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Introduction: Neuroendocrine neoplasms encompass well-differentiated tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated carcinomas (neuroendocrine carcinomas [NECs]), which are distinguished by their clinical behavior and molecular characteristics. They can cause paraneoplastic syndromes, such as ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (CS), necessitating prompt recognition and management due to severe hypercortisolism. Case Presentation: A 66-year-old patient with a 3-year history of metastatic mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm with a NEC and adenocarcinoma component originating from the vulva presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and fatigue. Upon clinical examination, we found widespread hyperpigmentation, a moon-face appearance, hirsutism, buffalo hump, and muscle atrophy. Laboratory investigations revealed severe hypokalemia (2.3 mmol/L), elevated serum cortisol (1,726 nmol/L) and ACTH (194 ng/L) levels. Urinary free cortisol measurement was 21-fold the upper limit of the reference range (3,614.0 nmol/24 h), and cortisol concentration did not decrease after 1mg-dexamethasone suppression test (1,812 nmol/L for an expected value

The aim of this research is to analyze the mental health of communities affected by terrorism in the cantons of Koundjoare and Mandouri in northern Togo. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from one hundred and nineteen stakeholders selected thanks to rational choice and snowball sampling techniques. Using a semi-structured interview grid and a survey questionnaire, these stakeholders, mostly internally displaced persons, provided us with information on their psychological experiences of the terrorist attacks. The triangulation of data from different sources as well as their analysis revealed that terrorism confronts the victim populations with a permanent anxiety that jeopardizes their psychosocial equilibrium. Victims' peace of mind, well-being and mental health are severely disrupted. In addition, both direct and indirect victims suffer from psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder and various anxiety disorders. The results also underline the crucial role played by social and community support in alleviating these disorders. This points out to the need for psychosocial assistance to strengthen the psychological response to these experiences of terrorism.

Rotating packed beds (RPBs) enhances mass transfer processes because a centrifugal force which is several -times greater than gravity is used as the driving force. The complexity of fluid flow across RPBs has made predicting and accurately determining their hydrodynamic behaviours difficult. The flooding point as a hydrodynamic characteristic is essential for the accurate design and scale-up of RPBs. However, variations in flooding point definitions and methodologies across the literature highlight the need for standardized approaches in studying RPB flooding phenomena. This study compared four approaches based on pressure drop fluctuations and the volume of liquid ejected from the RPB to determine the onset of flooding in RPBs using experimental results from a pilot-scale counter-current RPB. For rotational speeds of 300 -1500 rpm, gas flow rate of 100-300 Nm3/h, and liquid flow rates of 0.39-0.75 m3/h, the pressure drop varied from 314 to 2,100 Pa. Quantitative comparisons of the results based on different flooding point definitions showed wide variations with the values of the pressure drop at the onset of flooding differing by as much as 325 %. A quantitative approach based on virtual observations and the ejection of 8 % of the total liquid flow rate from the rotor’s eye is proposed as the standard method for identifying the onset of flooding in RPBs.

Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is highly stable, and constitutes an important source of long-term C storage in agrosystems. This stored carbon is resistant to the processes of oxidation of carbon compounds. In our research phytolith content in barley (Estonia) and oat (Poland) grain and straw was assessed at field trials, with Si as a liquid immune stimulant OPTYSIL and compost fertilisation. We showed that cereals can produce relatively high amounts of phytoliths. PhytOC plays a key role in carbon sequestration, particularly for poor, sandy Polish and Estonian soils. The phytolith content was always higher in straw than in grain regardless of the type of cereals. The phytolith content in oat grains varied from 18.46 to 21.28 mg∙g−1 DM, and in straw 27.89–38.97 mg∙g−1 DM. The phytolith content in barley grain ranged from 17.24 to 19.86 mg∙g−1 DM, and in straw from 22.06 to 49.08 mg∙g−1 DM. Our results suggest that oat ecosystems can absorb from 14.94 to 41.73 kg e-CO2∙ha−1 and barley absorb from 0.32 to 1.60 kg e-CO2∙ha−1. The accumulation rate of PhytOC can be increased 3-fold in Polish conditions through foliar application of silicon, and 5-fold in Estonian conditions. In parallel, the compost fertilisation increased the phytolith content in cereals.

This study investigates the effective interfacial area in a novel rotating packed bed (RPB) equipped with dual gas inlets instead of the conventional single-gas-inlet RPB. The aim is to enhance the mass transfer efficiency of gas-liquid contacting processes in RPBs by increasing the number of gas inlets to improve the spread of gas supply into the packing. The RPB is a promising gas-liquid contactor configuration known for its intensified mass transfer characteristics. However, the impact of additional gas inlets on the effective interfacial area of the packing remains unexplored. An experimental method assessed the interfacial area under varying operational conditions which include a liquid flow rate of 0.30-0.60 m3/h, a gas flow rate of 100-300 Nm3/h, and a rotation speed of 600-1000 rpm. At operating conditions covering the maximum rotation speed of 1400 rpm, gas flow and liquid flow rates of 300 Nm3/h and 0.60 m3/h respectively, the results showed that on average, 55 to 97% of the 2400m2/m3 specific packing area can be effectively utilized for gas-liquid mass transfer during separation operations using the RPB. Compared to results reported for single-gas-inlet RPBs using similar packings, the RPB with double gas inlet proved to provide higher utilization of the packing. By simply doubling the number of gas inlets, the findings provide valuable insights into optimizing RPB designs and operations which could enhance mass transfer efficiency for various chemical and environmental applications.

