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Sylvia M. Payne was one of the first women to practice psychoanalysis in Britain. Though she became president of the British Psychoanalytical Society, not a single scholarly work is dedicated to Payne's intellectual ideas—a substantial historical lacuna, especially when compared with the research on Ernest Jones, one of Sigmund Freud's early disciples and the president who preceded her. This essay presents the first exploration of her early work. It focuses on her belonging to a group of British analysts who challenged Sigmund Freud's thinking on sexual difference. The full scope of this challenge, I argue, as it emerged in interwar Britain, has remained unexamined until today. Adding to the scholarship on the prominent and lesser-known roles of women in psychoanalysis, the article shows that Payne made significant contributions to the field; she also developed the work of Melanie Klein, on whom we also need more research. The study describes the life and work of a woman who has been neglected in the historiography of twentieth-century intellectual history. It engages with broader methodological questions of how to define the political, historical role of female psychoanalysts of her generation.

Reviews the books, Freud in Cambridge by John Forrester and Laura Cameron and Psychoanalysis in Britain, 1893-1913: Histories and Historiography by Philip Kuhn. Sigmund Freud and his invention of the discipline of psychoanalysis had an immense intellectual impact on 20th-century culture. Yet, although his writings were received with great enthusiasm-as well as with hostility-we are still lacking full accounts of all the various sites where Freud and his ideas were widely discussed and which rapidly paired his name (as early as the 1920s) with those of eminent intellectuals such as Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, and Albert Einstein. Forrester and Cameron's Freud in Cambridge is a good book to read alongside Phillip Kuhn's Psychoanalysis in Britain, 1893-1913: Histories and Historiography, published in 2017 (for my full review, see Michal, 2019). Here, I include only what is relevant to a comparison of the two books. Freud in Cambridge opposes writing the history of psychoanalysis modeled on the "Great Man" and focusing on Sigmund Freud the individual and his decisive influence, as it rejects a historical model centered around the bureaucracy of institutions such as the International Psycho-Analytic Association. Concentrating on the British case, the book chooses instead to look beyond Ernest Jones' efforts to spread Freud's ideas, and beyond the workings of the British Psycho-Analytical Society (BPAS) that Jones created in 1919. Kuhn's periodization is earlier than that of Forrester and Cameron, as he provides a meticulous examination and close textual reading of contemporary sources to look at the last years of the 19th century and the era before the outbreak of the Great War. Similarly, Kuhn's book is a closely researched study of the early days of psychoanalysis in Britain within broad medical and social contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Translation of most cellular mRNAs in eukaryotes proceeds through a cap-dependent pathway, whereby the cap-binding complex, eIF4F, anchors the preinitiation complex at the 5′ end of mRNAs and regulates translation initiation. The requirement of Leishmania to survive in changing environments can explain why they encode multiple eIF4E (LeishIF4Es) and eIF4G (LeishIF4Gs) paralogs, as each could be assigned a discrete role during their life cycle. Here we show that the expression and activity of different LeishIF4Es change during the growth of cultured promastigotes, urging a search for regulatory proteins. We describe a novel LeishIF4E-interacting protein, Leish4E-IP2, which contains a conserved Y(X)4LΦ IF4E-binding-motif. Despite its capacity to bind several LeishIF4Es, Leish4E-IP2 was not detected in m7GTP-eluted cap-binding complexes, suggesting that it could inhibit the cap-binding activity of LeishIF4Es. Using a functional assay, we show that a recombinant form of Leish4E-IP2 inhibits the cap-binding activity of LeishIF4E-1 and LeishIF4E-3. Furthermore, we show that transgenic parasites expressing a tagged version of Leish4E-IP2 also display reduced cap-binding activities of tested LeishIF4Es, and decreased global translation. Given its ability to bind more than a single LeishIF4E, we suggest that Leish4E-IP2 could serve as a broad-range repressor of Leishmania protein synthesis.

