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The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most important pests and causes major damage to cultivated plants in Turkey. It has recently become a serious problem in Antalya (southwestern Turkey) due to its high resistance to insecticides used. To address this problem, the present study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of five indigenous Beuveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) isolates (BbFn-2, BbKm-2, BbSr-2, BbDs-4, and BbDm-2) with high virulence in previous studies against the pest. All the isolates were tested at five different conidial concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 conidia mL−1) against the nymphs and adults of A. gossypii using Petri dish and pot trials in the laboratory. The results from the bioassays showed that virulence of the isolates increased significantly with elapsed time up to 10 days after inoculation. All five B. bassiana isolates at the highest concentration (1 × 109 conidia mL−1) caused mortalities ranged from 83.3% to 100% in both nymphs and adults 10 days post-treatment. While the LT50 and LT95 values of the isolates were 1.72–2.12 days and 4.81–8.49 days, respectively, for the nymphs, they were calculated for the adults as 1.65–2.54 days and 4.66–12.93 days, respectively. Results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that these five B. bassiana isolates had high similarities (ranging from 99 to 100%) with the other B. bassiana isolates in GenBank. All the results suggest that above-mentioned five indigenous B. bassiana isolates have significant biocontrol potential against A. gossypii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Investigating new microbial control agents to overcome the use of chemical insecticides is of utmost importance to control Myzus persicae, the main vector of Beet Mild Yellow Virus (BMYV). Our study explored the efficiency of two Beauveria bassiana isolates (GHA and GxABT-1) against M. persicae and on the transmission of BMYV. After 8 days (post fungal spray), a mortality rate of more than 90% was registered among treated M. persicae. The impact of these fungi as endophytes on the BMYV-M. persicae association was assessed by (1) treating sugar beet seeds with fungal suspensions, (2) proving the ability of the fungi to colonize the plant, (3) studying the impact on the aphid's life cycle and its attraction towards plants, and (4) evaluating the virus load in treated plants. The fungi were able to colonize all parts of the plant, which led to alterations in the aphids' life cycle and their attractiveness to the plant. Although the fungi were not able to prevent virus transmission, the viral load appears to be reduced. We suggest performing the experiments on a larger scale and using different methods to inoculate the plants to explore whether the efficiency of the tested fungi could be enhanced. Within the context of ecofriendly alternatives to neonicotinoids, we explored the direct and endophytic potential of two Beauveria bassiana isolates, GHA from BotaniGard and the new endemic isolate GxABT-1, against the Sugar Beet Mild Yellow Virus (BMYV)-Myzus persicae pathosystem. A mortality rate of 96 and 91% was registered after 8 days of treatment with GHA and Gx-ABT-1, respectively. To assess the endophytic impact, sugar beet seeds were treated, and the ability of the fungi to colonize the plant was assessed and correlated with the aphids' (1) life cycle, (2) attraction towards the plants, and (3) ability to transmit BMYV. Both fungi colonized the plants, and the GxABT-1 isolate impaired the aphids' life cycle. Myzus persicae were more attracted to leaf discs from non-treated plants than to the fungal-treated ones. Interestingly, when the choice test dealt only with the fungal treatments, aphids were more attracted to leaves from plants harboring Gx-ABT-1 than those with GHA. Moreover, no significant impact was observed for BMYV transmission despite the slight decrease in the viral load in GxABT-1 isolate-treated plants. Our findings constitute a baseline to delve more into the performance of the new endemic isolate B. bassiana in other pathosystems using different treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) is a major global pest, causing direct damage to plants and transmitting viral plant diseases. Management of T. vaporariorum is problematic because of widespread pesticide resistance, and many greenhouse growers rely on biological control agents to regulate T. vaporariorum populations. However, these are often slow and vary in efficacy, leading to subsequent application of chemical insecticides when pest populations exceed threshold levels. Combining chemical and biological pesticides has great potential but can result in different outcomes, from positive to negative interactions. In this study, we evaluated co-applications of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps farinosa and the chemical insecticide spiromesifen in laboratory bioassays. Complex interactions between the EPFs and insecticide were described using an ecotoxicological mixtures model, the MixTox analysis. Depending on the EPF and chemical concentrations applied, mixtures resulted in additivity, synergism, or antagonism in terms of total whitefly mortality. Combinations of B. bassiana and spiromesifen, compared to single treatments, increased the rate of kill by 5 days. Results indicate the potential for combined applications of EPF and spiromesifen as an effective integrated pest management strategy and demonstrate the applicability of the MixTox model to describe complex mixture interactions.