ObjectiveThe study delved into the epigenetic factors associated with periodontal disease in two lineages of mice, namely C57bl/6 and Balb/c. Its primary objective was to elucidate alterations in the methylome of mice with distinct genetic backgrounds following systemic microbial challenge, employing high-throughput DNA methylation analysis as the investigative tool.MethodsPorphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)was orally administered to induce periodontitis in both Balb/c and C57bl/6 lineage. After euthanasia, genomic DNA from both maxilla and blood were subjected to bisulfite conversion, PCR amplification and genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using the Ovation RRBS Methyl-Seq System coupled with the Illumina Infinium Mouse Methylation BeadChip.ResultsOf particular significance was the distinct methylation profile observed within the Pg-induced group of the Balb/c lineage, contrasting with both the control and Pg-induced groups of the C57bl/6 lineage. Utilizing rigorous filtering criteria, we successfully identified a substantial number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) across various tissues and comparison groups, shedding light on the prevailing hypermethylation in non-induced cohorts and hypomethylation in induced groups. The comparison between blood and maxilla samples underscored the unique methylation patterns specific to the jaw tissue. Our comprehensive methylome analysis further unveiled statistically significant disparities, particularly within promoter regions, in several comparison groups.ConclusionThe differential DNA methylation patterns observed between C57bl/6 and Balb/c mouse lines suggest that epigenetic factors contribute to the variations in disease susceptibility. The identified differentially methylated regions associated with immune regulation and inflammatory response provide potential targets for further investigation. These findings emphasize the importance of considering epigenetic mechanisms in the development and progression of periodontitis.

Abstract Objectives Periodontal disease is understood to be a result of dysbiotic interactions between the host and the biofilm, causing a unique reaction for each individual, which in turn characterizes their susceptibility. The objective of this study was to chronologically evaluate periodontal tissue destruction induced by systemic bacterial challenge in known susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6) mouse lineages. Material and Methods Animals, 6–8 weeks old, were allocated into three experimental groups: Negative control (C), Gavage with sterile carboxymethyl cellulose 2%—without bacteria (Sham), and Gavage with carboxymethyl cellulose 2% + Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg‐W83). Before infection, all animals received antibiotic treatment (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 400/80 mg/5 mL) for 7 days, followed by 3 days of rest. Microbial challenge was performed 3 times per week for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. After that, the animals were kept until the completion of 42 days of experiments, when they were euthanized. The alveolar bone microarchitecture was assessed by computed microtomography. Results Both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice exhibited significant bone volume loss and lower trabecular thickness as well as greater bone porosity compared to the (C) and (Sham) groups after 1 week of microbial challenge (p

Abstract Improving a technical work environment encourages creativity and enhances research efforts. The conception of a modular ventilation laboratory aims at free construction and assembly of the air circuit in different shapes, sizes, and operational variations. The modules allow the development of academic experiences, automatic data acquisition from sensors, data analysis, and verification of concepts related to ventilation in underground mines. The modular ventilation laboratory uses a teaching methodology based on a playful and low-cost way to teach engineering, mainly underground mine ventilation. The aim of this work is essentially to propose the creation of a modular underground mine ventilation laboratory to facilitate engineering teaching and allow the simulation of real situations. The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) methodology was used to develop a framework for building the modular educational ventilation laboratory. This methodology encompasses project planning and studying, applying the Ventsim® software, and the design of a teaching laboratory with sensors and microcontrollers using the Internet of Things (IoT). The results involve the construction of a physical project with PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes and connections and electronic circuits. The project presents the main parameters monitored in underground mines and foresees the simulation of scenarios, aiming to facilitate an understanding of the concepts of fluid mechanics and mining ventilation. The conclusions indicate that using simulation in pedagogical practices develops several activities that contribute to innumerable learning and expands the network of constructive meanings as a learning strategy.

Growing crops on marginal lands is a promising solution to alleviate the increasing pressure on agricultural land in Europe. Such crops will however be at the same time exposed to increased drought and pathogen prevalence, on already challenging soil conditions. Some sustainable practices, such as Silicon (Si) foliar fertilization, have been proposed to alleviate these two stress factors, but have not been tested under controlled, future climate conditions. We hypothesized that Si foliar fertilization would be beneficial for crops under future climate, and would have cascading beneficial effects on ecosystem processes, as many of them are directly dependent on plant health. We tested this hypothesis by exposing spring barley growing on marginal soil macrocosms (three with, three without Si treatment) to 2070 climate projections in an ecotron facility. Using the high-capacity monitoring of the ecotron, we estimated C, water, and N budgets of every macrocosm. Additionally, we measured crop yield, the biomass of each plant organ, and characterized bacterial communities using metabarcoding. Despite being exposed to water stress conditions, plants did not produce more biomass with the foliar Si fertilization, whatever the organ considered. Evapotranspiration (ET) was unaffected, as well as water quality and bacterial communities. However, in the 10-day period following two of the three Si applications, we measured a significant increase in C sequestration, when climate conditions where significantly drier, while ET remained the same. We interpreted these results as a less significant effect of Si treatment than expected as compared with literature, which could be explained by the high CO2 levels under future climate, that reduces need for stomata opening, and therefore sensitivity to drought. We conclude that making marginal soils climate proof using foliar Si treatments may not be a sufficient strategy, at least in this type of nutrient-poor, dry, sandy soil.

Introduction: Lumbar disc arthroplasty is a surgical procedure designed to treat degenerative disc disease by replacing the affected disc with a mobile prosthesis. Several types of implants fall under the term total disc replacement, such as ball-and-socket, mobile core or elastic prostheses. Some studies have shown that facet arthritis can develop after arthroplasty, without much precision on the mechanical impact of the different implant technologies on the facet joints. This study aims to create validated patient-specific finite element models of the intact and post-arthroplasty lumbar spine in order to compare the mechanical response of ball-and-socket and elastic prostheses.Methods: Intact models were developed from CT-scans of human lumbar spine specimens (L4-S1), and arthroplasty models were obtained by replacing the L4-L5 disc with total disc replacement implants. Pure moments were applied to reproduce physiological loadings of flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation.Results: Models with ball-and-socket prosthesis showed increased values in both range of motion and pressure at the index level and lower values at the adjacent level. The mechanical behaviour of the elastic prosthesis and intact models were comparable. The dissipated friction energy in the facet joints followed a similar trend.Conclusion: Although both implants responded to the total disc replacement designation, the mechanical effects in terms of range of motion and facet joint loads varied significantly not only between prostheses but also between specimens. This confirms the interest that patient-specific surgical planning using finite element analysis could have in helping surgeons to choose the appropriate implant for each patient.