Leishmania parasites are digenetic protists that shuffle between sand fly vectors and mammalian hosts, transforming from flagellated extracellular promastigotes that reside within the intestinal tract of female sand flies to the obligatory intracellular and non-motile amastigotes within mammalian macrophages. Stage differentiation is regulated mainly by post-transcriptional mechanisms, including translation regulation. Leishmania parasites encode six different cap-binding proteins, LeishIF4E1-6, that show poor conservation with their counterparts from higher eukaryotes and among themselves. In view of the changing host milieu encountered throughout their life cycle, we propose that each LeishIF4E has a unique role, although these functions may be difficult to determine. Here we characterize LeishIF4E-6, a unique eIF4E ortholog that does not readily associate with m7GTP cap in either of the tested life forms of the parasite. We discuss the potential effect of substituting two essential tryptophan residues in the cap-binding pocket, expected to be involved in the cap-binding activity, as judged from structural studies in the mammalian eIF4E. LeishIF4E-6 binds to LeishIF4G-5, one of the five eIF4G candidates in Leishmania. However, despite this binding, LeishIF4E-6 does not appear to function as a translation factor. Its episomal overexpression causes a general reduction in the global activity of protein synthesis, which was not observed in the hemizygous deletion mutant generated by CRISPR-Cas9. This genetic profile suggests that LeishIF4E-6 has a repressive role. The interactome of LeishIF4E-6 highlights proteins involved in RNA metabolism such as the P-body marker DHH1, PUF1 and an mRNA-decapping enzyme that is homologous to the TbALPH1.

Works dealing with the Attentional White-Bear theory show that people allocate attention to a location they were told to ignore. However, studies have not examine whether the content presented in the ignored location had an impact on participants’ attitudes. To explore this question we provide a novel demonstration of the joint effects of the Attentional White-Bear and the Sleeper effect, and show that an instruction to ignore a specific predefined location in the visual field generates attention to the content in that location which influences attitudes. In four longitudinal experiments, a Sleeper effect was revealed. However this effect was eliminated when participants were requested to ignore the predefined location of the discounting cue (Experiments 1 and 3), the persuasive message (Experiment 2) and the incongruent background (Experiment 4). The comparative findings for the parallel groups exposed to the same information (both persuasive and discounting) without the ignoring instruction point to the critical role of this instruction as the source of the difference in attitude change. The discussion centers on the implications regarding the strategic buildup of communicating information that can attract audience’s attention in novel unexpected ways. These counterintuitive effects provide an uncommon strategic perspective: paradoxically, in order to generate attention to a message, the target audience should be instructed to ignore its location.

Leishmania parasites cycle between sand fly vectors and mammalian hosts, transforming from extracellular promastigotes that reside in the vectors’ alimentary canal to obligatory intracellular non-motile amastigotes that are harbored by macrophages of the mammalian hosts. The transition between vector and host exposes them to a broad range of environmental conditions that induces a developmental program of gene expression, with translation regulation playing a key role. The Leishmania genome encodes six paralogs of the cap-binding protein eIF4E. All six isoforms show a relatively low degree of conservation with eIF4Es of other eukaryotes, as well as among themselves. This variability could suggest that they have been assigned discrete roles that could contribute to their survival under the changing environmental conditions. Here, we describe LeishIF4E-5, a LeishIF4E paralog. Despite the low sequence conservation observed between LeishIF4E-5 and other LeishIF4Es, the three aromatic residues in its cap-binding pocket are conserved, in accordance with its cap-binding activity. However, the cap-binding activity of LeishIF4E-5 is restricted to the promastigote life form and not observed in amastigotes. The overexpression of LeishIF4E-5 shows a decline in cell proliferation and an overall reduction in global translation. Immuno-cytochemical analysis shows that LeishIF4E-5 is localized in the cytoplasm, with a non-uniform distribution. Mass spectrometry analysis of proteins that co-purify with LeishIF4E-5 highlighted proteins involved in RNA metabolism, along with two LeishIF4G paralogs, LeishIF4G-1 and LeishIF4G-2. These vary in their conserved eIF4E binding motif, possibly suggesting that they can form different complexes.

Assembly of photosynthetic complexes is sensitive to changing light intensities, drought and pathogens, each of which induces a redox imbalance that requires the assistance of specific chaperones to maintain protein structure. Here we report a thylakoid membrane-associated DnaJ-like protein, ZnJ6 (Cre06.g251716.t1.2), in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The protein has four CXXCX(G)X(G) motifs that form two zinc fingers (ZFs). Site-directed mutagenesis (Cys &gt, Ser) eliminates the ability to bind zinc. An intact ZF is required for ZnJ6 stability at elevated temperatures. Chaperone assays with recombinant ZnJ6 indicate that it has holding and oxidative activities. ZnJ6 is unable to reduce the disulfide bonds of insulin but prevents its aggregation in a reducing environment. It also assists in the reactivation of reduced denatured RNaseA, possibly by its oxidizing activity. ZnJ6 pull-down assays revealed interactions with oxidoreductases, photosynthetic proteins and proteases. In vivo experiments with a C. reinhardtii insertional mutant (∆ZnJ6) indicate enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress but increased sensitivity to heat and reducing conditions. Moreover, ∆ZnJ6 has reduced photosynthetic efficiency shown by the Chlorophyll fluorescence transient. Taken together, we identify a role for this thylakoid-associated DnaJ-like oxidizing chaperone that assists in the prevention of protein misfolding and aggregation, thus contributing to stress endurance, redox maintenance and photosynthetic balance.