Waterborne microbial contamination poses significant threats to public health and environmental sustainability. Traditional water treatment methods, while effective to a certain extent, are often limited in their ability to completely eradicate microbial pathogens and mitigate emerging challenges such as disinfection by-products and microbial resistance. In recent years, nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates for microbial control in water treatment due to their unique physicochemical properties and antimicrobial efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the use of nanoparticles for microbial control in water treatment, focusing on their antimicrobial mechanisms, applications, and ecological implications. The review discusses the types of nanoparticles commonly used in water treatment, including silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and carbon-based nanoparticles, and examines their antimicrobial mechanisms, such as cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species generation, and interference with microbial metabolic processes. Furthermore, the review explores the applications of nanoparticles in the disinfection of drinking water, wastewater treatment, water purification in remote areas, and biofilm control. Additionally, the ecological implications of nanoparticle-based water treatment, including nanoparticle release into the environment, environmental persistence, toxicity to non-target organisms, and regulatory challenges, are critically evaluated. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in nanoparticle-based water treatment, such as enhanced nanoparticle synthesis and stability, development of sustainable treatment technologies, integration with conventional methods, and addressing knowledge gaps, are discussed. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of nanoparticles as innovative tools for addressing microbial contamination in water treatment while highlighting the need for further research and sustainable practices to ensure their safe and effective implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, contaminated water is responsible for over one million deaths globally. Microbiology leads other fields in the development of solutions to water contamination to reduce these deaths while advancing the achievement of SDG 6, which aims to ensure universal access to water and sanitation. This article explores hydrogel polymers as a solution to water contamination through microbial control. Using a systematic approach, this study collects, reviews, analyzes, and synthesizes the findings of studies on the structure, properties, and mechanisms used by hydrogel polymers in pathogen control in water systems, emphasizing recent advances in microbiology that have improved the antimicrobial properties of hydrogel polymers, enhanced their synthetic properties, and improved their overall ability to control the spread of pathogens in water. Other additional notable findings, including the applications of hydrogel polymers in water systems, the environmental implications of using the method to decontaminate and purify water for various purposes, and the regulatory standards needed to reinforce the viability and effectiveness of the adaptation of hydrogel polymers for the control of harmful or unwanted microorganisms in water systems, inform the presented inferences on the future of hydrogel technologies and new opportunities for the expansion of their commercial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) is a major global pest, causing direct damage to plants and transmitting viral plant diseases. Management of T. vaporariorum is problematic because of widespread pesticide resistance, and many greenhouse growers rely on biological control agents to regulate T. vaporariorum populations. However, these are often slow and vary in efficacy, leading to subsequent application of chemical insecticides when pest populations exceed threshold levels. Combining chemical and biological pesticides has great potential but can result in different outcomes, from positive to negative interactions. In this study, we evaluated co-applications of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps farinosa and the chemical insecticide spiromesifen in laboratory bioassays. Complex interactions between the EPFs and insecticide were described using an ecotoxicological mixtures model, the MixTox analysis. Depending on the EPF and chemical concentrations applied, mixtures resulted in additivity, synergism, or antagonism in terms of total whitefly mortality. Combinations of B. bassiana and spiromesifen, compared to single treatments, increased the rate of kill by 5 days. Results indicate the potential for combined applications of EPF and spiromesifen as an effective integrated pest management strategy and demonstrate the applicability of the MixTox model to describe complex mixture interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) are a significant group of insect pathogens that are used as microbial insecticides with distinct physiological mechanisms of pathogenicity. During our survey in the middle of March 2020 to early October 2022 on natural EPF as a biological control agent of the longhorn beetle (LHB) Osphranteria coerulescens, new isolates of EPFs were found on LHB larvae in apple orchards of Dargaz, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The nBLAST results of this these indigenous isolate indicated the highest similarity to Cladosporium sp. (Ascomycota: Davidiellaceae) with ON307222.1 access number and for EF-1α indicated the highest similarity to Cladosporium sp. with MH724951.1 access number. To assess the virulence of these indigenous isolates of EPF, a series of tests were conducted on the LHB larvae stages. Conidial concentrations 104, 105, 106, 107, and 108 (conidia/ml− 1) caused (10.21 ± 2.1), (23.44 ± 2.4), (28.72 ± 2.6), (33.23 ± 3.1) and (34.02 ± 2.8) % of mortality in LHB, respectively and there was no significant difference between 108 and 107 (conidia/ml−1) concentrations. The mortality results by the time showed that the process did not start until 3 days after treatment, and after that, it sped up. This research gathers new information about cryptic inhabiting larvae which shows considerable potential for this Cladosporium species to be implemented within the microbial control program of the LHB. This research is a new report isolating the pathogenicity of Cladosporium sp. on LHB. These fungal isolates have considerable potential for the microbiological control of the LHB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medically, the most dangerous genera are Anopheles, Aedes and Culex due to their ability to transmit mosquito-borne human diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis, dengue fever, hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. Mosquito control is a prerequisite work for fighting the increasing mosquito populations and mosquito-borne diseases. Generally, chemical insecticides have been widely used to suppress mosquito populations but these chemicals were evidenced to be less-than-perfect solutions for the long-lasting control of mosquitoes due to the development of insecticide resistance in all mosquito species and different hazards all over the world. Therefore, the search for alternative agents is urgent to avoid or minimize the insecticidal hazards on ecosystem components. One of the potential alternatives is biological control which received great research attention in the world. One of these biocontrol agents is Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs). Therefore, the objective of the present article was primarily to review the current knowledge focusing on the use of EPNs for controlling mosquito vectors. It highlighted the global attention to EPN application as a novel strategy for combating mosquito vectors. Also, this review discussed the pathogenic efficiencies of three EPNs, Mermithidae, Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Other important issues had been reviewed, such as diverse susceptibility of mosquito larvae and variation of EPN virulence, Key parameters and environmental conditions affecting the virulence of EPNs against mosquito larvae, EPN-symbiotic bacteria and their potential role for the control of mosquito vectors and Suppressive activity of EPN/symbiotic bacteria complex against innate immune defences of mosquito larvae. This review provided, also, some future prospects for the EPN application for controlling mosquito vectors. In conclusion, EPNs can be equal to chemical pesticides against human-disease-transmitting mosquitoes if they are applied in critical concentration under suitable environmental conditions and precautions for application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Streptomyces strains (S. lactacystinicus CIAD-IA7, S. cellostaticus CIAD-IA32 and S. lunaelactis CIAD-IA104) were selected among 21 strains of this genus according to their antifungal activity against Fusarium solani (model fungus) and then, used to evaluate their activity against Fusarium kuroshium cultures (target fungus). The in vitro plant growth promoting properties (PGP) of these strains were also determined in A. thaliana seedlings. The three strains suppressed 95.4-97.9% the mycelial growth of F. solani in dual cultures. The exposure of the pathogen to VOCs produced axenically by the Streptomyces strains reduced its growth by 84.3–92.5%, confirming the antifungal properties of VOCs from Streptomyces. The analysis of the head space from axenic cultures of the selected Streptomyces strains revealed the groups of VOCs, but ethylbenzene, o-xylene, 2-pentylfuran, cyclohexene, and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (S)- were the most abundant. Further studies with seven pure VOCs that had been identified in selected Streptomyces strains confirmed the antifungal activity of VOCs from Streptomyces against F. solani, with trans-2-hexenal and eucalyptol inhibiting >50 and 100%, respectively, the growth of the pathogen. The inhibition of F. kuroshium by the selected Streptomyces ranged from 51.2 to 