The important role of ventilation in underground mines is to ensure safety and adequate environmental conditions in all accessible areas of a mine. This research aims to develop low-cost solutions for monitoring ventilation parameters in underground mines using the Internet of Things (IoT). A comparison between standard measuring equipment and a new low-cost wearable monitoring device prototype was performed, and the variables measured in an underground mine were pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. The results in all surveys indicate that the wearable monitoring device prototype can properly be used for continuous monitoring of the underground environment. The standard measurement devices for underground mines should continuously be used by mining companies as requested by local legislation. The low-cost wearable monitoring device developed should be viewed as a redundant measurement device for operators’ safety. The constant innovations in technology can support mining operators in anticipating problems, improving productivity, ensuring safety, and meeting standards at low investments.

Local breeds are key components of livestock farming systems. They are part of livestock biodiversity and this diversity has been threatened since the second half of the 20th century by their replacement with animals from specialized breeds. The multiple benefits of farming systems using local breeds – provision of goods, landscape and environmental management, and uses related to cultural and heritage dimensions – have long been recognized and used to argue for their conservation. However, the notion of ecosystem services is rarely used to analyze those benefits. This article presents a qualitative approach to the provision of ecosystem services by farming systems that use livestock biodiversity. Based on diverse case studies of breeds from several species, we propose an analytical framework that accounts for how a service is qualified, who is concerned by the services identified, the role of the breed in the process of service provision, and interactions between services. Finally, the framework considers the links between the provision of services and the management of the breeds. We discuss to what extent the notion of ecosystem services is useful in dealing with the multiple benefits from farming systems using local breeds.

The emergence of new research methods in the field of heritage science always raises a large number of questions related to their applicability, reproducibility of results on similar objects, complementarity with other methods, and development of new research methods. To solve such problems, it is necessary to have a test object with the required structure. A multilayer test object based on a fragment of a copy of a 19th century painting by I.K. Aivazovsky was created and described. Analytical studies of the colourful layers were carried out on a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) attachment in single-reflection mode with a diamond crystal. As part of the use of one research method, differences between painting layers of the 19th and 20th centuries were revealed. Results are presented in the IR graphs. The aim of the work was to identify the characteristics of the pictorial layers inherent in the copy of the painting by I.K. Aivazovsky. This will improve the methodology of technological expertise of the I.K. Aivazovsky’s artworks.

Imaginaries serve as the foundational framework shaping representations and influencing societal perspectives, subsequently guiding specific practices. Within the realm of geographical imaginaries, this article adopted a geohistorical perspective, using periodicals, secondary sources, and contemporary digital media to shed light on the geography of the highlands of northern Chile. Our objective was to emphasize the representations that have discouraged the occupation of these mountainous regions. Our findings revealed the emergence of a geographic imaginary that attributes desert-like qualities to the entire northern region of Chile, extending beyond the “unpopulated area of Atacama”. This misleading characterization fails to distinguish desert areas from the topographic variations existing between the Andes and the Pacific coast. These representations, which have translated into depopulation practices, have stigmatized the highland areas as synonymous with desolation and inhospitality, seemingly unsuitable for daily life, social production, and reproduction potential. Consequently, both spaces and individuals have been objectified for development, perpetuating the capitalist system as the dominant mode of production.

Managing pet obesity relies heavily on the active involvement of owners; however, a key challenge arises from misperceptions about their own pet’s body condition. Given evolving societal dynamics like the body positivity movement, understanding owners’ perceptions is increasingly pivotal. To evaluate the differences in owners’ perception, this study compared the use of verbal and visual body condition score scales versus the established nine-point body condition score system. The factors linked to underestimation were further specifically investigated. Owners of healthy adult dogs and cats attending vaccination consultations in Veterinary Hospitals in France between 2020 and 2022 were recruited. They were required to assess their pets’ body condition initially using an oral description and then with the nine-point BCS visual scale. Their assessments were then compared with the BCS determined by veterinary health care personnel, considered the primary investigator. A total of 304 dogs and 270 cats were included in the study. It was observed that 27% of dog owners and 24% of cat owners underestimated their pets’ body condition. Among dog and cat owners, factors associated with the underestimation of body condition were the pets’ overweight status and having children. This discovery emphasizes the need for a holistic One Health approach that prioritizes the health and well-being of both humans and their pets. When it comes to pet owners evaluating their pets’ body condition, underestimation proved to be the predominant misperception. Addressing this issue requires comprehensive education to empower owners to recognize and comprehend their pets’ overweight status, a critical step for the overall well-being of companion animals.

An empirical study with different levels of soil pollution and a meta-analysis provide insight into the drivers of plant biomass partitioning under soil pollution stress.

Background: Autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) results in favorable clinical outcomes, yet high reoperation rates. The aim of this study was to report and analyze typical complications and their risk factors after AMIC for OLT. Methods: A total of 127 consecutive patients with 130 AMIC procedures for OLT were retrospectively assessed. All AMIC procedures were performed in an open fashion with 106 (81.5%) cases requiring a malleolar osteotomy (OT) to access the OLT. Seventy-one patients (54.6%) underwent subsequent surgery. These cases were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 3.1 years (±2.5) for complications reviewing postoperative imaging and intraoperative findings during revision surgery. Six patients (8.5%) were lost to follow-up. Regression model analysis was conducted to identify factors that were associated with AMIC-related complications. Results: Among the 65 (50%) patients who required revision surgery, 18 patients (28%) demonstrated AMIC-related complications with deep fissuring (83%) and thinning (17%) of the AMIC graft. Conversely, 47 patients (72%) underwent subsequent surgery due to AMIC-unrelated reasons including isolated removal of symptomatic hardware (n = 17) and surgery addressing concomitant pathologies with (n = 25) and without hardware removal (n = 5). Previous prior cartilage repair surgery was significantly associated with AMIC graft-associated complications in patients undergoing revision surgery ( P = .0023). Among age, body mass index, defect size, smoking, and bone grafting, smoking was the only factor showing statistical significance with an odds ratio of 3.7 (95% CI 1.24, 10.9; P = .019) to undergo revision surgery due to graft-related complications, when adjusted for previous cartilage repair surgery. Conclusion: The majority of revision surgeries after AMIC for OLT are unrelated to the performed AMIC graft but frequently address symptomatic hardware and concomitant pathologies. Both smoking and previous cartilage repair surgery seem to significantly increase the risk of undergoing revision surgery due to AMIC-related complications. Level of evidence: Level IV, case series.