Assembly of photosynthetic complexes is sensitive to changing light intensities, drought and pathogens, each of which induces a redox imbalance that requires the assistance of specific chaperones to maintain protein structure. Here we report a thylakoid membrane-associated DnaJ-like protein, ZnJ6 (Cre06.g251716.t1.2), in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The protein has four CXXCX(G)X(G) motifs that form two zinc fingers (ZFs). Site-directed mutagenesis (Cys > Ser) eliminates the ability to bind zinc. An intact ZF is required for ZnJ6 stability at elevated temperatures. Chaperone assays with recombinant ZnJ6 indicate that it has holding and oxidative activities. ZnJ6 is unable to reduce the disulfide bonds of insulin but prevents its aggregation in a reducing environment. It also assists in the reactivation of reduced denatured RNaseA, possibly by its oxidizing activity. ZnJ6 pull-down assays revealed interactions with oxidoreductases, photosynthetic proteins and proteases. In vivo experiments with a C. reinhardtii insertional mutant (∆ZnJ6) indicate enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress but increased sensitivity to heat and reducing conditions. Moreover, ∆ZnJ6 has reduced photosynthetic efficiency shown by the Chlorophyll fluorescence transient. Taken together, we identify a role for this thylakoid-associated DnaJ-like oxidizing chaperone that assists in the prevention of protein misfolding and aggregation, thus contributing to stress endurance, redox maintenance and photosynthetic balance.

Assembly of photosynthetic complexes is sensitive to changes in light intensities, drought, and pathogens that induce a redox imbalance, and require a variety of substrate-specific chaperones to overcome the stress. Proteins with cysteine (C) residues and disulfide bridges are more responsive to the redox changes. This study reports on a thylakoid membrane-associated DnaJ-like protein, ZnJ6 (ZnJ6.g251716.t1.2) inChlamydomonas reinhardtii. The protein has four CXXCX(G)X(G) motifs that form a functional zinc-binding domain. Site-directed mutagenesis (Cys to Ser) in all the CXXCX(G)X(G) motifs eliminates its zinc-binding ability. In vitro chaperone assays using recombinant ZnJ6 confirm that it is a chaperone that possesses both holding and oxidative refolding activities. Although mutations (Cys to Ser) do not affect the holding activity of ZnJ6, they impair its ability to promote redox-controlled reactivation of reduced and denatured RNaseA, a common substrate protein. The presence of an intact zinc-binding domain is also required for protein stability at elevated temperatures, as suggested by a single spectrum melting curve. Pull-down assays with recombinant ZnJ6 revealed that it interacts with oxidoreductases, photosynthetic proteins (mainly PSI), and proteases. Ourin vivoexperiments withChlamydomonas reinhardtiiinsertional mutants (ΔZnJ6) expressing a low level of ZnJ6, suggested that the mutant is more tolerant to oxidative stress. In contrast, the wild type has better protection at elevated temperature and DTT induced stress. We propose that DnaJ-like chaperone ZnJ6 assists in the prevention of protein aggregation, stress endurance, and maintenance of redox balance.One-sentence summaryZnJ6 is a redox-regulated DnaJ-like chaperone associated with the thylakoid membrane and involved in the prevention of protein aggregation and stress endurance.