64.5% in dual-cultures and from 58.4 to 66.5% by VOCs. Streptomyces strains also produced indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores. VOCs from Streptomyces cultures also favoured biomass accumulation in A. thaliana seedlings. The most significant increases in biomass were observed in root length, plant fresh weight, and root fresh weight. The selected Streptomyces strains might be candidates to be used as biofungicides and biofertilisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to select and characterize Bacillus thuringiensis strains with toxic activity on Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera cosmioides and Spodoptera eridania. Fifty B. thuringiensis (Bt) strains were used in selective bioassays for high mortality on H. armigera, and the four most efficient strains were tested on S. cosmioides and S. eridania. Twelve Bt strains were characterized by PCR to detect some cry, cyt and vip genes. Bioassays were also performed to detect the production of β‐exotoxins. Strain 237 caused a mortality rate of 95.6% due to β‐exotoxins. Strains 1368, 1521, 1814 and 3299 showed toxic activity on S. eridania. However, no strain was effective on S. cosmioides. The presence of β‐exotoxin was detected only in strain 237. The molecular characterization of the strains using specific cry, cyt and vip primers showed a great genetic diversity among the 12 strains that showed some mortality on H. armigera and S. eridania. Our results showed that detecting β‐exotoxin in Bt strains is important as it is toxic to insects and vertebrates and persistent in the environment. Strains 1368, 1521, 1814 and 3299 did not show toxicity to H. armigera, while they were toxic to S. eridania and did not produce β‐exotoxin. These strains may be useful for new formulations of biopesticides as well as for cloning and expression of plants' genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The move to integrated continuous bioprocessing (ICB), while providing a means for process intensification, can put added strain on process analytics when conventional methods are used. For instance, traditional microbial methods provide minimal value to ICB processes given that the time required for data to become available is much longer than a typical full cycle of the manufacturing process. Although rapid microbial detection has been in discussion for over 30 years, it is still not routinely deployed in commercial biopharmaceutical manufacturing. One contributing factor is the ability to integrate this technology into a process control strategy and existing quality systems. An understanding of the capability of microbial detection technology available today can be leveraged to implement a control strategy for bioburden monitoring in real time for process intermediates. One key tenet of this proposed control strategy is the use of a "two‐tiered approach" wherein a fast (but possibly less sensitive) test is used to monitor the process and trigger further action for a second, longer duration test which is used to confirm and quantify the presence of bioburden and identify the organism. This approach, presented here alongside several case studies for microbial monitoring, can have broader application for other process analytical technologies where fit for purpose methods could be employed to establish process control alongside real time continuous processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereals, as the major and important sources of food for humans, are usually stored in warehouses until consumption so they may be attacked by stored products pests. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the economic damages of such pests as the main issue. One of the important pests of cereals, especially wheat, is the wheat weevil, Sitophilus granarius. In the current study, the sole and combined effects of phosalone, lambda-cyhalothrin and Beauveria bassiana, were studied on wheat weevil. Bioassays of the insecticides were carried out by contact residue exposure method, while B. bassiana bioassay was done by immersion method. Mortality of the adult treated by insecticides was recorded after 24 hours, while the exposure time was 10 days for B. bassiana. Also, the combined effect of the insecticides and the isolates of fungus B. bassiana were evaluated on adult insects. The LC50 values of phosalone and lambda-cyhalothrin were 2.82 and 0.22 µg a.i./ml, respectively, while the LC50 values of OZ1 and OZ2 isolates of B. bassiana were reported to be 9.3×104 and 9.03×104 conidia per ml, respectively. Results of the combined effect of insecticides and B. bassiana isolates showed that phosalone and lambda-cyhalothrin were synergistic for B. bassiana lethality against S. granarius. In general, it can be concluded that the initial treatment with low concentrations of phosalone and lambdacyhalothrin significantly enhances the killing effect of B. bassiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a worldwide potato pest that thrives in warm temperate and tropical climates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of indigenous isolates of three entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) [Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill.–3, Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) Brown & Smith–1, and Lecanicillium psalliotae (Treschew) Zare & Gams–1] against eggs, younger larvae (1st and 2nd instars), and older (3rd and 4th instars) larvae of PTM under laboratory conditions. Whole isolates were applied at three different conidial suspensions of (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia/mL), using a spray method. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all of the isolates tested had varying degrees of pathogenicity against the pest. The highest mortalities were seen in the larvae; however, younger larvae were more susceptible than the older ones. Eggs were generally less susceptible than larvae. Two B. basiana isolates (M49 and M48) were more lethal against PTM than the others, generating 100.0% and 96.1% mortalities in older larvae, respectively, and 100.0% mortalities in younger larvae. These two isolates likewise had the strongest egg-hatching inhibitory effects, preventing egg hatching in 0–48 h old eggs by 88.6% and 80.0%, respectively, 7 days after treatment. All tested isolates were also molecularly identified. According to the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS region sequence, the two most pathogenic B. bassiana isolates exhibit a high similarity (99%) with other B. bassiana isolates in GenBank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is one of the gravest threats to palm trees. The challenge in monitoring RPW primarily arises from the inconspicuous presence of larvae within the stem, which is often devoid of noticeable symptoms. This study looks at the use of seismic sensors in RPW management in commercial date palm plantations. It explores whether the data garnered from the sensor domain, and its translation into the health status of date palms, can reliably inform precise decision‐making. RESULTS: Sensor and damage index values, as gauged by the Agrint IoTree seismic sensor, vividly mirrored RPW colonization activity. They also accurately portrayed the impact of three distinct insecticides: imidacloprid, phosphine, and entomopathogenic nematodes. The seismic values and damage index of healthy untreated palms strongly supported the decision to pursue tree recovery. Furthermore, this facilitated the computation of recovery pace discrepancies across the tested treatments, measured as the number of days required for tree restoration. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore the practicality of employing seismic sensors, as exemplified by the IoTree system and its network services, to both monitor and assess palm tree health. Furthermore, it validates their efficacy in evaluating the efficiency of management strategies adopted against RPW, all grounded in a wealth of sensor‐derived data. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterborne microbial contamination poses significant threats to public health and environmental sustainability. Traditional water treatment methods, while effective to a certain extent, are often limited in their ability to completely eradicate microbial pathogens and mitigate emerging challenges such as disinfection by-products and microbial resistance. In recent years, nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates for microbial control in water treatment due to their unique physicochemical properties and antimicrobial efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the use of nanoparticles for microbial control in water treatment, focusing on their antimicrobial mechanisms, applications, and ecological implications. The review discusses the types of nanoparticles commonly used in water treatment, including silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and carbon-based nanoparticles, and examines their antimicrobial mechanisms, such as cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species generation, and interference with microbial metabolic processes. Furthermore, the review explores the applications of nanoparticles in the disinfection of drinking water, wastewater treatment, water purification in remote areas, and biofilm control. Additionally, the ecological implications of nanoparticle-based water treatment, including nanoparticle release into the environment, environmental persistence, toxicity to non-target organisms, and regulatory challenges, are critically evaluated. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in nanoparticle-based water treatment, such as enhanced nanoparticle synthesis and stability, development of sustainable treatment technologies, integration with conventional methods, and addressing knowledge gaps, are discussed. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of nanoparticles as innovative tools for addressing microbial contamination in water treatment while highlighting the need for further research and sustainable practices to ensure their safe and effective implementation.

