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Ein zentrales Element der europäischen Klimaschutzpolitik ist die Reduktion des Energieverbrauchs privater Haushalte. Im Fokus stehen dabei Wohnimmobilien, insbesondere im Mehrfamilienhausbestand. Die Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV 2009) fordert deshalb eine deutliche Reduktion des Energiebedarfs bei Sanierungen bzw. beim Neubau von Wohnimmobilien. Allerdings sind diese Vorgaben weitgehend undifferenziert, was Alter und Art einer Immobilie sowie die Marktbedingungen betrifft, unter denen errichtet oder saniert wird. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt auf Grundlage eines umfangreichen Datensatzes des Energiedienstleisters ista Deutschland GmbH, dass die Energiekennwerte von Mehrfamilienhäusern abhängig vom Jahr ihrer Errichtung sowohl im sanierten als auch im unsanierten Zustand deutlich variieren. Die Daten zeigen zudem, dass die allgemein angenommenen Einsparpotenziale, die sich vor allem am technisch Machbaren orientieren, die Realität erheblich überschätzen. So sind die tatsächlichen Verbräuche in unsanierten Immobilien und die unter Marktbedingungen realisierten Energieeinsparungen nach einer Sanierung teilweise deutlich geringer als bisher angenommen. Eine bautechnische und architektonische Betrachtung legt die Vermutung nahe, dass unterschiedliche Sanierungskostenverläufe und die Bestandseigenschaften des Altbaus zu den beobachtbaren Differenzen beitragen. Im Ergebnis sprechen die hier präsentierten Zahlen für eine differenziertere Strategie, die sowohl die Belange der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Sanierungen, als auch die Belange des Klimaschutzes und Städtebaus berücksichtigt. Konkret bedeutet dies, dass sich die spezifischen Eigenschaften von Immobilien auch in den rechtlichen Vorgaben und der Förderpolitik niederschlagen sollten, um Investitionsanreize auch tatsächlich zu setzen.

In 2003 the Risø CTS group finished a feasibility study and a conceptual design of an ITER fast ion collective Thomson scattering system. The purpose of the CTS diagnostic is to measure the distribution function of fast ions in the plasma with particular interest in fusion alphas. The feasibility study demonstrated that the only system, which can fully meet the ITER measurement requirements for confined fusion alphas, is a 60 GHz system. The study showed that by using two powerful microwave sources (gyrotrons) of this frequency both on the low field side, and two antenna systems, one on the low field side and one on the high field side, it is possible to resolve the distribution function of fast ions both for perpendicular and parallel velocities with good spatial and temporal resolution. The present work concerned a continuation of this work, and the following tasks were performed. 1) Optimisation of the design, considering the scattering geometries, variations in plasma profiles, magnetic equilibria etc. 2) Development of numerical codes for determination of the geometry of the antenna system on the high field side, including shapes and positions of mirrors and receiver horns. 3) A model experiment was set up in order to test and support the theoretical and numerical results. From the design studies various R&D issues critical to the viability of the CTS diagnostic on ITER were identified; the most urgent ones are addressed in the presented R&D tasks.

Udgivelsesdato: 2008-Nov AIM: The aim of this report is to describe the health status of 8-12-year-old children with cerebral palsy (CP) of all severities in Europe using the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). METHOD: A total of 818 children with CP from nine centres in defined geographical areas participated. CP type, gross and fine motor function, additional impairments were classified and family data were obtained. The CHQ was used to measure the parent's perception of their child's physical (PHY) and psychosocial (PSY) health. RESULTS: PHY scores were lower than the reference samples with a median of 46. The severity of gross motor function influenced the CHQ scores significantly in the PHY scale with the lowest scores for children with least gross motor function. There were significant differences between the CP types in PHY with the higher scores for children with unilateral spastic and the lowest scores for children with bilateral spastic and dyskinetic CP type. Fine motor function severity significantly affected both the PHY and PSY scales. The severity of intellectual impairment was significantly associated with CHQ scores in most dimensions with higher scores for higher IQ level in PHY and PSY. Children with seizures during the last year had a significantly lower health compared with children without seizures. The results of the multivariate regression analyses (forward stepwise regression) of CHQ scores on CP subtype, gross and fine motor function, cognitive function, additional impairments, seizures, parental education and employment revealed gross motor function, cognitive level and type of school attended were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: This report is based on the largest sample to date of children with CP. Health status as measured using the CHQ was affected in all children and was highly variable. Gross motor function level correlates with health from the PHY well-being perspective but the PSY and emotional aspects do not appear to follow the same pattern.

Here we present the first measurements by collective Thomson scattering of the evolution of fast-ion populations in a magnetically confined fusion plasma. 150 kW and 110 Ghz radiation from a gyrotron were scattered in the TEXTOR tokamak plasma with energetic ions generated by neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating. The temporal behavior of the spatially resolved fast-ion velocity distribution is inferred from the received scattered radiation. The fast-ion dynamics at sawteeth and the slowdown after switch off of auxiliary heating is resolved in time. The latter is shown to be in close agreement with modeling results.

Fast ion physics will play an important role on ITER where confined alpha particles will affect plasma dynamics and overall confinement. Fast ion collective Thomson scattering (CTS) using gyrotrons has the potential to meet the need for measuring the spatially localized velocity distributions of confined fast ions in ITER. Currently, CTS experiments are performed at TEXTOR using a 150 kW, 0.2 s, 110 GHz gyrotron and a receiver upgraded at the Ris phi National Laboratory. The gyrotron and receiver optics have also been upgraded for rapid scanning during a plasma shot. The receiver consists of a nine-mirror quasioptical transmission line including a universal polarizer and a 42-channel data acquisition system, which allows complete coverage of the double sideband scattered spectrum for localized (similar to 10 cm) time resolved (4 ms) measurements of the ion velocity distribution. At ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) a similar 50-channel CTS receiver has been installed. This CTS system will use the 105 GHz frequency of a dual frequency gyrotron. The gyrotron is presently being commissioned. CTS campaigns are scheduled for the summer of 2006 with a probe power of up to 1 MW for 10 s. This report presents the alignment of the quasioptical transmission line, calibration, and gyrotron tuning of the TEXTOR and AUG CTS systems. We will also review the progress on the design of the proposed fast ion CTS diagnostic for ITER. It is envisaged that scattered radiation from two 60 GHz probe beams launched from the low field side midplane port will be received by two arrays of receivers located on the low and high field sides of the plasma. This geometry will allow the ion velocity distribution near perpendicular and near parallel to the magnetic field to be measured in ten or more spatial locations covering the full plasma cross section. The temporal resolution can be significantly better than the required 100 ms. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.