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We will report on the current progress of High-Q/High-G R using three 1.3 GHz 9-cell TESLA shape niobium superconducting cavities at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). These cavities are made of bulk niobium of fine grain material with RRR >300 and have been annealed at 900 degrees for 3 hours. The cavity performances were evaluated at the Superconducting RF Test Facility at KEK (KEK-STF) after 2-step bake (70-75°C 4 h + 120°C 48 h), electropolishing at low temperature, and fast cooling procedure were applied to these cavities. In this study, obtained results will be compared with the baseline measurement for the standard recipe at KEK., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2021, East Lansing, MI, USA

Kyocera and KEK had started joint research on developing materials that satisfy the required characteristics as RF window materials. In previous studies, AO479B was developed, and it has been applied to some products. However, AO479B has size limitation in applying to products. Recently, large RF windows is demanded. Therefore, we have developed a new material AO479U which is designed to be applied to products regardless of the product size. In this report, the characteristics of AO479U was evaluated by comparing it with other materials, including the presence or absence of TiN coating. In order to clarify how the differences of materials or manufacturing processes contributes to heat generation and multipactor discharge occurring in RF windows, we measured important characteristics as RF window materials (relative permittivity, dielectric loss tangent, surface resistance, volume resistivity, secondary electron emission coefficient, and TiN thickness), and investigated the relationships of them and materials or manufacturing processes., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2021, East Lansing, MI, USA

As part of the effort to reduce the energy consumption of large research facilities using accelerators, high efficiency klystrons are being developed by CERN. However, a large fraction of the wall-plug power required to operate these klystrons is used in the focusing magnetic elements around the klystron in the form of normal conducting solenoids. In 2019, a prototype solenoid made of MgB₂ was manufactured as a joint venture from CERN, Hitachi and KEK with the aim of reducing the power consumption by a factor ten using higher temperature superconductors. The characteristics of the magnet were measured upon manufacture and checked after the transport across the world. In 2020, the MgB₂ magnet was integrated around one of the klystrons in the X-band facility at CERN and put into operation in the beginning of 2021. We present in this paper the final performance of the klystron when fitted with the new SC solenoid and compare it with the standard normal conducting solenoid system., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

A superconducting Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) for electrons was constructed in 2013 at KEK to demonstrate energy recovery concept with low emittance, high-current CW beams of more than 10 mA for future multi-GeV ERL. Recently this cERL was operated not only to demonstrate energy recovery linac high current beam operation but also to promote and conduct a variety of industrial applications such as FEL, THz operation and Rare Isotope Production and irradiation for some materials. In this talk, I will present the status of the studies to realize the stable high-current low emittance CW beam and some applications with this beam., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2021, East Lansing, MI, USA

Medium grain (MG) niobium disc which is directly sliced from forged ingot is newly investigated for the cavity material. An effective cost reduction can be achieved using MG niobium since rolling process which is necessary for typical niobium sheet can be skipped during MG niobium production. Grain size of MD niobium is 200-300 um which is much smaller than large grain (LG) niobium directly sliced from melted niobium ingot. Hence, the formability of MG niobium is expected to be much better than LG niobium. KEK has started fabrication of cavity using MG niobium. In this talk, characteristic of MG niobium during fabrication will be reported., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2021, East Lansing, MI, USA

During the preparatory phase of the International Linear Collider (ILC) project, all technical development and engineering design needed for the start of ILC construction must be completed, in parallel with intergovernmental discussion of governance and sharing of responsibilities and cost. The ILC Preparatory Laboratory (Pre-lab) is conceived to execute the technical and engineering work and to assist the intergovernmental discussion by providing relevant information upon request. It will be based on a worldwide partnership among laboratories with a headquarters hosted in Japan. This proposal, prepared by the ILC International Development Team and endorsed by the International Committee for Future Accelerators, describes an organisational framework and work plan for the Pre-lab. Elaboration, modification and adjustment should be introduced for its implementation, in order to incorporate requirements arising from the physics community, laboratories, and governmental authorities interested in the ILC., 48 pages, 5 figures