Within the context of ecofriendly alternatives to neonicotinoids, we explored the direct and endophytic potential of two Beauveria bassiana isolates, GHA from BotaniGard and the new endemic isolate GxABT-1, against the Sugar Beet Mild Yellow Virus (BMYV)-Myzus persicae pathosystem. A mortality rate of 96 and 91% was registered after 8 days of treatment with GHA and Gx-ABT-1, respectively. To assess the endophytic impact, sugar beet seeds were treated, and the ability of the fungi to colonize the plant was assessed and correlated with the aphids’ (1) life cycle, (2) attraction towards the plants, and (3) ability to transmit BMYV. Both fungi colonized the plants, and the GxABT-1 isolate impaired the aphids’ life cycle. Myzus persicae were more attracted to leaf discs from non-treated plants than to the fungal-treated ones. Interestingly, when the choice test dealt only with the fungal treatments, aphids were more attracted to leaves from plants harboring Gx-ABT-1 than those with GHA. Moreover, no significant impact was observed for BMYV transmission despite the slight decrease in the viral load in GxABT-1 isolate-treated plants. Our findings constitute a baseline to delve more into the performance of the new endemic isolate B. bassiana in other pathosystems using different treatment methods.

The overuse and unjustified use of chemical pesticides pose a great threat not only to the environment and natural enemies in the agro-ecosystem but also to human health, such as cancer, skin, and respiratory disease. To avoid such an incidence, the use of alternative chemical pesticides is dire. In this situation, using the green control method by using biopesticides is a safe and climate-smart method for insect control. In the current experiment, we observed the pathogenicity of different entomopathogenic fungal strains. We found that fungal strains have potential and could be used against the tested insect "fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda" early larval instar to manage pest populations below the economic injury level. For this Beauveria bassiana strain (Bb885 & 86), Cordyceps cicadae, Metarhizium anisopliae strain (73&42) and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus were observed. We found that the B. bassiana strain (Bb885), C. cicadae, and M. anisopliae 73 were more lethal to larvae of FAW, with maximum spore concentration against early second instar larvae. However, further experiments are required to observe the fungal pathogenicity potential on different life parameters that would be more helpful in the management of FAW control in agro-forestry ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic foods are nutritious, enjoyable, and highly favored by consumers. In recent years, young consumers have shown a preference for prefabricated food due to its convenience, nutritional value, safety, and increasing market share. However, aquatic foods are prone to microbial spoilage due to their high moisture content, protein content, and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, traditional processing methods of aquatic foods can lead to issues such as protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, and other food safety and nutritional health problems. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring new technologies that can achieve a balance between antimicrobial efficiency and food quality. This review examines the mechanisms of cold plasma, high-pressure processing, photodynamic inactivation, pulsed electric field treatment, and ultraviolet irradiation. It also summarizes the research progress in nonthermal physical field technologies and their application combined with other technologies in prefabricated aquatic food. Additionally, the review discusses the current trends and developments in the field of prefabricated aquatic foods. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new technologies and their implementation in the industrial production of prefabricated aquatic food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopesticides (commonly called Biocontrol or more recently bioprotection) have been experiencing double digit growth and now comprise about 10% of the global pesticide market driven by increased return on investment, restrictions on chemical pesticides, and pesticide resistance and residue management. However, despite the large need for new herbicides due to widespread and increasing resistance to herbicides with almost most of the chemical modes of action, bioherbicides are an insignificant percentage of the total. The technical difficulty in finding bioherbicides that can compete with the spectrum and price of chemical herbicides has left agriculture with a paucity of new bioherbicides. Billions of dollars of investment capital are being invested in new, innovative startups, but only a small number focus on bioherbicide discovery and development, due to a perception of higher risk than plant biotech, biostimulants, bionutrients and other categories of biopesticides. However, the exciting new technologies that these startups are developing such as RNAi, sterile pollen, and systemic metabolites have potential to impact the market in 10 years or less. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Public demand for the reduction, or even total elimination, of chemical residues in agricultural products, coupled with increased concerns about the detrimental environmental effects of chemical or synthetic pesticides, facilitated the need to develop alternative pest control means in agriculture. Microbial control agents (MCAs) are considered an attractive alternative to chemical insecticides due to ecological safety with no residues, wide host range, and competitive prices. Here, we evaluated several insect-killing fungi as a preventative control measure against the destructive palm pest, the red palm weevil (RPW), in lab experiments and in the greenhouse. The fungi were applied on healthy Washingtonia palms as a protective mean prior to being challenged with the RPW. The results demonstrated that treated palms were significantly less colonized by the RPW, and the fungi prevented the establishment of this severe pest. This study is the first stage in our bigger research endeavor for protecting date palm plantations with EPF. The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a highly destructive invasive pest for palms whose management is mainly by application of synthetic pesticides. As a key pest of date palm plantations, it is necessary to integrate environmentally safe measures for its management. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been primarily studied as a preventative control measure due to the horizontal transfer of conidia within the RPW population. We previously demonstrated the horizontal transmission of fungal conidia from an egg-laying surface to the female weevil and then to the eggs and larvae. Based on that strategy, this study aimed to evaluate the virulence of commercial EPF products and laboratory EPF preparations to RPW females and their progeny, and their ability to protect palms against infestation. As such, it serves as a screening platform for field experiments. Mortality rates of females and eggs depended on the applied treatment formulation and fungal strain. Velifer®, a Beauveria bassiana product, and Metarhizium brunneum (Mb7) resulted in 60–88% female mortality. Mb7—as a conidial suspension or powder—resulted in 18–21% egg-hatching rates, approximately 3 times less than in the non-treated control. Treating palms with Mb7 suspension or dry formulation significantly inhibits infestation signs and results in protection. These results lay the foundation for investigating the protective rate of EPF products against RPW in date plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, contaminated water is responsible for over one million deaths globally. Microbiology leads other fields in the development of solutions to water contamination to reduce these deaths while advancing the achievement of SDG 6, which aims to ensure universal access to water and sanitation. This article explores hydrogel polymers as a solution to water contamination through microbial control. Using a systematic approach, this study collects, reviews, analyzes, and synthesizes the findings of studies on the structure, properties, and mechanisms used by hydrogel polymers in pathogen control in water systems, emphasizing recent advances in microbiology that have improved the antimicrobial properties of hydrogel polymers, enhanced their synthetic properties, and improved their overall ability to control the spread of pathogens in water. Other additional notable findings, including the applications of hydrogel polymers in water systems, the environmental implications of using the method to decontaminate and purify water for various purposes, and the regulatory standards needed to reinforce the viability and effectiveness of the adaptation of hydrogel polymers for the control of harmful or unwanted microorganisms in water systems, inform the presented inferences on the future of hydrogel technologies and new opportunities for the expansion of their commercial use.