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by inflammation and focal areas of demyelination, ultimately resulting in axonal degradation and neuronal loss. Several lines of evidence point towards a role for microglia and other brain macrophages in disease initiation and progression, but exactly how lesion formation is triggered is currently unknown. Here, we characterized early changes in MS brain tissue through transcriptomic analysis of normal appearing white matter (NAWM). We found that NAWM was characterized by enriched expression of genes associated with inflammation and cellular stress derived from brain macrophages. Single cell RNA sequencing confirmed a stress response in brain macrophages in NAWM and identified specific microglia and macrophage subsets at different stages of demyelinating lesions. We identified both phagocytic/activated microglia and CAM clusters that were associated with various MS lesion types. These overall changes in microglia and macrophages associated with lesion development in MS brain tissue may provide therapeutic targets to limit lesion progression and demyelination.

Abstract The Doppler signature of a man walking in a forested area analysed at L‐band is presented here. The aim is twofold: to assess the best time‐frequency distribution to characterise the activity; to highlight the similarity of the simulated data to the measured ones to validate the simulation tool. Indeed, the Doppler‐Time (DT) signal variation represents the main characteristic of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for classification. The more accurately the DT characterises the activity, the higher the machine’s accuracy in classifying it. Besides, in the training data frame, reliable simulated models may supply the amount of data needed by ANN applications. Thus, a short‐time Fourier transform (STFT), a reassigned spectrogram (RE‐Spect), and a pseudo‐Wigner–Ville distribution have been applied to the measured and simulated data. The measurements have been performed using a bistatic radar working at 1 GHz. Then, the measurement setup has been replicated in simulation, and 3‐D human bodies walking in free space have been computed using physical optics. The results show that the STFT is the most suitable time‐frequency method for recognising and classifying the walk. Moreover, the simulated data are in agreement with the measured data, regardless of the chosen Cohen’s technique.

What drives the mouthfeel of ’thickness’? When is a soup too ’thick’? Here, authors measure the rheology of liquid soups and show their subjectively perceived ’thickness’ can be directly associated to their non-Newtonian rheology.

Abstract Purpose Intraoperative hinge fractures in distal femur osteotomies represent a risk factor for loss of alignment and non‐union. Using finite element analysis, the goal of this study was to investigate the influence of different hinge widths and osteotomy corrections on hinge fractures in medial closed‐wedge and lateral open‐wedge distal femur osteotomies. Methods The hinge was located at the proximal margin of adductor tubercle for biplanar lateral open‐wedge and at the upper border of the lateral femoral condyle for biplanar medial closed‐wedge distal femur osteotomies, corresponding to optimal hinge positions described in literature. Different hinge widths (5, 7.5, 10 mm) were created and the osteotomy correction was opened/closed by 5, 7.5 and 10 mm. Tensile and compressive strain of the hinge was determined in a finite element analysis and compared to the ultimate strain of cortical bone to assess the hinge fracture risk. Results Doubling the correction from 5 to 10 mm increased mean tensile and compressive strain by 50% for lateral open‐wedge and 48% for medial closed‐wedge osteotomies. A hinge width of 10 mm versus 5 mm showed increased strain in the hinge region of 61% for lateral open‐wedge and 32% for medial closed‐wedge osteotomies. Medial closed‐wedge recorded a higher fracture risk compared to lateral open‐wedge osteotomies due to a larger hinge cross‐section area (60–67%) for all tested configurations. In case of a 5 mm hinge, medial closed‐wedge recorded 71% higher strain in the hinge region compared to lateral open‐wedge osteotomies. Conclusion Due to morphological features of the medial femoral condyle, finite element analysis suggests that lateral‐open wedge osteotomies are the preferable option if larger corrections are intended, as a thicker hinge can remain without an increased hinge fracture risk.

Abstract Purpose Functional internal rotation (IR) is a combination of extension and IR. It is clinically often limited after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) either due to loss of extension or IR in extension. It was the purpose of this study to determine the ideal in‐vitro combination of glenoid and humeral components to achieve impingement‐free functional IR. Methods RTSA components were virtually implanted into a normal scapula (previously established with a statistical shape model) and into a corresponding humerus using a computer planning program (CASPA). Baseline glenoid configuration consisted of a 28 mm baseplate placed flush with the posteroinferior glenoid rim, a baseplate inclination angle of 96° (relative to the supraspinatus fossa) and a 36 mm standard glenosphere. Baseline humeral configuration consisted of a 12 mm humeral stem, a metaphysis with a neck shaft angle (NSA) of 155° (+ 6 mm medial offset), anatomic torsion of ‐20° and a symmetric PE inlay (36mmx0mm). Additional configurations with different humeral torsion (‐20°, + 10°), NSA (135°, 145°, 155°), baseplate position, diameter, lateralization and inclination were tested. Glenohumeral extension of 5, 10, 20, and 40° was performed first, followed by IR of 20, 40, and 60° with the arm in extension of 40°—the value previously identified as necessary for satisfactory clinical functional IR. The different component combinations were taken through simulated ROM and the impingement volume (mm3) was recorded. Furthermore, the occurrence of impingement was read out in 5° motion increments. Results In all cases where impingement occurred, it occurred between the PE inlay and the posterior glenoid rim. Only in 11 of 36 combinations full functional IR was possible without impingement. Anterosuperior baseplate positioning showed the highest impingement volume with every combination of NSA and torsion. A posteroinferiorly positioned 26 mm baseplate resulting in an additional 2 mm of inferior overhang as well as 6 mm baseplate lateralization offered the best impingement‐free functional IR (5/6 combinations without impingement). Low impingement potential resulted from a combination of NSA 135° and + 10° torsion (4/6 combinations without impingement), followed by NSA 135° and ‐20° torsion (3/6 combinations without impingement) regardless of glenoid setup. Conclusion The largest impingement‐free functional IRs resulted from combining a posteroinferior baseplate position, a greater inferior glenosphere overhang, 90° of baseplate inclination angle, 6 mm glenosphere lateralization with respect to baseline setup, a lower NSA and antetorsion of the humeral component. Surgeons can employ and combine these implant configurations to achieve and improve functional IR when planning and performing RTSA. Level of evidence Basic Science Study, Biomechanics.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a experiência de três professores da Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás, no âmbito das disciplinas de Estágio Curricular Obrigatório I e III, na modalidade de Ensino Remoto Emergencial. O estudo caracteriza-se como relato de experiência com vistas a problematizar as vivências e os limites observados ao longo do primeiro semestre letivo de 2020. A partir da apresentação de um histórico legal da institucionalização do ensino remoto durante a pandemia de Covid-19 e de descrições críticas, apresentam-se sete aspectos que sintetizam as particularidades vividas e suas contribuições para a formação inicial de professores. As experiências relatadas não constituem as únicas nem as melhores formas de realização de estágios, contudo explicitam os obstáculos e as possibilidades de ações docentes em meio à pandemia.