Leishmaniaparasites cycle between sand-fly vectors and mammalian hosts, adapting to alternating environments by stage-differentiation, accompanied by changes in the proteome profiles. Translation regulation plays a central role in driving the differential program of gene expression, since control of gene regulation inLeishmaniais mostly post-transcriptional. TheLeishmaniagenome encodes six eIF4E candidates, each assumed to have specific functions, although overlaps are expected. It is noted that some of them can bind to a dedicated eIF4G candidate partners, and LeishIF4E2 does not bind any known eIF4G ortholog. LeishIF4E2 was previously shown to comigrate in the polysomal fractions of sucrose gradients, whereas initiation factors usually comigrate with pre-initiation and initiation complexes. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 methodology, we deleted one of the two LeishIF4E2 gene copies. The deletion caused severe alterations in the morphology of mutant cells that turned round and equipped with a very short flagellum, but their growth rate and general translation remained unaffected. Proteomic analysis of the LeishIF4E2(+/-) mutant cells compared to wild type controls showed that the number of proteins that were upregulated exceeded the number of downregulated proteins, possibly indicating that a repressor function was eliminated. The upregulated proteins were related mainly to general metabolic processes, DNA repair and replication, signaling, and cellular motor activity. The downregulated proteins included several groups, including cytoskeletal and ribosomal proteins. Despite the fact that only one of the two LeishIF4E2 alleles was deleted, the mutant cells were impaired in their ability to infect cultured macrophages. LeishIF4E2 does not behave like a general translation factor and its function remains elusive. Although it could have a repressive function, we cannot exclude the possibility that it is responsible for translation of a specific set of transcripts. Overall, our results are in line with the possibility that the different LeishIF4Es are assigned unique functions.Author summaryLeishmaniaparasites cause a broad spectrum of diseases that lead to different pathological symptoms. During their life cycle, the parasites shuffle between sand-fly vectors and mammalian hosts, while adapting to changing environments via a stage specific program of gene expression that assists the survival ofLeishmaniaunder the changing conditions. Translation initiation plays a key role in control of gene expression, inLeishmaniathis is exemplified by the presence of multiple cap-binding complexes that interact with mRNAs. The parasites encode multiple paralogs of the cap-binding translation initiation factor eIF4E, and of its corresponding binding partner eIF4G, forming complexes with different potential functions. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 methodology, we generated a heterozygous mutant of the least studied cap-binding paralog, LeishIF4E2, eliminating one of its two alleles. The mutation caused morphological defects, resulting in short and rounded up cells with a significant reduction in their flagellar length. Although general translation rates and growth of the mutant parasite were not affected, total proteome analysis and translation assay suggested that LeishIF4E2 could possibly function as a translation repressor. Alternatively, LeishIF4E-2 could be responsible for promoting translation of a specific set of transcripts.

Leishmania parasites cycle between sand-fly vectors and mammalian hosts adapting to alternating environments by stage-differentiation accompanied by changes in the proteome profiles. Translation regulation plays a central role in driving the differential program of gene expression since control of gene regulation in Leishmania is mostly post-transcriptional. The Leishmania genome encodes six eIF4E paralogs, some of which bind a dedicated eIF4G candidate, and each eIF4E is assumed to have specific functions with perhaps some overlaps. However, LeishIF4E2 does not bind any known eIF4G ortholog and was previously shown to comigrate with the polysomal fractions of sucrose gradients in contrast to the other initiation factors that usually comigrate with pre-initiation and initiation complexes. Here we deleted one of the two LeishIF4E2 gene copies using the CRISPR-Cas9 methodology. The deletion caused severe alterations in the morphology of the mutant cells that became round, small, and equipped with a very short flagellum that did not protrude from its pocket. Reduced expression of LeishIF4E2 had no global effect on translation and growth, unlike other LeishIF4Es; however, there was a change in the proteome profile of the LeishIF4E2(+/-) cells. Upregulated proteins were related mainly to general metabolic processes including enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, DNA repair and replication, signaling, and cellular motor activity. The downregulated proteins included flagellar rod and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as surface antigens involved in virulence. Moreover, the LeishIF4E2(+/-) cells were impaired in their ability to infect cultured macrophages. Overall, LeishIF4E2 does not behave like a general translation factor and its function remains elusive. Our results also suggest that the individual LeishIF4Es perform unique functions., Author summary Leishmania parasites cause a broad spectrum of diseases with different pathological symptoms. During their life cycle the parasites shuffle between sand-fly vectors and mammalian hosts adapting to the changing environments via a stage specific program of gene expression that promotes their survival. Translation initiation plays a key role in control of gene expression and in Leishmania this is exemplified by the presence of multiple cap-binding complexes that interact with mRNAs. The parasites encode multiple paralogs of the cap-binding translation initiation factor eIF4E and of its corresponding binding partner eIF4G forming complexes with different potential functions. The role of LeishIF4E2 remains elusive: it does not bind any of the LeishIF4G candidate subunits and associates with polysomes, a feature less common for canonical translation factors. Here we generated a hemizygous Leishmania mutant of the least studied cap-binding paralog, LeishIF4E2, by eliminating one of the two alleles using the CRISPR-Cas9 methodology. The mutant showed morphological defects with short and rounded cells, and a significant reduction in their flagellar length. Moreover, the LeishIF4E2(+/-) cells were impaired in their ability to infect cultured macrophages. The mutants showed differences in their proteome: upregulated proteins were related mainly to general metabolic processes including enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, DNA repair and replication, signaling, and cellular motor activity. Downregulated proteins included flagellar rod and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as surface antigens involved in virulence. Overall, LeishIF4E2 does not behave like a general translation factor and its function remains elusive. It could affect translation of a particular set of transcripts, causing direct or downstream effects that do not affect global translation. Our results suggest that individual LeishIF4Es perform specific functions.

