics to the microorganism, making it resistant to treatment. Some microorganisms are becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antimicrobials. Therefore, virgin coconut oil emerges as a natural, economically viable, abundant alternative that has low potential to create microbial resistance, helping to inhibit these common pathogens. However, there are still few studies that demonstrate its antimicrobial activity to define its effectiveness. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of virgin coconut oil against pathogenic skin microorganisms and those that cause urinary tract infections, including fungi and Gram-positive and negative bacteria. For this purpose, the serial microdilution method was used in broth in 96-well plates with different concentrations of the product applied against Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, Staphylococcus aureus, Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. It was possible to conclude that S. aureus was the microorganism that was most inhibited among the microorganisms tested, with 0.25 mM of lauric acid in virgin coconut oil being the inhibitory concentration of 30% of its growth and C. albicans was the microorganism that was least inhibited by virgin coconut oil. The rest of the microorganisms did not show satisfactory degrees of inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pig productivity in Brazil has advanced a lot in recent decades. Specialized breeds are more vulnerable to pathogens, which has boosted the use of antimicrobials by farmers. The selective pressure generated favors the emergence of resistant bacteria, which compromises the effectiveness of this treatment and limits therapeutic options. In addition to increasing costs and mortality rates in the production system, public awareness of this issue has increased. The authorities have imposed restrictive measures to control the use of antimicrobials and have banned their use as growth promoters. This literature review highlights biosecurity and animal welfare to prevent pig diseases. Hence, we describe alternatives to the use of antimicrobials in pig production for the selection of effective non-antibiotic feed additives that help maintain good health and help the pig resist disease when infection occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of multidrug-resistant organisms has significantly complicated the clinical management of urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in the context of pregnancy. This study aimed to identify and analyze the significant differences in microbial species and multidrug resistance patterns associated with UTIs in preterm versus full-term births, determine the bacterial species significantly associated with preterm birth, and describe the antibiotic resistance patterns affecting pregnant women with UTIs. This case–control study was conducted in western Romania and focused on pregnant women with UTIs admitted from 2019 to 2023. Data were retrospectively collected from 308 patients with positive cultures. Statistical analyses, including the Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression models, were employed to compare the proportions of microbial species and resistance patterns between preterm (n = 126) and full-term (n = 182) birth groups and identify factors independently associated with preterm birth. The study found no significant differences in demographic or lifestyle factors between the groups. However, significant differences were observed in several infection and inflammation markers. The median white blood cell count was higher in the preterm group (12.3 vs. 9.1, p = 0.032), and the median C-reactive protein level was significantly higher in the preterm group (18 vs. 7, p < 0.001). The preterm group exhibited a higher incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms, notably ESBL-producing organisms (19.8% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.001) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (4.8% with p = 0.003). Notably, the resistance to amoxicillin was significantly higher in the preterm group (20.6% vs. 6.6%, p < 0.001). Significant bacterial associations with preterm births included Group B Streptococcus (OR 2.5, p = 0.001) and Enterobacter spp. (OR 1.8, p = 0.022). The study confirmed significant differences in microbial species and multidrug resistance patterns between UTIs associated with preterm and full-term births. The higher prevalence of certain bacteria and increased resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the preterm group underscore the need for tailored antimicrobial therapies and robust microbial identification in managing UTIs during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of widespread antimicrobial resistance, the utilization of essential oils (EOs) derived from plants has emerged as a promising alternative in combating pathogens that have developed resistance to antibiotics. This review explores the therapeutic potential of essential oils as valuable tools in restoring the efficacy of antibiotics, highlighting their unique ability to affect bacteria in multiple ways and target various cellular systems. Despite the challenge of elucidating their precise mode of action, EOs have shown remarkable results in rigorous testing against a diverse range of bacteria. This review explores the multifaceted role of EOs in combating bacterial microorganisms, emphasizing their extraction methods, mechanisms of action, and comparative efficacy against synthetic antibiotics. Key findings underscore the unique strategies EOs deploy to counter bacteria, highlighting significant differences from conventional antibiotics. The review extends to advanced coating solutions for medical devices, exploring the integration of EO formulations into these coatings. Challenges in developing effective EO coatings are addressed, along with various innovative approaches for their implementation. An evaluation of these EO coatings reveals their potential as formidable alternatives to traditional antibacterial agents in medical device applications. This renaissance in exploring natural remedies emphasizes the need to combine traditional wisdom with modern scientific advancements to address the urgent need for effective antimicrobial solutions in the post-antibiotic era.