Abstract A Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS) laboratory test for meta-andesite was modeled using a Finite/Discrete Element Method (FDEM or FEM-DEM). These hybrid methodologies allow modeling the transition from continuous to discontinuous that happens on mechanical tests of rock samples. This article presents the calibration and the simulation of BTS tests using some parameters previously calibrated on UCS modeling of the same material. Irazu, a two-dimensional software developed by Geomechanica, was used to simulate the tests based on the tensile strength and the fracture pattern. The model shows that, in BTS test simulation, the mode II (shear) happens mainly on the rock-platen contact. The mode I (traction) rules the fractures on the BTS test as observed in laboratory tests. The model represents, with great fidelity, the results obtained in the physical test.

Introduction Prognosis following surgical rotator cuff repair (RCR) is often established through the assessment of non-modifiable biomedical factors such as tear size. This understates the complex nature of recovery following RCR. There is a need to identify modifiable psychosocial and sleep-related variables, and to find out whether changes in central pain processing influence prognosis after RCR. This will improve our knowledge on how to optimise recovery, using a holistic rehabilitation approach.Methods and analysis This longitudinal study will analyse 141 participants undergoing usual care for first time RCR. Data will be collected 1–21 days preoperatively (T1), then 11–14 weeks (T2) and 12–14 months (T3) postoperatively. We will use mixed-effects linear regression to assess relationships between potential prognostic factors and our primary and secondary outcome measures—the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index; the Constant-Murley Score; the Subjective Shoulder Value; Maximal Pain (Numeric Rating Scale); and Quality of Life (European Quality of Life, 5 dimensions, 5 levels). Potential prognostic factors include: four psychosocial variables; pain catastrophising, perceived stress, injury perceptions and patients’ expectations for RCR; sleep; and four factors related to central pain processing (central sensitisation inventory, temporal summation, cold hyperalgesia and pressure pain threshold). Intercorrelations will be assessed to determine the strength of relationships between all potential prognostic indicators.Our aim is to explore whether modifiable psychosocial factors, sleep-related variables and altered central pain processing are associated with outcomes pre-RCR and post-RCR and to identify them as potential prognostic factors.Ethics and dissemination The results of the study will be disseminated at conferences such as the European Pain Congress. One or more manuscripts will be published in a peer-reviewed SCI-ranked journal. Findings will be reported in accordance with the STROBE statement and PROGRESS framework. Ethical approval is granted by the Ethical commission of Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, No: ID_2018-02089Trial registration number NCT04946149.

Abstract We present the use of a power limiting apparatus to evaluate ultrafast optical nonlinearities of transparent liquids (water and ethanol) in the femtosecond filamentation regime. The setup has been previously employed for the same purpose, however, in a longer pulsewidth (> 20 ps) regime, which leads to an ambiguous evaluation of the critical power for self-focusing. The uncertainty originates from the existence of a threshold power for optical breakdown well below the critical power for self-focusing within this timeframe. Contrarily, using the proposed apparatus in the femtosecond regime, we observe for the first time a unique optical response, which features the underlying physics of laser filamentation. Importantly, we demonstrate a dependence of the optical transmission of the power limiter on its geometrical, imaging characteristics and the conditions under which a distinct demarcation for the critical power for self-focusing can be determined. The result is supported by numerical simulations, which indicate that the features of the observed power-dependent optical response of the power limiting setup are physically related to the spontaneous transformation of the laser pulses into nonlinear conical waves.

O objetivo do trabalho é investigar as concepções das preceptoras vinculadas ao Subprojeto de Residência Pedagógica em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) sobre Educação em Sexualidade e Gênero, a fim de compreender como a abordagem dessas temáticas pode contribuir para a formação inicial e continuada de professores de Ciências e Biologia. A partir da análise dos dados obtidos por meio de questionário eletrônico, concluiu-se que as professoras não tiveram contato com a temática durante sua graduação, evidenciando uma perspectiva biologicista em suas propostas pedagógicas. Com isso, as preceptoras visualizam na RP a possibilidade de formação continuada, permitindo inserir e qualificar o debate acerca da educação em sexualidade e gênero em suas aulas e no cotidiano escolar.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography response at 1 month (M1) and 3 months (M3) after anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in a multicenter cohort of 160 patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphomas (R/R LBCL). In total, 119 (75%) patients reached M1 evaluation; 64 (53%, 64/119) had a complete response (CR); 91% were Deauville Score (DS) 1-3. Progressionfree survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly worse in patients with DS-5 at M1, than in patients with DS 1-3 (PFS hazard ratio [HR]=6.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.5-11.5 vs. OS HR=3.79, 95% CI: 1.7-8.5) and DS-4 (PFS HR=11.99, 95% CI: 5.0-28.9 vs. OS HR=12.49, 95% CI: 2.8-55.8). The 1-year PFS rates were 78.9% (95% CI: 58.9-89.9) for DS-4 at M1, similar to 67.3% (95% CI: 51.8-78.8) for patients with DS 1-3 at M1, very different to 8.6% (95% CI: 1.8-22.4) for DS-5, respectively. Only eight of 30 (26%) patients with DS-4 progressed. Response at M3 evaluated in 90 (57%) patients was prognostic for PFS with lower discrimination (HR=3.28, 95% CI: 1.5-7.0; P=0.003) but did not predict OS (HR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.2-2.3; P=0.45). Patients with a high baseline total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV) >80 mL had worse PFS (HR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.2-3.5; P=0.009) and OS (HR=4.52, 95% CI: 2.5-8.1; P80 mL, and DS-5 at M1 for OS. In conclusion, baseline TMTV and response at M1 strongly predicts outcomes of patients with R/R LBCL undergoing CAR T-cell therapy.

Stage IIB Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients, with a mediastinum-to-thorax (M/T) ratio of ≥0.33 or extranodal localization have a poor prognosis and are treated either as limited or advanced stage. We compared these two approaches in patients included in two randomized phase III trials enrolling previously untreated early (H10) or advanced stage HL (AHL2011). We included HL patients with Ann-Arbor stage IIB with M/T ≥0.33 or extranodal involvement enrolled in the H10 or AHL2011 trials with available positron emission tomography at baseline (PET0) and after two cycles of chemotherapy (PET2). Baseline total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV) was calculated using the 41% SUVmax method. PET2 response assessment used the Deauville score. One hundred and fourty-eight patients were eligible, including 83 enrolled in the AHL2011 trial and 65 in the H10 trial. The median TMTV value was 155.5 mL (range, 8.3-782.9 mL), 165.6 mL in AHL2011 and 147 mL in H10. PET2 positivity rates were 16.9% (n=14) and 9.2% (n=6) in AHL2011 and H10 patients, respectively. With a median follow-up of 4.1 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.9-4.4), overall 4-year PFS was 88.0%, 87.0% in AHL2011 and 89.2% in H10. In univariate and mutivariate analyses, baseline TMTV and PET2 response influenced significantly progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR]=4.94, HR=3.49 respectively). Notably, among the 16 patients who relapsed, 13 (81%) had a baseline TMTV baseline ≥155 mL. Upfront ABVD plus radiation therapy or upfront escBEACOPP without radiotherapy provide similar patient’s outcome in high-risk stage IIB HL. TMTV is useful to stratify these patients at baseline.

Abstract Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is a key artistic and scientific figure of the Renaissance. He is renowned for his science of art, taking advantage of his acute observations of nature to achieve striking pictorial results. This study describes the analysis of an exceptional sample from one of Leonardo’s final masterpieces: The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Musée du Louvre, Paris, France). The sample was analyzed at the microscale by synchrotron-based hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging and high-angular X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate Leonardo’s use of two subtypes of lead white pigment, thus revealing how he must have possessed a precise knowledge of his materials; carefully selecting them according to the aesthetical results he aimed at achieving in each painting. This work provides insights on how Leonardo obtained these grades of pigment and proposes new clues regarding the optical and/or working properties he may have tried to achieve.

Cycling is an important pillar of the global endeavor to have a more sustainable transportation system. Many papers have studied how trip and person characteristics affect selecting the bike as a transport mode but unlike other researchers, we model the probability of cycling using a binary item response model where the choice is modelled as a trade-off between the individuals' tendency to cycle and the threshold related to each cycling situation. We distinguish between frequent and occasional cyclists. The results show that occasional cyclists are more affected by adverse weather situations, darkness, and uphill slopes. Contrary to the previous studies, a separate bike path turned out a stronger motivator for the group of frequent cyclists. The model fit can substantially be improved by accounting for attribute non-attendance. The results show that weather and wind speed have the highest probability to be taken into account, and the bike path had the lowest probability of being considered by the respondents. Employing the attribute non-attendance model made it possible to make accurate and trustworthy conclusions about the attributes by focusing on the people who take into account the attributes. More specifically, it was found that the presence of a separate bike path and a 100% asphalt route can increase the average probability of taking the bike by up to 55 and 40 percentage points, respectively.

Abstract Finite/discrete element methods (FDEM) are hybrid numerical models that use algorithms to analyze the transition from continuous to discontinuous. This type of formulation allows modeling physical laboratory tests with greater proximity to reality. This article proposes to simulate the average behavior of a uniaxial compression test campaign. The tests were modeled and calibrated based on the strength and the fracture pattern using Geomechanica Inc. Irazu two-dimensional software. The simulated results were analyzed by the mean standard deviation of approximately 3000 elements in the middle third of the model, the same region where the clip gages are located in the physical test. The obtained results show that FDEM can replicate the laboratory test with great similarity.

O Probio ou Jogo da Biodiversidade foi lançado em 2006 pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente, produto de um subprojeto que tinha como finalidade a elaboração de materiais educativos de educação ambiental sobre temas prioritários elencados pelo Projeto de Conservação e Utilização Sustentável da Biodiversidade Biológica Brasileira. O jogo contempla 45 pares de portfólios que retratam situações verídicas de conflito socioambiental em biomas brasileiros e as ações positivas realizadas para a resolução dos problemas exemplificados, levando em consideração a perspectiva dialógico-problematizadora. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste artigo é explorar a ludicidade ambiental como ramo reflexivo emergente do campo da educação ambiental, a fim de situar as dimensões educativas de conflito e ação presentes nos portfólios do bioma Campos Sulinos do jogo Probio. O trabalho é de natureza qualitativa e caráter exploratório, e utiliza a pesquisa documental para investigar os portfólios, os quais são aprofundados à luz da Análise de Conteúdo. A partir da análise, identificamos a emergência de cinco dimensões educativas presentes nos portfólios conflito e ação: econômica, política, social, cultural e ambiental. Essas dimensões revelam a natureza geradora dos conflitos e a compreensão sistêmica necessária para a resolução das situações-problema.

Production of bio-succinic acid through microbial fermentation using agro-industrial waste has been observed extensively. Large scale production is now being considered since bio-succinic acid has broad range application in several industries including agricultural, food, chemical, metal, and pharmaceutical industry as a precursor, ion chelator, and or additive agent. One of promising microbes able to produce bio-succinic acid in large amount and recognized for industrial production is Actinobacillus succinogenes. However, several factors still need to be considered in order to optimize the fermentation performance. Therefore, this paper aims to review the progress of fermentation methods and discuss the fermentation strategy focused on the influences of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, pH regulator, and fermentation configuration to the fermentation parameters including concentration, productivity and yield of bio-succinic acid. As a result, combinations of several fermentation strategies are needed to be performed to realize an efficient and effective bio-succinic acid industry. Keywords: Actinobacillus succinogenes, Agro-industrial waste, Bio-succinic acid, Fermentation strategies

The problem of global optimal evaluation for multi-robot allocation has gained attention constantly, especially in a multi-objective environment, but most algorithms based on swarm intelligence are difficult to give a convergent result. For solving the problem, we established a Global Optimal Evaluation of Revenue method of multi-robot for multi-tasks based on the real textile combing production workshop, consumption, and different task characteristics of mobile robots. The Global Optimal Evaluation of Revenue method could traversal calculates the profit of each robot corresponding to different tasks with global traversal over a finite set, then an optimization result can be converged to the global optimal value avoiding the problem that individual optimization easy to fall into local optimal results. In the numerical simulation, for fixed set of multi-object and multi-task, we used different numbers of robots allocation operation. We then compared with other methods: Hungarian, the auction method, and the method based on game theory. The results showed that Global Optimal Evaluation of Revenue reduced the number of robots used by at least 17%, and the delay time could be reduced by at least 16.23%.

The growing loss of soil functionality due to contamination by metal(loid)s, alone or in combination with organic pollutants, is a global environmental issue that entails major risks to ecosystems and human health. Consequently, the management and restructuring of large metal(loid)-polluted areas through sustainable nature-based solutions is currently a priority in research programs and legislation worldwide. Over the last few years, phytomanagement has emerged as a promising phytotechnology, focused on the use of plants and associated microorganisms, together with ad hoc site management practices, for an economically viable and ecologically sustainable recovery of contaminated sites. It promotes simultaneously the recovery of soil ecological functions and the decrease of pollutant linkages, while providing economic revenues, e.g. by producing non-food crops for biomass-processing technologies (biofuel and bioenergy sector, ecomaterials, biosourced-chemistry, etc.), thus contributing to the international demand for sustainable and renewable sources of energy and raw materials for the bioeconomy. Potential environmental benefits also include the provision of valuable ecosystem services such as water drainage management, soil erosion deterrence, C sequestration, regulation of nutrient cycles, xenobiotic biodegradation, and metal(loid) stabilization. Phytomanagement relies on the proper selection of (i) plants and (ii) microbial inoculants with the capacity to behave as powerful plant allies, e.g., PGPB: plant growth-promoting bacteria and AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This review gives an up-to-date overview of the main annual, perennial, and woody crops, as well as the most adequate cropping systems, presently used to phytomanage metal(loid)-contaminated soils, and the relevant products and ecosystems services provided by the various phytomanagement options. Suitable bioaugmentation practices with PGPB and AMF are also discussed. Furthermore, we identify the potential interest of phytomanagement for stakeholders and end-users and highlight future opportunities boosted by an effective engagement between environmental protection and economic development. We conclude by presenting the legal and regulatory framework of soil remediation and by discussing prospects for phytotechnologies applications in the future.

Even though Walter Benjamin wrote and translated poems, his poetic endeavors are seldom mentioned. However, it is possible to decipher a precise conception of poetry in the poetic fragments of his youth, that were written approximately between 1914 and 1922-1925. This will be accomplished in a close reading of his sonnet Wie karg die Maße, that is regarded as an Ars poetica, and of several translations of the Baudelaire-poems Der Schwann and Landschaft. This paper aims, firstly, to show how questions that were later essential for Benjamin are already present, and, secondly, to determine how he deals with them: questions of language and content, image, allegory. The material of literature is the world in which the poet lives, revealing its contradictions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a new porcine bone graft in rat calvaria bone defects. Critical defects were surgically created in 24 rats that were divided into four experimental groups according to defect filling (n = 6): Control Group (CG)—blood clot; Porcine Bone Group (PG)—porcine-derived bone substitute; (BG): Bio-Oss Group (BG)–chemically and heat-treated bovine graft; Bonefill Group (BFG)—chemically treated bovine bone substitute. Euthanasia of the animals occurred 30 days after the surgery, and the area of the original surgical defect and the surrounding tissues were removed for micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis. In the micro-CT evaluation, the PG presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in comparison to the CG, BG and BFG, for the parameters percentage of Bone Volume (BV/TV), Surface Bone Density (BS/TV), Number of Trabeculae (Tb.N) and Bone Connectivity (Conn), but not for Total Porosity (Po.tot) and Trabecular Thickness (Tb.Th). The histomorphometric analysis showed that the PG presented similar results to the BG regarding newly formed bone extension and to the BG and BFG regarding newly formed bone area. The porcine-derived graft presented superior microtomographic and histomorphometric results when compared to the two bovine bone substitutes.

Predation by wolves affects all livestock farming systems, including those having different batches of animals being simultaneously grazed in distinct and sometimes distant fenced pastures scattered over a landscape. In the absence of a responsible human herding and watching over his flock or herd, livestock protection by the sole combination of fences and guard dogs is a new practice in France, that has not yet received much attention in public policy recommendations. We used several sources of knowledge, from the scientific literature to experiences of breeders interviewed in the Southern Alps, to analyse three issues to improve the effectiveness of the practice: the number of guard dogs required per batch of animals, the complementarity of dogs within their working group, and the land area to be protected by dogs. In each case, several dogs are necessary. Within their group, the guard dogs can play complementary roles and this optimizes protection. The rearrangement of dog groups during the year can cause difficulties. It may be appropriate sometimes to allow guard dogs to cross fences, so that they do not have to wait for wolves to jump or dig underneath. But in a densely populated and frequented country such as France, allowing protection by dogs on the periphery of fenced pastures faces a high risk of conflict with other land users. When grazing lands become risky areas for hikers or hunters confronted with guard dogs, the sustainability of outdoor livestock farming may be called into question.

