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These eight essays on the Public Employment Program (PEP) were written by members of the Rural Manpower Policy Research Consortium. Essays are titled as follows: (1) "Public Service Employment and Manpower Policies in Rural Areas: Limitations of the Emergency Employment Act--EEA" (argument for integration of PEP with manpower, educational, and regional development policies); (2) "PEP: Special Problems of Rural Areas" (criticism of PEP's suitability to rural areas with a program proposal); (3) "Expansion of Needed Public Services in Rural Areas through Assistance from the EEA" (argument for integrated manpower programs and criticism of PEP): (4) "Public Employment in Rural Areas with Special Reference to the South" (contrast of EEA and Operation Mainstream); (5) "PEP Needs in the Rural South" (discussion of poverty, implicit and explicit barriers to public employment and analyzation of employment needs); (6) "EEA--Some Basic Policy Questions with Special Reference to American Indian Reservations" (4 policy considerations); (7) "Experience of the EEA in Balance-of-State Michigan: Some Implications for Revenue Sharing in Rural Areas" (comparison of EEA and revenue sharing programs); (8) "A Comparative Study of Public Service Employment in Rural California: A Proposal" (research proposal on PEP in balance-of-state California towns). (Author)

The workshop on the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) in Balance-of-State areas explored the implications for rural areas of various manpower policies. In a previous workshop, it was found that a close correlation existed between counties classified as Balance-of-State and those classified as "rural" by the U.S. Department of Labor. Therefore, the reports and exchanges from various Balance-of-State areas gave a "good" overview of the implications and operation of CETA in rural areas. Participants were either members of the Rural Manpower Policy Research Group or had been closely associated with its efforts and those of the Rural Manpower Service. This report gives: (1) an overview of the development of major issues and policies in the rural manpower area and (2) an analysis, based on taped discussions and some contributed memos, of the major areas of workshop discussion. The two papers discuss: (1) CETA's ability to meet the needs of rural areas; (2) the extent to which administrative manpower structures, developing under CETA, will be consistent with the rural mandate given the Employment Service as a result of litigation; and (3) three areas of CETA implementation in Balance-of-State--administrative and planning structures, delivery of services, and role of the Employment Service. (NQ)

Eleven indexes of rurality and their effect on the classification of Michigan's 83 counties were investigated. The indexes were based on different concepts of rurality: (1) percent of employment in agriculture, fishing, and forestry; (2) population density and distance to urban centers; and (3) economic conditions. Index rankings were compared to determine if a county's rank varied from one index to another. The two indexes most frequently associated with extreme ranks were then eliminated and a similar analysis performed. The average county still had adifference of 31 between its highest and lowest rank. Further classification into four discrete quartile groupings also revealed substantial difference in county classification depending on the index selected. Rank correlation analysis revealed that 55 pairs of correlations between indexes were significantly different from 0 at the .01 probability level. Index choice, then, did make a difference, since in selecting a particular index, rurality was explicitly or implicity defined. It was concluded that no one index could satisfy the needs of all potential users, since policy is usually problem specific and the rurality index used should also, therefore, be problem specific. (JC)

Migration is not a new concept. All through America's history, there has been a push and pull related to population movement. Most Americans have moved several times and from one geographical region to another. Others have moved only a short distance from their birthplace or perhaps not at all. U.S. census information shows that each year nearly 20 percent of the population changes residence. Traditionally migration has followed the same patterns. The only real changes in America's population movement are the ethnic, race, age, and sometimes sex characteristics of those who migrate and their reasons for moving. This monograph discusses migration in a global sense, including both urban and rural. The monograph's purpose is to: (1) show that when viewed in its historical perspective, migration has changed only in terms of numbers and racial, sexual or ethnic composition of the moving groups; and (2) point out the accurate prediction of social needs can be made years in advance by examining population trends and the movement of people. Topics covered are: traditional pathways of movement, new patterns of movement, decisions to move, outmigration from the United States, increased psychological needs among migrants, state gains and loss, changing needs in employment, and growth indications of the future. (NQ)