It is widely acknowledged that viruses are essential elements of the aquatic Environment, contributing significantly to various ecological processes and altering the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. The variety of viruses in aquatic habitats, including freshwater and marine ecosystems, is enormous. Numerous different types of organisms, such as bacteria, algae, protozoa, and even multicellular organisms, are susceptible to these viral interactions, and these organisms have a significant impact on the design and operation of aquatic ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems, viral-mediated mortality facilitates the recycling of nutrients and energy by influencing the composition of microbial populations. Additionally, viruses participate in genetic transfer procedures and are essential for horizontal gene transfer. They also serve as genetic material carriers, allowing the transfer of genes between various organisms. This phenomenon affects the ecological balance in the aquatic Environment and the evolution and adaption of microbial communities. Viruses can be used as instruments to investigate microbial ecology, comprehend host-virus interactions, and create fresh antiviral tactics. Viruses are essential to the health and stability of aquatic environments. Aquatic viruses have attracted attention because of their potential utility in various sectors, including biotechnology and medical research; they are essential elements of the aquatic environment due to their capacity to control microbial populations, reduce toxic algal blooms, and offer insights into microbial ecology. Our comprehension of these complex interactions and their larger implications for environmental health and management will be improved by additional study and investigation of viral dynamics and interactions within aquatic ecosystems. This review attempts to present an overview of the significance of viruses in aquatic ecosystems by highlighting their variety of roles and interactions.

AbstractRice koji is a raw material used in the production of sake; however, details regarding the microbial flora and their dynamics in rice koji during the production process are poorly understood. Clarifying these issues can contribute to proposing a method and evaluation that will improve the quality of rice koji and sake. The aim of this study was to determine the microflora in rice koji and the effectiveness of the traditional microbial control techniques used in the sake production process. We analyzed the diversity and changes in bacterial flora during rice koji production by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The predominant taxon in all rice koji samples was family Staphylococcaceae. The microbial population and the changes in its distribution for five consecutive stages in rice koji production were examined by direct colony counting. Bacteria counts in all samples were below the limit of detection initially, then increased rapidly toward the final stage. The predominant bacterial colonies from all samples were yellow and were identified as Staphylococcus gallinarum through 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The S. gallinarum isolates exhibited faster growth in pregelatinized rice medium. Interestingly, the growth of S. gallinarum isolates was suppressed by low temperature (12 °C), ethanol concentration (≥6%) and the addition of lactic acid, which are traditional microbial control methods used during sake fermentation. Therefore, proper control of the traditional sake production process can effectively inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria such as S. gallinarum that emerge during the production of rice koji.