A superconducting rf (SRF) cryomodule for International Linear Collider(ILC) Main Linac equips focus/steering magnets. The magnets are "superferric" magnets with four superconducting (SC) race track coils conductively cooled from the cryomodule LHe supply pipe. The quadrupole field gradient and dipole field are 40 T/m and 0.1 T, respectively. The magnet length and iron-pole radius are 1 m and 0.045 m, respectively. It is known that dark current is generated at SRF cavities and accelerated through the following linac string. The dark current reaches and heats the SC magnets. It is estimated that the power deposition in the magnet may reach more than a few watts and temperature of the SC coils may locally reach to critical temperature of NbTi. It is important to make the magnet not reach quench with sufficient conduction cooling. We aim to realize the SC magnet which can stably operate under such condition. We plan to develop test coils made of three types of SC materials, NbTi, Nb₃Sn, and MgB₂ and study thermal characteristics and stability . We will develop a short model magnet, based on the test coil results. Here, we will present the magnet design study and the R plan., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

In the main linac (ML) of the KEK-cERL, two superconducting cavities with high loaded Q (QL ¿ 1×107) are operated in continuous wave (CW) mode. It is important to control and suppress the microphonics detuning owing to the low bandwidth of the cavities. We evaluated the background microphonics detuning by the low level radio frequency system during the beam operation. Interestingly, a ¿field level dependence microphonics¿ phenomenon was observed on one of the cavities in the ML. Several frequency components were suddenly excited if the cavity field is above a threshold field (~3 MV/m). We found that this threshold field is probably related with the cavity quench limits despite the unclear inherent physical mechanism. Furthermore, in order to optimize the cavity resonance control system for better microphonics rejection, we have measured the mechanical transfer function between the fast piezo tuner and cavity detuning. Finally, we validated this model by comparing the model response with actual system response., Proceedings of the 63th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs, ERL2019, Berlin, Germany

International audience; The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a next-generation experimental facility to explore fundamental laws of the Universe. The importance of electron-positron linear colliders as a future experimental facility has been long recognized by the worldwide high energy physics community. A global design team, the Global Design Efforts (GDE), was set up under the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) for design and coordination of R&D activities of the ILC in 2005, and the ILC Technical Design Report (TDR) was completed in 2013. ICFA then established the Linear Collider Collaboration (LCC) and the Linear Collider Board (LCB) and has continued to support the worldwide efforts for realizing the ILC. Meanwhile, in 2012, KEK and the high energy physics community in Japan proposed that Japan should host the ILC, which was welcomed by the worldwide high energy physics community. Implementation of the ILC project will require strong involvements from international partners due to its scientific importance and large scale. Aspects of international cost sharing and governance of the organization carrying out the ILC project will need to be discussed and agreed at the governmental level. Therefore, KEK established an International Working Group (WG) on the ILC Project in May 2019, inviting scientific experts worldwide* , and asking them to study international aspects of the project implementation from viewpoints of researchers. They were requested to create a report on model of international cost sharing for construction and operation, organization and governance of the ILC Laboratory, and international sharing of the remaining technical preparation. The WG report was submitted to KEK on September 25, 2019. After reviewing the content of the report, KEK decided to make it available within this document entitled “Recommendations on ILC Project Implementation”. This document summarizes the deliberations from researchers’ viewpoints; it does not intend to pre-empt governments and funding agencies. It is hoped that it will be helpful for discussions among governments and funding agencies.

KEK has been carried out high-Q/high-G R, to realize high performance of SRF cavities toward ILC. KEK constructed a new furnace, which is dedicated for N-infusion studies. We performed more than 10 times of N-infusion trials using 1.3 GHz single-cell cavities. Some results showed better Q-values up to high field, however, some results showed degraded Q-E slopes probably due to contamination. Improvement of accelerating gradient is not observed at moment. We have tried to clean the furnace and Nitrogen injection line to reduce the effect of contamination. Details of procedures of N-infusion, results of vertical tests, condition of the furnace including RGA spectrum and Nb sample analysis results are shown., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany

SuperKEKB injector linear accelerator (LINAC) has 600 m beam lines which consist of 8 sectors. The 2856 MHz RF reference signals are distributed to each sector with long phase stabilized optical fiber (PSOF). The RF reference phase stability requirement is estimated to be 0.2°(RMS) corresponding to 200 fs. The prototype of RF reference phase stabilization system with single mode optical circulator was implemented and demonstrated in the laboratory. The returned phase drift is compensated by a piezo-driven fiber stretcher. The transmitted phase through 120 m PSOF is stabilized to 41 fs (pk-pk), which fulfilled the requirement. This paper introduces the RF reference phase stabilization system and reports the preliminary feedback result., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Superconducting conduction electron guns can realize high acceleration voltage and high beam repetition. KEK has been developing the 1.3 GHz elliptical type 1.5 cell superconducting RF gun to investigate fundamental performance. The surface cleaning methods and tools were developed by using KEK SRF gun cavity #1 and surface peak electric field reached to 75 MV/m without field emission. We will apply this technique to the SRF gun cavity #2 for beam operation. The gun cavity #2 equips the helium jacket, frequency tuner cathode position adjuster to operate the electron beam. The RF structure was designed based on the gun cavity #1. The cathode rod is made of Nb. The photocathode deposited on the cathode rod will be cool down to 2K to minimize thermal emittance. The fabrication of the gun cavity #2 and helium jacket were completed. 4 times vertical tests were carried out. We will report the vertical test results and preparation of the horizontal test., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany

Low-level radio frequency (LLRF) control systems based on µTCA standard have been developed for facilities such as compact energy recovery linac (cERL) and superconducting test facility (STF) at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan. Three different types of boards were developed according to their different applications. Experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS) was selected as the data communication system for all of these µTCA boards. The LLRF systems showed good performance during the beam commissioning. This paper presents the current status of the µTCA-based LLRF systems in the cERL and STF., Proceedings of the 12th Int. Workshop on Emerging Technologies and Scientific Facilities Controls, PCaPAC2018, Hsinchu, Taiwan

The Local power distribution system (LPDS) of the In-ternational Linear Collider (ILC) is constructed to transmit RF power from the 10 MW klystron to 39 cavi-ties. Each eight or nine 9-cell cavities is assembled in one cryomodule. The variable hybrid is used to adjust the power dividing ratio due to the different required power of each cavity and the variable phase shifter is used to compensate the phase drift caused by the variable hybrid. More compact LPDS is expected to be integrated on the cryomodule decreasing financial cost. We re-design the shorter variable hybrid with a margin of power ratio of ±25% and phase shifter of total phase range being 35° for compensating hybrid and on-crest searching. Fixed phase shifters are designed to adjust the phase difference between adjacent cavities for beam acceleration. Simu-lated results of total compact LPDS can meet the re-quirements of ILC., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Power couplers for superconducting cavities are required to have both low-thermal conductivity and high-electrical conductivity, because high-thermal conductivity and low-electrical conductivity could generate unexpected increase for heat load. In order to combine these contrary properties, power couplers are made of stainless steel and plated with copper plating. As electrical conductivity of copper layer affects dynamic heat load, it is crucial to optimize plating processes. In this study, we investigated influences of plating parameters (i.e., thickness of copper layer, plating bath composition, bath temperature, heat-treatment conditions) on RRR by collaborative work among Nomura plating, CETD, and KEK. As a result, we obtained high-RRR samples with conditions noted below; (1) electroformed copper plate, (2) copper layer thickness of over 50 µm, and (3) heat-treatment at 200deg-1h, (4) other plating bath composition. In addition, we observed microstructures of several samples, then found that microstructures of copper layer are strongly related to RRR. In this paper, we will present the recent results for this investigation., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany

R on different types of ceramic used in power coupler, waveguide, and klystron for particle accelerators are under progress in Center of Innovation (COI) at KEK, and at some outside companies. There are five important parameters on the properties of ceramics; that is, relative permittivity, dielectric loss tangent, surface and volume resistivity, and secondary electron emission coefficient. For measurements of these parameters, eight kinds of ceramic samples supplied from five vendors have been measured using three different measurement systems since 2017. In this report, the recent results for these studies will be presented in detail., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany