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Background: The number of cancer survivors is growing increasingly worldwide and a growing need exists for greater knowledge into cancer survivorship. The long-term negative consequences of the disease are now better known. Cancer may also foster positive outcomes such as post-traumatic growth. Some survivors consider life after cancer as the start of a new life and put in place a coping process called post-traumatic development (PTD) measured by a scale developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun. Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine modifiable factors affecting PTD, particularly those that could integrate clinical interventions, and those that reflects patient behaviors, willing to improve their health.Methods: This study focuses on the 1,982 participants in the VICAN cohort who responded to the survey at two and five years from diagnosis. Our search for characteristics associated with moderate to high PTD was conducted using logistic regressions.Results: Factors positively associated with moderate or high PTD are, a positive perception of time spent on information, increased physical activity and healthier diet, have benefited from psychological support at the beginning of the disease.Conclusion: High PTD is strongly associated with health behavior and information. Our findings suggest that appropriate clinical and educational interventions can help foster growth after the experience of cancer. Even if we do not know what causes what, it is admitted that the interventions leading to the Adapted Physical Activities, for example, are good from all points of view.

The number of cancer survivors is growing increasingly worldwide. The long-term negative consequences of the disease are now better known. Cancer may also foster positive outcomes. Some survivors consider life after cancer as the start of a new life and experience positive changes called post-traumatic growth (PTG) measured by a scale developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun.The purpose of this article was to explore actionable factors affecting PTG, particularly those in relation with health care management and those that reflected health behavior changes.This study included the 1,982 participants in the VICAN cohort who responded to the questionnaire on living conditions 2 and 5 years after diagnosis. Factors associated with a moderate or high PTG (score ≥ 63) were identified using logistic regressions.Factors positively associated with moderate or high PTG were being satisfied with the time spent by health care team on information (OR:1.35 [1.08;1.70]), increased physical activity (OR:1.42 [1.04;1.95]) and healthier diet (OR:1.85 [1.44;2.36]) since diagnosis, and having benefited from psychological support at diagnosis (OR:1.53 [1.16;2.01]).High PTG is positively associated with health behavior and time spent on information. Our findings suggest that appropriate clinical and educational interventions can help foster growth after the experience of cancer. Even if we do not know what causes what, it is admitted that the interventions leading to an increase of physical activity, for example, are good from all points of view.

Les épidémies font partie intégrante de l’Histoire des hommes. Elles les ont contraints à instaurer des mesures sociétales d’isolement afin de limiter la contagion. La maladrerie Saint-Lazare, implantée en périphérie de Beauvais, en est un exemple. Fondée au tournant des XIe-XIIe siècles, c’est une institution à double vocation, caritative et hospitalière, qui accueille alors des lépreux. Au XVIIe siècle, un nouvel espace est construit, hors de l’enceinte, mais proche du mur de clôture pour r...

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An analysis of the distribution of surnames through time and space allows us to understand the structure of human groups, their exchanges or even their possible isolation. The French population has already been studied through surnames and it has been shown that the Sud-Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region differed from the rest of France in both the 20th and 21st centuries (Mourrieras et al., 1995; Scapoli et al., 2005). The objective of this study was to understand the population evolution and particularities of the Sud-Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region through an analysis of the distribution of surnames over an earlier period: the 19th century. For this work, 806,069 birth records from 521 communes between 1810 and 1890 were recorded and a total of 23,340 surnames were collected. The estimation of various isonymic parameters has allowed a description of this corpus never exploited before. In order to appreciate the population evolution, the data set was divided into three periods of 25 years. The canton was the geographical unit of this study, and similarities and differences between each of them were evaluated using Lasker distances, which allow the construction of dendrograms. A positive and significant correlation (pv-index of Karlin and McGregor (1967), showed higher values in the south-western quarter of the region. The decrease in Rst values across the three periods is consistent with a homogenization of the patronymic between the cantons. This three-period approach showed a population evolution influenced by linguistic, cultural, historical and migratory phenomena since the Middle Ages, disrupted by the socioeconomic changes of the 19th century.

International audience; While recent advances in genetics make it possible to follow the genetic exchanges between populations and their phenotypic consequences, the impact of the genetic exchanges on the sensory perception of populations has yet to be explored. From this perspective, the present study investi- gated the consequences of African gene flow on odor perception in a Malagasy population with a predominantly East Asian genetic background. To this end, we combined psychophysical tests with genotype data of 235 individuals who were asked to smell the odorant molecule beta-ionone (βI). Results showed that in this population the ancestry of the OR5A1 gene significantly influences the ability to detect βI. At the individual level, African ancestry significantly protects against specific anosmia/hyposmia due to the higher frequency of the functional gene (OR ratios = 14, CI: 1.8–110, p-value = 0.012). At the population level, African introgression decreased the prevalence of specific anosmia/hyposmia to this odorous compound. Taken together, these findings validate the conjecture that in addition to cultural exchanges, genetic transfer may also influence the sensory perception of the population in contact.

The plague epidemic of 1720-1722 had a profound effect on the history of the city of Marseille. A subject of numerous scientific studies and a source of inspiration for novels, one of the last great European epidemics is well-documented. In this article, we have sought to draw on the numerous documents left by the administrative services of the time or by the writings of survivors recounting their vision of the situation. We have completed this historical approach by referring to the study of mass graves of plague victims and will show how the simultaneous reading of two types of archives (historical and biological) can provide better anthropological knowledge of epidemic phenomena. The perspectives of interdisciplinary approaches to past infectious diseases are numerous, notably with the contributions of paleomicrobiology and genomics, and are particularly relevant today's health context.

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SUMMARY The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is responsible for deadly plague, a zoonotic disease established in stable foci in the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia. Its persistence in the environment relies on the subtle balance between Y. pestis-contaminated soils, burrowing and nonburrowing mammals exhibiting variable degrees of plague susceptibility, and their associated fleas. Transmission from one host to another relies mainly on infected flea bites, inducing typical painful, enlarged lymph nodes referred to as buboes, followed by septicemic dissemination of the pathogen. In contrast, droplet inhalation after close contact with infected mammals induces primary pneumonic plague. Finally, the rarely reported consumption of contaminated raw meat causes pharyngeal and gastrointestinal plague. Point-of-care diagnosis, early antibiotic treatment, and confinement measures contribute to outbreak control despite residual mortality. Mandatory primary prevention relies on the active surveillance of established plague foci and ectoparasite control. Plague is acknowledged to have infected human populations for at least 5,000 years in Eurasia. Y. pestis genomes recovered from affected archaeological sites have suggested clonal evolution from a common ancestor shared with the closely related enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and have indicated that ymt gene acquisition during the Bronze Age conferred Y. pestis with ectoparasite transmissibility while maintaining its enteric transmissibility. Three historic pandemics, starting in 541 AD and continuing until today, have been described. At present, the third pandemic has become largely quiescent, with hundreds of human cases being reported mainly in a few impoverished African countries, where zoonotic plague is mostly transmitted to people by rodent-associated flea bites.

Objectives Depicting past epidemics currently relies on DNA-based detection of pathogens, an approach limited to pathogens with well-preserved DNA sequences. We used paleoserology as a complementary approach detecting specific antibodies under a mini line-blot format including positive and negative control antigens. Methods Mini line blot assay incorporated skim milk as negative control, Staphylococcus aureus as positive control, and antigens prepared from lice-borne pathogens Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis, Bartonella quintana, and Yersinia pestis. Paleoserums were extracted from rehydrated dental pulp recovered from buried individuals. Mini line blots observed with the naked eye, were quantified using a scanner and appropriate software. Paleoserology was applied to the indirect detection of lice-borne pathogens in seven skeletons exhumed from a 16th-17th century suspected military burial site (Auxi-le-Château); and 14 civils exhumed from a 5th-13th century burial site (Saint-Mont). Direct detection of pathogens was performed using quantitative real-time PCR. Results In Auxi-le-Château, paleoserology yielded 7/7 interpretable paleoserums including 7/7 positives for B. recurrentis including one also positive for B. quintana. In Saint-Mont, paleoserology yielded 8/14 interpretable paleoserums and none reacted against any of the four pathogens. Antibodies against R. prowazekii and Y. pestis were not detected. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in the military burial site of Auxi-le-Château than in the civil burial site of Saint-Mont. Real-time PCR detection of B. quintana yielded 5/21 positive (3 at Saint-Mont and 2 at Auxi-le-Château) whereas B. recurrentis was not detected. Conclusions Paleoserology unmasked an outbreak of relapsing B. recurrentis fever in one 16th - 17th century military garrison, missed by real-time PCR. Paleoserology offers a new tool for investigating past epidemics, in complement to DNA sequence-based approaches.

Cet article a été suscité à partir d’un double constat. Un constat factuel qui montre que lors de la Covid 19, de façon récurrente et sous des expressions diverses, les épidémies de peste ont été convoquées, à divers titres. Un constat anthropologique qui met en évidence non pas les similitudes historiques et épidémiologiques des crises épidémiques (Peste-Covid 19), ni une forme quelconque d’analogie possible, mais bien le dessin de la peste en filigrane de la Covid 19, au prisme de certains invariants anthropologiques : le rapport à la mort et son cortège de peurs, en temps de crise, liées à l’alimentation, à la contagion ; les rituels engendrés, de formes anciennes ou nouvelles ; les règles d’exception liées à la gestion de crise sanitaire. Il s’agit, par- delà les échos, les récurrences, de mettre à jour ces invariants structurant le social. This article was prompted by a twofold observation. A factual observation which shows that during the Covid 19, in a recurrent way and under various expressions, plague epidemics were summoned, for various reasons. An anthropological observation that highlights not the historical and epidemiological similarities of epidemic crises (Peste-Covid 19), nor any form of possible analogy, but rather the drawing of the plague as a watermark of Covid 19, through the prism of certain anthropological invariants : the rapport with death and its procession of fears, in times of crisis, linked to food and contagion ; the rituals generated, in old or new forms ; the rules of exception linked to the management of health crises. Beyond the echoes and recurrences, it is a question of updating these invariants of social structure.

Objectives Because of methodological biases and statistical issues, individual age estimation has been considered too imprecise in reconstructing valid palaeodemographic mortality profiles. Recently, the standardized procedure of cementochronology (the tooth cementum annulations method) has reduced technical biases, thus increasing the accuracy of age estimates. This study aims to test the reliability of cementochronology in estimating the age distribution of an archaeological sample to then build the corresponding abridged life table to assess demographic parameters of the living population. Materials and methods By combining cementochronology with probability density analysis, we assessed the cumulative probabilistic age-at-death distribution of 109 adults buried between the 16th and 18th centuries in Notre-Dame-du-Bourg Cathedral (France). We compared biological results to the age-at-death structure of the 1382 adults buried in the cathedral, calculated with historical sources from local death registers, and to a model life table specifically established for preindustrial populations. Results Cementochronology is reliable for estimating the mortality profile of young and middle adult age categories but underestimates older age categories. Discussion Taphonomy mainly explains the underestimation in elderly individuals. Although some issues remain to be addressedin order to properly implement the method and improve reliability, cementochronology makes a major contribution to palaeodemography, as it provides relatively reliable mortality profiles with a precision never attained before, thus offering new prospects for studying the mortality of past populations.

Resume But de l’etude Des encoches transverses peuvent apparaitre sur la pars basilaris de l’os occipital. L’objectif est de calculer la prevalence de ces encoches, de maniere a caracteriser l’impact potentiel de cette anomalie sur l’estimation de l’âge au deces, puis de questionner la diversite de forme et la longueur des encoches en fonction du statut sain ou pathologique du tres jeune immature etudie. Materiel et methodes Deux echantillons sont utilises ; le premier est un echantillon d’imagerie medicale incluant 482 CT scans de fœtus et de nourrissons (pathologiques et non pathologiques) âges de 13 semaines in utero a 15 mois. Le second est un echantillon osteo-archeologique compose de 134 fœtus et immatures provenant de sites archeologiques francais. Les frequences pour chacun des echantillons sont calculees et comparees aux donnees de la litterature, puis la longueur des encoches est mesuree et interpretee. Resultats La frequence des encoches observees dans nos echantillons est faible. Il apparait en imagerie medicale que les encoches sont 2,9 fois plus frequentes chez les individus pathologiques que chez les individus sains, sans toutefois pouvoir conclure a une difference statistiquement significative, et peuvent etre aussi bien unilaterales que bilaterales avec un ratio entre la longueur des encoches et la largeur de la pars basilaris qui semble plus important. Conclusion Cette etude apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur les encoches transverses. Bien qu’elle ne permette pas de trancher sur leur etiologie, la decouverte de ce type d’anomalie doit faire reflechir sur la presence d’une eventuelle pathologie risquant de biaiser l’estimation de l’âge au deces.

This case study reports the anthropological analysis of bones remains discovered on Riou Island (Marseille, France) and the story of two World War II fighter pilots. The discovery of bones on “The Fountain of the Greeks” square on Riou Island occurred in the 1960’s and a first anthropological study described a 35-year-old man, about 1.77 m tall, buried since an estimated period between the 13th and 16th centuries. The case was “closed” and the bones were considered as isolated archaeological remains. Few years later, near the coasts of Riou Island, parts of two planes were discovered. One was from of a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 of the Luftwaffe piloted by Prince Alexis furst zu Bentheim und Steinfurt, and the other from a French P-38 Lightning F-5 B piloted by Antoine de Saint-Exupery. Therefore, the identification of the skeletal remains mentioned above was then thought to be perhaps one of the two World War II pilots. In this particular context we performed forensic and molecular biology analyses to resolve this identification.

International audience; The 17th century plague epidemic had a particularly strong demographic toll in Southern Europe, especially Italy, where it caused long-lasting economical damage. Whether this resulted from ineffective sanitation measures or more pathogenic Yersinia pestis strains remains unknown. DNA screening of 26 skeletons from the 1629-1630 plague cemetery of Lariey (French Alps) identified two teeth rich in plague genetic material. Further sequencing revealed two Y. pestis genomes phylogenetically closest to those from the 1636 outbreak of San Procolo a Naturno, Italy. They both belonged to a cluster extending from the Alps to Northern Germany that probably propagated during the Thirty Years war. Sequence variation did not support faster evolutionary rates in the Italian genomes and revealed only rare private non-synonymous mutations not affecting virulence genes. This, and the more heterogeneous spatial diffusion of the epidemic outside Italy, suggests environmental or social rather than biological causes for the severe Italian epidemic trajectory.

International audience; The study of human remains from the first and the second World War is important for enhancing our understanding of that historical period. Despite the fact that the period has been well-documented previously, gaps remain, particularly as a result of the destruction of archives. In fact, for just WWI, more than 700,000 soldiers from both sides remain missing. Scientific and political collaborations established in hopes of recovering and identifying soldiers will allow many families understand “what happened” to their loved ones and facilitate the return of the soldiers their homes. In this paper, the recovery of the human remains of French soldiers WWI and WWII will be described through the lens of the legislation in place governing the retrieval and identification of the remains, protocols established for recovery, excavation and analysis, and the dissemination data. These features will be illustrated using three case studies that involve French soldiers who died during WWI. Research of this type is the result of true interdisciplinary and sometimes international, depending on the context, collaboration. The public and academic the dissemination of these archaeological discoveries, both to academics and the public, is crucial and a type of remembrance.

OBJECTIVES The evaluation of developmental stability (DS) by measuring fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a bioindicator of general cumulative stress, is an approach that has often been used to characterize health status in past populations. New techniques of geometric morphometrics now enable a better appreciation of FA than before, with a more refined quantification of variation. The aim of our study is to determine the effectiveness of geometric morphometrics analyses of asymmetry in the human femur for the study of individual DS and inferring health status of human populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comparative analysis between two diachronic populations of distinct and known health status. Two samples of 70 pairs of adult femurs from individuals of comparable age range and sex were selected and CT-scanned. For each 3D reconstruction, two sets of 27 landmarks were digitized to quantify and minimize the effect of measurement error on the evaluation of FA. RESULTS While the measurement of FA in femoral centroid size seemed comparable between the samples, the amount of FA in femoral shape differed. Individuals who experienced high levels of environmental stress presented higher intra-individual variation. In parallel, results did not reveal any significant differences in DS between sexes or age groups. DISCUSSION The geometric morphometrics analysis of femoral asymmetry was effective for distinguishing two populations. After considering various factors of influence, genetics and biomechanics seem to have a limited impact on the results. Expressing FA appears to be normal but dependent on the disturbances of DS produced by environmental stress.

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International audience; Projection de force dans le contexte des conquêtes coloniales ou d’un conflit interétatique classique mené seul ou en coalition, combat en ligne, situation de guérilla et de conflit asymétrique, exercice de l’influence diplomatique et protection d’intérêts commerciaux ou des ressortissants, marches et déplacements par terre ou par mer, prise en charge sanitaire au front ou convalescence à l’arrière, les différentes formes prises par la guerre au xixe siècle sont autant de moments que ce soit dans les métropoles, les colonies ou en territoire étranger, au cours desquels les corps des combattants, dans la diversité de leurs positions et de leurs compétences, sont affectés par une pluralité de pathologies et de traumatismes. Ils se rapportent à des temporalités et des conditions de prises en charge modulées en fonction de leur nature, de leur gravité, du degré d’élaboration des systèmes de soins militaires ou encore de l’état des connaissances médicales et de leur diffusion sur le terrain. Blessures par armes à feu ou armes blanches sur le champ de bataille, maladies épidémiques et tropicales, nostalgie et syndromes post-traumatiques mettent au défi les combattants comme les armées. Défis individuels, défis collectifs, blessures et maladies des combattants dévoilent la dureté de la condition de soldat autant qu’ils soulignent les risques de leurs engagements. La mort est en perpétuel surplomb de leurs activités. Du champ de bataille de Sébastopol à la station navale du Sénégal, terriens et marins sont blessés, malades ou meurent. Au delà de leurs destins individuels, ils demeurent à leurs corps défendant les instruments de protection et de projection de l’intérêt national. Le xixe siècle est profondément marqué par des progrès technologiques, tactiques et stratégiques qui bouleversent la science militaire et impactent directement les corps des combattants. À mesure que les cadences de tirs s’accroissent, que la recherche de l’anéantissement de l’ennemi s’impose comme une norme, rescapés et morts au champ d’honneur ou dans l’exercice de leurs missions portent les stigmates de ces transformations.