We evaluated culture conditions (temperature, substrate moisture content, agitation and light conditions) for optimising conidia production of Escovopsis weberi Ew1 using solid state culture. In addition, several substrates such as agricultural waste and food industry by-products were evaluated with the aim of reducing spore production costs in a strategic way towards circular bioeconomy. Finally, we selected substrate combinations in order to achieve a suitable system for the production of conidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are insecticide alternatives for pest control. Their ability to easily adhere and quickly penetrate the insect cuticle is a key factor for their selection, which has received too little consideration so far. Here, we evaluated the impact of five EPF on the survival of Drosophila suzukii, a worldwide invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits. The most efficient EPF was then selected, and a second efficacy assay was performed by exposing D. suzukii adults to the EPF for different durations: 10 seconds, 1 minute, 10 minutes, 1 hour and 3 hours. Finally, EPF safety was assessed on two non-target beneficial insects frequently encountered in the same crops affected by D. suzukii, namely Orius laevigatus and Bombus terrestris. We found Beauvaria bassiana to be the most efficient EPF, killing over 95% of the flies within 10 days. The exposure time impacted the mortality rates: 50% of the flies died within 4 days after a 3-hours exposure to B. bassiana, whereas 6 days were needed to reach the same result with 10 seconds of exposure. Whatever the exposure time, this EPF always needed ten days to be lethal for more than 95% of individuals. Beauvaria bassiana was not lethal for the non-target species. Thus, B. bassiana is an option to control D. suzukii without harming beneficial insects. Further studies are now needed under real cultivation conditions to assess whether B. bassiana can be included in biocontrol strategies against D. suzukii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betel nut is a traditional Asian herbal medicine and ranks as the fourth most common addictive substance in the world. Refined betel nut is made from the original fruit of the Areca catechu L. tree through complex traditional processes. Betel nut has various pharmacological effects, and the health effects of chewing refined betel nut have sparked significant concern. The optimization of processing techniques is essential in mitigating the harmful effects of refined betel nut products. This article reviews the current procedures, major limiting factors and technological innovations associated with refined betel nut production. Modern softening techniques including enzymatic treatment, steam explosion and microwave technology have been developed in the last two decades to improve the softness of betel nut fiber. To address the microbial contamination of products, automated production and nonthermal sterilization technologies such as irradiation are preferred. To prevent or delay the whitening and returning of the betel nut brine, an enhanced brine reaction, compound additives and strict control of environmental temperature and humidity can be essential. Chemical reagents, low-temperature preservation, modified atmosphere preservation and coating preservation are applied for the storage of fresh betel nuts. It was found that optimized processing methods and stringent regulatory measures are required to control the chemical pollution in betel nut products. The widespread integration of emerging technologies underscores the imperative need to update regulatory measures. Thus, we hope this review will offer research insights and theoretical references for reducing the harm associated with the processing technology, as well as the formulation of updated supervisory measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effectiveness of ozonised mist and protective film (low-density polyethylene - LDPE) in preserving red peppers during storage. Ozonised mist was applied at 20.10 mg L-¹ and 2.0 L min-¹ for 5, 10 and 15 min, with and without protective film, and compared with untreated controls and chlorine treatment. Stored for 21 days at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity, peppers treated with ozonised mist showed significant reductions in total molds and yeasts counts, with the 15-minute treatment achieving reductions of 4.00 logs for molds and 4.34 logs for yeast, surpassing the chlorine treatment. The protective film effectively minimised weight loss and maintained the commercial appearance of the bell peppers. Importantly, the combination of ozonised mist and protective film did not significantly affect the physico-chemical quality of the bell peppers. These results suggest that ozonised mist and protective film are effective in reducing post-harvest losses of bell peppers, with practical benefits for the storage sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomopathogenic fungi may play a crucial role in the regulation of caterpillar populations in soybean crops, either through natural occurrences or applied as mycopesticides. In the present work, we reported the naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus Pandora gammae attacking the caterpillar Chrysodeixis includens, with infection rates in field trials ran in two consecutive years in the 10–35% range. As many chemicals are potentially harmful to entomopathogenic fungi, this work aimed to investigate the potential impact of two chemical fungicides (azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr and trifloxistrobina + prothioconazole) used to control soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) on the natural occurrence of P. gammae and Metarhizium rileyi, as well as the efficacy of the latter fungus applied as different formulations against the soybean caterpillars Anticarsia gemmatalis and C. includens. Under laboratory conditions, fungicides used at field-recommended rates had a considerable negative impact on the germinability of M. riley on the medium surface, and all tested formulations did not protect conidia from damage by these chemicals. This harmful effect also impacted host infectivity, as the larval mortality owing to this fungus was reduced by 30–40% compared to that of the fungicide-free treatments. In field trials conducted in two subsequent years, unformulated and formulated M. rileyi conidia applied to soybean plants produced primary infection sites in caterpillar populations after a single spray. Spraying unformulated or formulated M. rileyi conidia following fungicide application on plants did not affect host infection rates over time. Moreover, the use of M. rileyi-based formulations or chemical fungicide did not interfere with the natural infection rates by P. gammae on its host, C. includens. Although a higher degree of exposure to non-selective fungicides can negatively affect fungal entomopathogens, a single foliar application of fungicides may be harmless to both M. rileyi and P. gammae in soybean fields. Additionally, this work showed that naturally occurring wasps and tachnids also play an important role in the regulation of A. gemmatalis and, notably, C. includens, with parasitism rates above 40–50% in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Duponchelia fovealis Zeller, is currently considered one of the most important emergent pests of a range of crops. This pest is common in Europe, but its presence in the Americas, particularly Brazil and Mexico, has been only recently reported in strawberry crops. Since its recent arrival in Mexico interest in the potential of different entomopathogens for the control of D. fovealis has increased. Here we evaluated commercial products of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis; three different species of entomopathogenic nematodes; and different isolates of four species of entomopathogenic fungi. All pathogens were evaluated against 3rd instar larvae, except nematodes which were evaluated against both larvae and pupae. Analysis revealed significant differences in virulence amongst B. thuringiensis products, where the most virulent was nine times more virulent than the least virulent product. Amongst nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was the most virulent and larvae were more susceptible to nematodes than pupae; larval mortalities at the highest dose evaluated (200 infective juveniles [IJs]) were between 80 and 95%, while for pupae they were between 25 and 40%. Mortality of larvae due to entomopathogenic fungi was lower than for the other entomopathogens; the highest mortality observed was 25% caused by an M. anisopliae isolate, although this was not statistically different to other fungal isolates. Overall, our results showed that biological control products based on B. thuringiensis or the nematode H. bacteriophora have the greatest potential; we consider that H. bacteriophora could be more convenient as it infects larvae and pupae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the damage level of biopesticides with different contents in bumblebees according to two different exposure scenarios: residual contact and spray application. Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera Apidae) workers were exposed to Nibortem (1.5% Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii strain V1-1), Nostalgist (1.5% Beauveria bassiana strain Bb-1), Priority (1.5% Isaria (Paecilomyces) fumosoroseus strain PFs-1), Nimbecidine (0.3 g/L Azadirachtin) and Nematac (Steinernema feltiae) at three different doses [1/1, 1/10 and 1/100], with both application methods. In the spray application, the suspension of each biopesticide was sprayed for 20 seconds (0.5 ml) to each box containing 10 workers. In the residual contact application, suspensions were sprayed into empty plastic boxes with the same method and then workers were transferred into these boxes and they remained in the treated boxes for 15 minutes only. The observations were carried out for 14 days in all treatments. Whereas the mean number of dead workers were significantly higher for Nibortem, Nimbecidine, Nostalgist, and 1/1 dose of Nematac in residual contact application, this value was found statistically different for Nibortem, Nimbecidine, Nostalgist, Priority, and 1/1 dose of Nematac in spray application, than control group (P = 0.05). The mean number of dead workers in 1/10 and 1/100 doses of Nematac were not significantly different from the control in both application methods. There was no significant difference between both application methods in terms of death values for the control, Nostalgist, 1/1 dose of Nematac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of biomolecules has been the subject of extensive research for several years due to their potential to combat harmful pathogens that can lead to environmental contamination and infections in both humans and animals. This study aimed to identify the chemical profile of endophytic fungi, namely Neofusicoccum parvum and Buergenerula spartinae, which were isolated from Avecinnia schaueriana and Laguncularia racemosa. We identified several HPLC-MS compounds, including Ethylidene-3,39-biplumbagin, Pestauvicolactone A, Phenylalanine, 2-Isopropylmalic acid, Fusaproliferin, Sespendole, Ansellone, Calanone derivative, Terpestacin, and others. Solid-state fermentation was conducted for 14–21 days, and methanol and dichloromethane extraction were performed to obtain a crude extract. The results of our cytotoxicity assay revealed a CC50 value > 500 μg/mL, while the virucide, Trypanosoma, leishmania, and yeast assay demonstrated no inhibition. Nevertheless, the bacteriostatic assay showed a 98% reduction in Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Our findings suggest that these endophytic fungi species with distinct chemical profiles represent a promising niche for further exploring new biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasive macrophyte water hyacinth, Pontederia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae), was first introduced in India at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, near Kolkata in 1889 from where they spread throughout the sub-continent. An extensive systematic survey of water bodies in and around Kolkata, India, was done for the first time to assess the natural occurrence of indigenous phytopathogenic fungi of the weed between 2014 and 2019. The study brings into light several species, along with some first reports, of naturally occurring native phytopathogenic fungi and their evolutionary-related lineages. The occurrence and frequency of pathogens varied from site to site. Around 150 fungal pathogens isolated from water hyacinth were evaluated for their disease-causing potential against the weed. The isolated fungi were identified using morphological and molecular techniques. Fusarium Link followed by Alternaria Nees were the highest and most consistently isolated genera. Seven potential fungi that caused more than 90% disease in whole plant pathogenicity bioassay were subjected to host-range evaluation against 67 plant species selected based on ecological nearness or economic significance. Among these Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (WHK-59) was found to have a narrow host range and be effective against water hyacinth. With further studies on their impact assessment, environmental viability and tolerance, few of them, especially F. oxysporum (WHK- 26, 106) may effectively reduce population growth of water hyacinth by themselves or in conjunction with other introduced biocontrol agents, including insects and other plant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy field has considerable economic relevance in the agri-food system, but also has the need to develop new 'green' supply chain actions to ensure that sustainable products are in line with consumer requirements. In recent years, the dairy farming industry has generally improved in terms of equipment and product performance, but innovation must be linked to traditional product specifications. During cheese ripening, the storage areas and the direct contact of the cheese with the wood must be carefully managed because the proliferation of contaminating microorganisms, parasites, and insects increases significantly and product quality quickly declines, notably from a sensory level. The use of ozone (as gas or as ozonated water) can be effective for sanitizing air, water, and surfaces in contact with food, and its use can also be extended to the treatment of waste and process water. Ozone is easily generated and is eco-sustainable as it tends to disappear in a short time, leaving no residues of ozone. However, its oxidation potential can lead to the peroxidation of cheese polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this review we intend to investigate the use of ozone in the dairy sector, selecting the studies that have been most relevant over the last years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to describe phenotypically and biochemically the symbiotic bacteria associated with three populations of Heterorhabditis amazonensis Andalo et al., 2006 (isolates: UEL-n 01, UEL-n 07, and UEL-n 08) and evaluate their pathogenicity on Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Bacteria were isolated by maceration of infective juveniles (IJs) and grown in culture medium (NBTA and MacConkey). The characterization of the bacteria was evaluated by employing motility test and biochemical tests like Gram staining, lipase activity, protease, and lecithinase. The production of antibiotics and bioluminescence was also evaluated. The pathogenicity was evaluated on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella at a concentration of 104 cells/mL. The bacteria from the three entomopathogenic nematodes isolates were positive for all biochemical tests except for lecithinase, and have presented bioluminescence when subjected to ultraviolet light, indicating that they belong to the genus Photorhabdus sp. Both were pathogenic to G. mellonella larvae causing 93.3 to 100.0% mortality.

Abstract The main limitation of the micropropagation of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is related to in vitro contamination. In order to overcome contamination, the effect of essential oils was studied as an alternative to conventional chemical treatments. This study aimed to analyze the action of essential oils from four condiment and medicinal plants (Oregano, Origanum vulgare L.; Garlic, Allium sativum L.; Citronella, Cymbopogon nardus L.;and Ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in reducing microbial contamination growth and on the survival rate of explants in the micropropagation of camu-camu. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils was analyzed on the in vitro contamination of tissue culture from camu-camu at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 µL mL-1 in woody plant medium (WPM), emulsified with 1% Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80). The antibacterial activity of essential oils on strains isolated from camu-camu tissue culture was also analyzed using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The use of essential oils allowed a reduction in the rate of in vitro contamination in tissue culture, it being observed that, from the concentration of 2 µL mL-1, there was no manifestation of fungal contaminants, with a significant reduction in the rate of bacterial contamination, with the exception of ginger essential oil that showed significant contamination in all analyzed concentrations. Inversely in relation to the reduction in microbial growth in vitro, there is an increase in explant oxidation as concentrations increase, with citronella and oregano oils showing phytotoxic potential from the lowest concentrations. Garlic essential oil showed better balance, with lower oxidation rates and greater control of microorganisms in tissue culture at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 µL mL-1. Oregano and citronella essential oils showed better antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion test.

ABSTRACT Fungal virulence is multifaceted and dependent on multiple factors including the pH of the spore suspension. In this study, we accessed effects of six pH values of Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae medium for the growth, sporulation, and mortality on sugarcane stalk borer Diatraea saccharalis. The culture of fungi was performed onplates containing the PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium. Virulence was tested in D. saccharalis larvae distributed in four replicates of 15 larvae. To evaluate the performance of the isolates, they were grown at different pH values in an artificial chitin medium to confirm the degradation capacity of the fungi at each pH. No significant difference was observed for the sporulation at pH ranged from 4 to 9 for both fungi. In the mortality assay, larval mortality was higher at pH 7 and 8 for both fungi, reaching 87% for B. bassiana and 81% for M. anisopliae.