Tetraclinis articulata is a known traditional medicinal plant used to manage various ailments, such as diabetes, rheumatism and infectious diseases. This study aims to determine the chemical constituents of T. articulata essential oil (EO) and to evaluate its in vitro antibacterial, anti-candidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and dermatoprotective properties. In addition, a computational docking approach was used to predict the potential antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of the identified compounds. The volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of T. articulata EO was investigated using three complementary assays: DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and tyrosinase enzymes were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and dermatoprotective effects of this oil. Moreover, disc-diffusion technique, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were employed for the antimicrobial screening. The GC-MS analysis revealed that bornyl acetate (41.80 %), α-pinene (17.97 %) and camphor (15.97 %) are the major components of the studied EO. Moreover, T. articulata EO has exhibited promising antioxidant effect on FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS experiments. It also significantly inhibited 5-LOX (IC50 = 67.82 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 211.93 ± 0.02 μg/mL). The results of MIC and MBC assays indicated that T. articulata EO is able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria (Gram + and Gram -) and Candida species. The ratio of tolerance level indicated that the tested oil was bactericidal against the Gram + bacteria and Candida species, whereas it has a bacteriostatic behavior against the Gram− bacteria. In light of these findings, T. articulata EO may be suggested as a potential pharmaceutical agent to prevent inflammation and skin problems and may serve as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant alternative for sustainable application in food products.