Predation by wolves affects all livestock farming systems, including those having different batches of animals being simultaneously grazed in distinct and sometimes distant fenced pastures scattered over a landscape. In the absence of a responsible human herding and watching over his flock or herd, livestock protection by the sole combination of fences and guard dogs is a new practice in France, that has not yet received much attention in public policy recommendations. We used several sources of knowledge, from the scientific literature to experiences of breeders interviewed in the Southern Alps, to analyse three issues to improve the effectiveness of the practice: the number of guard dogs required per batch of animals, the complementarity of dogs within their working group, and the land area to be protected by dogs. In each case, several dogs are necessary. Within their group, the guard dogs can play complementary roles and this optimizes protection. The rearrangement of dog groups during the year can cause difficulties. It may be appropriate sometimes to allow guard dogs to cross fences, so that they do not have to wait for wolves to jump or dig underneath. But in a densely populated and frequented country such as France, allowing protection by dogs on the periphery of fenced pastures faces a high risk of conflict with other land users. When grazing lands become risky areas for hikers or hunters confronted with guard dogs, the sustainability of outdoor livestock farming may be called into question.

Neste artigo investigamos o lugar de Orfeu e da música na obra de Proclo, mais especificamente na Teologia Platônica, e analisamos como o músico mítico é desprovido de seus feitos épico-musicais, característicos das representações sobre ele, encontradas na mitologia da Antiguidade. No texto procliano, ele é representado como teólogo, guardião dos mistérios iniciáticos que foram passados pelo músico aos filósofos, dentre os quais Platão recebe o maior destaque. O lugar de auctoritas ocupado por Orfeu é reforçado por sua presença sempre ao lado de Platão nas interpretações religiosas das divindades ligadas ao orfismo, apresentadas por Proclo. Buscamos apresentar, via passagens da Teologia Platônica e dos hinos órficos atribuídos ao filósofo tardo-antigo, a concepção de música cósmica revelada nos excertos e como ela se relaciona à percepção de harmonia universal e com essa concepção de Orfeu e Platão teólogos. Ao longo do trabalho propomos nossa tradução para a língua portuguesa dos excertos em grego, com base na mais recente tradução italiana por Michele Abbate (2019).

Ecological restoration (ER) of terrestrial ecosystems has become widespread in past decades. However, assessing its success is complex mainly due to the diversity of objectives pursued, actions undertaken but also statistical methods for treating data. We demonstrate here that, due to the heterogeneity of collected data, the success of restoration actions can be overestimated in meta-analyses. We advocate analyzing distinctly two types of actions in ER, those aiming at increasing an ecosystem attribute (e.g. species richness of a native plant species, ER+), and those aiming at decreasing it (e.g. invasive species cover, ER-). We also suggest that only one index for assessing the success of a restoration action is not enough. We propose here to complete RR (Remaining Recovery) by a novel index informing on ‘what has been restored by comparison to what should have been recovered’: the ‘Achieved Restoration’ index (AR).

Embora haja certo otimismo com relação à participação da mulher na ciência, pesquisas apontam diversos entraves para o alcance da igualdade. Nesse aspecto, destaca-se a escola como espaço privilegiado de intervenção, auxiliando estudantes e professores a romper com os estereótipos de gênero. Tendo em vista o processo histórico de exclusão das mulheres, este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as percepções de estudantes da 2ª série do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública estadual do Município de Goiânia/GO sobre a presença das mulheres na ciência, com vistas a identificar a proximidade do tema na educação básica. A pesquisa possui abordagem qualitativa, utilizando a análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados indicam que os estudantes possuem uma visão estereotipada de ciência e cientistas, associando a ciência a homens, e têm dificuldade de citar nomes de cientistas mulheres, principalmente as brasileiras. Ademais, a temática mulheres na ciência não é comum a eles, sobretudo na escola, o que reforça a necessidade de inserção desse tema no contexto escolar.

Resumo Neste trabalho realizamos a montagem de uma matriz hamiltoniana para um gás de elétrons bidimensional não interagente. Estes sistemas podem ser formados na interface de heteroestruturas do GaAs-AlGaAs e, na presença de potenciais de confinamento, serem usados como transistores quânticos. Partindo da equação de Schrödinger na aproximação da massa efetiva, deduzimos os Hamiltonianos 1D e 2D na base de sítios Tight Binding. Estes Hamiltonianos foram obtidos através do procedimento de discretização da equação de Schrödinger. Para o caso unidimensional, o resultado encontrado foi a conhecida matriz tridiagonal e, para o caso bidimensional, uma matriz de blocos tridiagonais. A discretização realizada permitiu a dedução dos valores das energias de sítio e de hopping do sistema estudado. Estes resultados demonstraram a ligação direta entre a equação de Schrödinger e o método Tight Binding, e, tais resultados, são muito úteis na realização de métodos numéricos, os quais não são abordados na literatura básica de Física do Estado Sólido.

Aims. The present study aims to model grape quality criteria by combining a large number of viticultural practices and soil and climate variables related to the main determinants. Methods and results. A database has been developed using the Chenin Blanc grape variety in a Protected Designation of Origin. A statistical model, namely a Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, has been determined for each grape quality criterion (sugar content, total acidity, malic acid, tartaric acid, available nitrogen, pH and bunch rot). This statistical analysis identifies the main viticultural practices and soil and climate variables related to the grape quality at harvest. The results highlight relationships between the length of vine pruning and pH and malic acid but even more significant relationships with tartaric acid, available nitrogen and bunch rot. Conclusion. The models point out the most relevant viticultural practices and soil and climate variables for the explanation of each grape quality criterion studied. Significance and impact of the study. The results provide a better understanding of the major variables that influence grape quality.

Research Framework: The article offers an overall thinking on French family policy, its history, discourses, objectives and theoretical interpretations. Objectives: It seeks to establish that a reading from its contemporary point of departure reveals that French family policy has put children, and not primarily the family, at the center of its concerns. Methodology: A secondary analysis of major texts dealing with this family policy, as well as a synthesis of the author's work, provide the methodological substrate adopted for this text. A shift in analytical focus and a renewed understanding of the wide range of socio-ideological debates and public policies support the overall approach. Results: It emerges that the historical and discursive variation of French family policy is, more or less explicitly, based on one invariant: the child. This is because the child presides over a conception of the child as a good of the nation, at the level of the republican state that post-revolutionary France has adopted. The family thus acts by delegation, and the State takes its place in case of failure or need. Conclusions: Contributing to the satisfaction of the needs of the child in his or her family is not only the initial objective of family policies but also their current objective. Contribution: It is therefore to the re-reading of French family policy, in the light of the social valorization of the child proclaimed by many countries, that the article commits.