As an important part of the internal environment of human, intestinal flora participates in and regulates the immune inflammatory response and metabolic process of the body. It is closely related to the occurrence and development of hypertension, and has become the focus of research on hypertension. The thesis summarizes the relationship between intestinal flora and hypertension, then clarifies their effects and possible mechanisms on hypertension in terms of inflammation and immune response, brain-intestine-bone marrow axis and metabolites, focusing on the new auxiliary antihypertensive pathways that dietary intervention affects intestinal flora to improve blood pressure from salt, probiotics and polyphenols. It is hoped that more in-depth research will come out on improving hypertension through dietary intervention and Chinese herbal medicine prevention and treatment with intestinal flora as the target.

Abstract Background The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was recorded for the first time in Pakistan in 2019, and now it has spread in several regions, i.e., Punjab and Sindh, affecting maize production. Farmers are using widely synthetic pesticides to control the pest. Further, the resistance development in insects and the non-target effect of chemicals on the environment and humans pose serious threats of using insecticides. The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is being considered an important tool in integrated pest management program. The main objective of this study was to check the impact of different conidial concentrations of Metarhizium anisopliae fungus on the nutritional physiology of S. frugiperda. Results The dose-dependent effect of tested EPF was observed, and the highest concentration (1 × 109 conidia/ml) considerably affected nutritional parameters. Reduced relative consumption rate (21.7%), relative growth rate (19.5%), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (24.2%), and approximate digestibility (16.3%) were observed in treated larvae compared to the untreated by using a higher concentration of EPF. Pupal weight was also found lower (77.9 mg and 84.2 mg, respectively), when larvae were treated by 1 × 109 and 1 × 108 conidia/ml concentrations of EPF. Further, 46.7% of larvae were found dead with this conidial concentration. Conclusions This study suggests that the application of a higher concentration of M. anisopliae could be an effective option to control S. frugiperda. The EPF can enhance the integrated pest management programs and could be useful in reducing the environmental impact of synthetic insecticides.

Objective: The sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L). is known as one of the most devastating insect pests in stored date fruits, infrequently found in newly harvested date fruits and raisins but developed a high plenty in dry fruits particularly after long storage. Indiscriminate use of pesticides and fumigants to control insects have resulted in insecticide resistance, environmental hazards, residual toxicity, and pest resurgence so the control trends have been changed and particularly biological control agents like entomopathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus temperata and Xenorhabdus nematophila being used to manage sawtoothed grain beetle. Methods: During present study, the pathogenicity of P. temperata and X. nematophila was evaluated against this crucial pest of stored grains. The bacterial concentrations, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 cells/ml of both bacteria were prepared and used for the experiments. The prepared solutions were applied directly to the date fruits infested with sawtoothed grain beetles and data were recorded. Results: Significant results were observed for both bacterial treatments as the highest concentration of 108 cells/ml showed to be very effective against the beetle in terms of fecundity, adult emergence, and mortality. In terms of fecundity, 8.66 to 4.33 mean number of eggs were produced at bacterial P. temperata concentrations of 1 × 104 and 1 × 108 cells/ml, respectively. Similarly, the F1 adult emergence for P. temperata was recorded 15.33 and 9 adults at concentrations of 1 × 104 and 1 × 108 cells/ml, respectively. Results showed a similar trend for the X. nematophila species. Conclusions: These results indicate that utilizing bacteria as biological control agents can be advantageous for reducing insect populations in storage facilities and preventing the loss of grains and date fruits that have been stored in storage.

Rice koji is a raw material used in the production of sake; however, details regarding the microbial flora and their dynamics in rice koji during the production process are poorly understood. Clarifying these issues can contribute to proposing a method and evaluation that will improve the quality of rice koji and sake. The aim of this study was to determine the microflora in rice koji and the effectiveness of the traditional microbial control techniques used in the sake production process. We analyzed the diversity and changes in bacterial flora during rice koji production by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The predominant taxon in all rice koji samples was family Staphylococcaceae. The microbial population and the changes in its distribution for five consecutive stages in rice koji production were examined by direct colony counting. Bacteria counts in all samples were below the limit of detection initially, then increased rapidly toward the final stage. The predominant bacterial colonies from all samples were yellow and were identified as Staphylococcus gallinarum through 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The S. gallinarum isolates exhibited faster growth in pregelatinized rice medium. Interestingly, the growth of S. gallinarum isolates was suppressed by low temperature (12 °C), ethanol concentration (≥6%) and the addition of lactic acid, which are traditional microbial control methods used during sake fermentation. Therefore, proper control of the traditional sake production process can effectively inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria such as S. gallinarum that emerge during the production of rice koji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myriodontium keratinophilum Samson & Polon. (Ascomycota: Myriodontium) is a fungus reported on penis of a bull, soil, hair of cats and shrewmouse but has not yet been documented as being entomopathogenic against other common pests. Chemical pesticides are still used today with many pest management that spreads rapidly in large areas in the forest and agriculture. During April to June of nymphs of G. gryllotalpha were collected with digging the tobacco seedlings at a town east of Trabzon, Turkey. As a result of first morphological and then molecular studies, it was determined that the isolated fungal strain from cadaver was M. keratinophilum. Bioassay studies of the obtained fungal isolate were carried out against eight different pests including Agriotes lineatus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae), Corythucha arcuata Say. (Hemipterera: Tingidae), Corythucha ciliata Say. (Hemipterera: Tingidae), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae), Agelastica alni L. (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae), Lobesia botrana Denis. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll., (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Hyphantria cunea Drury. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Bioassay results for 1 × 107 conidia mL–1 concentration of M. keratinophilum strain against selected pests were determined between 100 and 53% rate within 15 days post inoculation under laboratory conditions. These results revealed that M. keratinophilum was classified as an entomopathogenic fungus, as well as its potential to be used as a biological control agent with its high mortality rates against various pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]