Foodborne bacterial pathogens represent a significant risk to public health, especially in the meat industry, where contamination is common due to the nature of meat processing and handling. Among the most concerning challenges are the formation of biofilms by these pathogens on surfaces in processing environments. Biofilms are clusters of bacteria encased in a self-produced matrix of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), which make the bacteria more resistant to conventional cleaning methods, antibiotics and disinfectants. This article explores the main foodborne bacterial pathogens in the meat industry, the role of biofilm formation in contamination persistence and current strategies to mitigate these risks. It also examines the latest developments in bacterial control technologies, the use of antimicrobial agents and improved sanitation techniques, alongside regulatory frameworks that aim to ensure safer meat products. Ultimately, effective intervention strategies can help reduce the prevalence of foodborne illnesses, improving both consumer health and industry standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principles of creating biomedical materials based on biopolymers and their compositions for various medical applications are considered. The direction of creating materials with antimicrobial activity is especially emphasized using the example of polyhydroxyalkanoates. These biopolymers and composites based on them are most frequently used in the production of medical devices. Polyhydroxyalkanoates as a class of biopolymers, as well as polyhydroxybutyrate, the representative of this class most suitable for biomedical use, are analyzed in the context of increasing resistance to microorganisms. Progress in this direction achieved in recent years is reported. The influence of the supramolecular and molecular structure of the materials on the ability to biodegrade in the environment and a living organism is considered. The advantage of mixtures of biopolymers for achieving high degradation rates in comparison with the original polymers is noted. Promising antiseptics based on porphyrin metal complexes in combination with biopolymer nonwoven fibrous matrices are demonstrated. Characteristic features of preclinical tests of antiseptic materials are considered. A conclusion is drawn that the structural organization of a polymeric material or composite determines the level of intermolecular interactions during the formation of the material and thereby programs the set of functional properties and mechanism of degradation under the influence of aggressive external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological resistance to pesticides, vaccines, antibiotics, and chemotherapies creates huge costs to society, including extensive morbidity and mortality. We simultaneously face costly resistance to social changes, such as those required to resolve human–wildlife conflicts and conserve biodiversity and the biosphere. Viewing resistance as a force that impedes change from one state to another, we suggest that an analysis of biological resistance can provide unique and potentially testable insights into understanding resistance to social changes. We review key insights from managing biological resistance and develop a framework that identifies seven strategies to overcome resistance. We apply this framework to consider how it might be used to understand social resistance and generate potentially novel hypotheses that may be useful to both enhance the development of strategies to manage resistance and modulate change in socio‐ecological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review evaluated plant extracts' effectiveness in treating and disinfecting water. According to data analysis, plant secondary metabolites with complex mechanisms of action are not widely used in water treatment. Only around 25% of studies reported the use of plant extracts for water purification, compared to almost three-quarters that reported antibacterial activity. Therefore, more research into plant-based technologies to cleanse and treat drinkable and safe water is required. According to reports, plants' seeds and flowers were employed in about half of the studies (24.53% and 20.75%, respectively), but less study has been done on how to use their bulbs, resin, bark, and tubers. Limited application of plant exists in developing associated products for water treatment because of the plant's availability, difficult extraction methods, lack of standardization, need for purification, slow rate of action, poor water solubility and yield of plant extract. This has caused a gap in the adoption for large and industrial scale applications. The technology needs to be improved so that it can be used in industrial settings more widely. Genomic, metabolomic, and proteomic methodologies need to be used for phytobiotic standardization. Water can be treated using plant products, but there are limitations. These limitations must be improved to increase acceptance of these products in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Hospital infections remain a significant health concern despite advancements in treatment methods. The emergence and spread of pathogens with multiple resistance remain a global health issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infections and determine the antibiotic resistance pattern in Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital, Mazandaran. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital in Mazandaran province during 2016-2017. Positive cultures from hospitalized patients were used as samples and subjected to antibiotic resistance pattern analysis using the disk diffusion method. Results: Out of the 672 hospitalized patients in different wards, the infectious ward had the highest frequency distribution of patients (40%). The most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (26.2%), Acinetobacter baumannii (14.7%), Enterobacter (14.1%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (13.5%), and Citrobacter (12.8%). The pathogens were highly resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, beta-lactamase inhibitors, and carbapenems. Conclusion: It was found that the most frequently isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli. The emergence of Citrobacter with high antibiotic resistance can possibly be attributed to a shift in the prevalence pattern of microorganisms within this hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a global public threat. However, it remains poorly investigated in the context of periodontal therapy. The aim of the study was to investigate the complete diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in a German population. Methods: Thirty‐nine volunteers with periodontitis contributed to the present study with one to four periodontal pockets for a total of 124 subgingival samples. Samples were analyzed using shotgun metagenomics. Results: A total of 19 antibiotic resistance genes from six antibiotic classes were detected in subgingival biofilm. Two thirds of the volunteers (n = 26/39) showed antibiotic resistance genes for at least one of the antibiotic classes used for periodontal treatment in dental practice or research: beta‐lactam, lincosamide, macrolide, nitroimidazole, and tetracycline. Macrolide was the most abundant class detected (21/39 patients). Conclusions: Findings from our study suggest a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in periodontal pockets from German volunteers. We recommend the development and broader use of molecular diagnostic tests for antibiotic resistance in dental practice to ensure treatment success and to minimize antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the bacterial composition of boar ejaculate has been extensively studied, the bacterial composition of extended boar semen is often overlooked, despite the potential risks these microorganisms may pose to the long-term preservation of extended boar semen at 15-17 ℃. In this study, we characterized the bacterial community composition of extended semen and discovered that Pseudomonas spp. was the dominant flora. The dominant strains were further isolated and identified as a potential new species in the Pseudomonas fluorescens group and named GXZC strain, which had adverse effects on sperm quality and was better adapted to growth at 17 ℃. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the GXZC strain was resistant to all commonly used veterinary antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and genome annotation revealed the large genetic structure and function [7,253,751 base pairs and 6,790 coding sequences (CDSs)]. Comparative genomic analysis with the closest type strains showed that the GXZC strain predictedmore diversity of intrinsic and acquired resistance genes to multi-antimicrobial agents. Taken together, our study highlights a problem associated with the long-term storage of extended boar semen caused by a P. fluorescens group strain with unique biological characteristics. It is essential to develop a newantibacterial solution for the long-termpreservation of boar semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms of the bacterial response to biocides are poorly understood, despite their broad application. To identify the genetic basis and pathways implicated in the biocide stress response, we exposed Escherichia coli populations to 10 ubiquitous biocides. By comparing the transcriptional responses between a short-term exposure (30 min) and a long-term exposure (8 to 12 h) to biocide stress, we established the common gene and pathway clusters that are implicated in general and biocide-specific stress responses. Our analysis revealed a temporal choreography, starting from the upregulation of chaperones to the subsequent repression of motility and chemotaxis pathways and the induction of an anaerobic pool of enzymes and biofilm regulators. A systematic analysis of the transcriptional data identified a zur-regulated gene cluster to be highly active in the stress response against sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, presenting a link between the biocide stress response and zinc homeostasis. Susceptibility assays with knockout mutants further validated our findings and provide clear targets for downstream investigation of the implicated mechanisms of action.IMPORTANCE Antiseptics and disinfectant products are of great importance to control and eliminate pathogens, especially in settings such as hospitals and the food industry. Such products are widely distributed and frequently poorly regulated. Occasional outbreaks have been associated with microbes resistant to such compounds, and researchers have indicated potential cross-resistance with antibiotics. Despite that, there are many gaps in knowledge about the bacterial stress response and the mechanisms of microbial resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants. We investigated the stress response of the bacterium Escherichia coli to 10 common disinfectant and antiseptic chemicals to shed light on the potential mechanisms of tolerance to such compounds.

The mechanisms of the bacterial response to biocides are poorly understood, despite their broad application. To identify the genetic basis and pathways implicated in the biocide stress response, we exposed Escherichia coli populations to 10 ubiquitous biocides. By comparing the transcriptional responses between a short-term exposure (30 min) and a long-term exposure (8 to 12 h) to biocide stress, we established the common gene and pathway clusters that are implicated in general and biocide-specific stress responses. Our analysis revealed a temporal choreography, starting from the upregulation of chaperones to the subsequent repression of motility and chemotaxis pathways and the induction of an anaerobic pool of enzymes and biofilm regulators. A systematic analysis of the transcriptional data identified a zur-regulated gene cluster to be highly active in the stress response against sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, presenting a link between the biocide stress response and zinc homeostasis. Susceptibility assays with knockout mutants further validated our findings and provide clear targets for downstream investigation of the implicated mechanisms of action.IMPORTANCE Antiseptics and disinfectant products are of great importance to control and eliminate pathogens, especially in settings such as hospitals and the food industry. Such products are widely distributed and frequently poorly regulated. Occasional outbreaks have been associated with microbes resistant to such compounds, and researchers have indicated potential cross-resistance with antibiotics. Despite that, there are many gaps in knowledge about the bacterial stress response and the mechanisms of microbial resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants. We investigated the stress response of the bacterium Escherichia coli to 10 common disinfectant and antiseptic chemicals to shed light on the potential mechanisms of tolerance to such compounds.

On October 17, 2020, China officially passed the Biosafety Law of the People's Republic of China, which lists biosecurity as an important part of national security and clarifies the important status of biosafety. The development of public health has received wide attention in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. By expounding the scope of biosafety and public health, we review current biosafety risks in the field of public health in China from the aspects of emerging infectious disease outbreaks, laboratory biosafety and microbial resistance for providing a reference to relevant studies and practices.

Objective(s): Biofilm-associated infections are challenging to manage or treat since the biofilm matrix is impenetrable to most antibiotics. Therefore, the best approach to deal with biofilm infections is to interrupt the construction during the initial levels. Biofilm formation has been regulated through the quorum sensing (QS) network, making it an attractive target for any antibacterial therapy. Materials and Methods: Here, some coumarin members, including umbelliprenin, 4-farnesyloxycoumarin, gummosin, samarcandin, farnesifrol A, B, C, and auraptan, have been assessed as QS inhibitors in silico and in vitro. Their potential inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and virulence factor production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were evaluated. Results: First, the interaction of these compounds was investigated against one of the major transcriptional regulator proteins, PqsR, using molecular docking and structural analysis methodology. After that, in vitro evaluations indicated that 4-farnesyloxycoumarin and farnesifrol B showed considerable reduction in biofilm formation (62% and 56%, respectively), virulence factor production, and synergistic effects with tobramycin. Moreover, 4-farnesyloxycoumarin significantly (99.5%) reduced PqsR gene expression.Conclusion: The biofilm formation test, virulence factors production assays, gene expression analysis, and molecular dynamic simulations data demonstrated that coumarin derivatives are a potential anti-QS family through PqsR inhibition.

Biofilm-forming bacteria have sent alarms to the world about the emerging of bacterial resistance. Gentamycin is an aminoglycoside broad-spectrum antibiotic used against microbial infections. The transdermal drug delivery method is a major system used to reduce drug toxicity and avoid first-pass metabolism. Gentamycin was formulated in a transdermal polymeric formula using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Chitosan in the presence of palmitic acid as a permeation enhancer. In this research, gentamycin extended drug release behavior was successfully done in different polymeric formulas containing (HPMC/PVP) and (HPMC/Chitosan), with a maximum drug release of

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential elements of thehost defense system. Characterized by heterogenous structures and broad‐spectrumaction, they are promising candidates for combating multidrug resistance. Thecombined use of AMPs with other antimicrobial agents provides a new arsenal ofdrugs with synergistic action, thereby overcoming the drawback of monotherapiesduring infections. AMPs kill microbes via pore formation, thus inhibitingintracellular functions. This mechanism of action by AMPs is an advantage overantibiotics as it hinders the development of drug resistance. The synergisticeffect of AMPs will allow the repurposing of conventional antimicrobials andenhance their clinical outcomes, reduce toxicity, and, most significantly,prevent the development of resistance. In this review, various synergies ofAMPs with antimicrobials and miscellaneous agents are discussed. The effect ofstructural diversity and chemical modification on AMP properties is firstaddressed and then different combinations that can lead to synergistic action,whether this combination is between AMPs and antimicrobials, or AMPs andmiscellaneous compounds, are attended. This review can serve as guidance whenredesigning and repurposing the use of AMPs in combination with other antimicrobialagents for enhanced clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]