De la necessite de deshumaniser l’adversaire pour l’affronter a celle de l’humaniser pour recouvrer sa dignite, il y a des variations d’attitudes multiples. Ce qui reste, c’est la quantite anormale de morts, blesses, prisonniers que genere la guerre. Comment une population, un groupe humain, s’y adapte t-elle ? Quels comportements, quels rituels, quels cadres vont permettre de gerer cette situation de crise ? S. Jean, Inrap Michel Tarpin Le statut des vaincus n’est pas reellement etudie po...

International audience; There are several scenarios regarding how burial sites in archaeological contexts are discovered. We will focus on two scenarios according to the degree of historical knowledge regarding the studied sector. The excavation may be performed in a known funeral place or a highly suspected place (e.g., the interior or immediate exterior space in a religious monument or a parish cemetery). Also, the excavation of unexpected graves or graves discovered by chance may occur in places that had unknown or forgotten funeral purposes.

International audience; Chez l’Homme, comme chez la plupart des êtres vivants, les épisodes de stress tels que les déficiences alimentaires peuvent engendrer un coût métabolique afin de maintenir l’homéostasie de l’organisme. Ils sont alors à l’origine de changements histologiques et morphologiques sur les tissus osseux et/ou dentaires, et sont ainsi reconnus comme étant des indicateurs biologiques de stress. Les asymétries fluctuantes (FA) du squelette font partie de ces marqueurs. Elles sont utilisées en Anthropologie Biologique pour étudier l’état sanitaire des populations anciennes. Elles doivent également être prises en compte lors de la construction du profil biologique d’un individu, procédure qui implique l’utilisation de méthodes biométriques au niveau de structures bilatérales. Le principe de cette étude est d’effectuer une comparaison des caractéristiques des FA entre deux populations humaines dont l’état sanitaire diffère. Dans cette optique, les asymétries de conformation et de taille centroïde de deux échantillons de 70 paires de fémurs, issus respectivement de la collection ostéoarchéologique des charniers de la Grande Peste et de la population actuelle de la région marseillaise, ont été confrontées. Les coordonnées de 27 landmarks ont été relevées à deux reprises sur les reconstructions 3D de chaque fémur afin de quantifier et de minimiser au mieux l’effet de l’erreur de mesure sur l’évaluation des FA. L’application d’une Generalized Least-Squares Procrustes fit (GLSP) a non seulement permis de superposer les configurations de chacune des paires, mais aussi d’obtenir leurs tailles centroïdes. Enfin, la mesure des FA a été effectuée par une analyse de variance à deux facteurs ("Two-way mixed model ANOVA").Ce travail permet d’améliorer la compréhension des modalités d’expressions des FA chez l’Homme et d’apporter des arguments supplémentaires pour expliquer leur étiologie. Il permettra à terme, d’identifier au niveau du fémur les régions osseuses reflétant le mieux l’instabilité du développement.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Provence region was hit by several severe epidemics whose causes are still not clearly understood. To draw up epidemic profiles and to identify the pathogenic agents concerned, we constituted a large onomastic database and built a geographic information system for Martigues, a medium-sized community in the south of France. The cross-linking of epidemiological, spatial and demographical data allows us to propose a new diagnosis for the epidemic which reached Martigues in the autumn of 1705., Au début du XVIIIe siècle, la Provence a subi plusieurs crises épidémiques dont les causes ne sont pas toujours bien connues. Pour établir les profils épidémiques et tenter d'identifier les agents pathogènes, nous avons constitué une base de données nominative et créé un système d'information géographique pour Martigues, une ville moyenne du sud de la France. Le croisement de données épidémiologiques, spatiales et démographiques nous permet de proposer un nouveau diagnostic pour l'épidémie qui a sévi à Martigues en 1705.