Many of the ideas that psychoanalysts advocated in Britain developed, in fact, in Central Europe and had origins going back to the time before the Second World War and before Jewish refugee psychoanalysts fled the Continent due to antisemitism. This chapter deals with the analytic work of Anna Freud (1895–1982), the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud. It will follow the intellectual development of her ideas on anxiety and aggression as she treated British children during the Blitz and child Holocaust survivors who were transported to Britain after the war. There were continuities between the ideas that she developed in Vienna in the 1920s and 1930s and later on in Britain. But there was also an evolution in her thought, and it is important to note the ways in which the Second World War did make a difference in her work as Anna Freud’s engagement with the questions of her time contributed to the further development of her ideas. ‬Though her views about the child, anxiety, and aggression were already in place before she moved to London, the war did have a substantial effect on her work. It was in Britain that her ideas took on greater resonance due to the Blitz (the aerial bombardment of civilians by the Nazis) and the evacuation process from cities to the countryside. In Vienna, her work was seen as part of progressive education programs with a social vision. In Britain, her work became tied to concern for the democratic self and the stability of the democratic regime.

By 1939, W. H. Auden was able to publish a poem in memory of Sigmund Freud saying, “if often he was wrong and, at times, absurd, to us he is no more a person now but a whole climate of opinion.” Indeed, despite the opposition to Freud's new discipline from the medical establishment and some members of the public, psychoanalysis in its various proliferations had become popular in Europe as early as before World War II, and its terminology had become part of everyday language. More importantly, it propounded new possibilities for diagnosing personal problems and understanding sociopolitical issues. When Freud was asked in 1923 whether he would like to “psycho-analyze Europe in the hope of finding a cure for her ills,” he replied, “I never take a patient to whom I can offer no hope.” But as the twentieth century progressed, Freud and his followers developed ideas that engaged directly and indirectly with the personal and political questions of the age of catastrophes.

Leishmania parasites are unicellular pathogens that are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sandflies. Most of the regulation of their gene expression occurs post-transcriptionally, and the different patterns of gene expression required throughout the parasites’ life cycle are regulated at the level of translation. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the Leishmania cap-binding isoform 1, LeishIF4E-1, bound to a protein fragment of previously unknown function, Leish4E-IP1, that binds tightly to LeishIF4E-1. The molecular structure, coupled to NMR spectroscopy experiments and in vitro cap-binding assays, reveal that Leish4E-IP1 allosterically destabilizes the binding of LeishIF4E-1 to the 5′ mRNA cap. We propose mechanisms through which Leish4E-IP1-mediated LeishIF4E-1 inhibition could regulate translation initiation in the human parasite.

Nathan Kravis’s book On the Couch: A Repressed History of the Analytic Couch from Plato to Freud offers a stimulating intellectual and visual exploration of the significance of the psychoanalytic c...

The article deals with the forgotten work of Melitta Schmideberg (1904–83), who was a significant, pioneering female psychoanalyst in the intellectual culture of 1930s and 1940s Britain. If scholars know anything about Schmideberg, it is that she was the troubled daughter of eminent psychoanalyst Melanie Klein. Contributing to the still limited scholarship on this intense period in the development of psychoanalysis in Britain, the article reveals that Schmideberg was a very active early psychologist, an avid public speaker, a founding member of important institutes for the study of crime, and a prolific author on a very wide range of issues that bothered her and others and that were tied to the troubled history of the twentieth century. A Central European Jewish refugee in Britain, she was among the first to psychoanalyse children and criminals. As the focus on women in the scholarship of twentieth-century European intellectual history is hardly sufficient, this article recovers her forgotten work whose significance warrants reclamation from obscurity. It provides the first exploration of her life showing that the issues her experiences raise are central to the history of the time.

How did the complex concepts of psychoanalysis become popular in early twentieth-century Britain? This article examines the contribution of educator and psychoanalyst Susan Isaacs (1885–1948) to this process, as well as her role as a female expert in the intellectual and medical history of this period. Isaacs was one of the most influential British psychologists of the inter-war era, yet historical research on her work is still limited. The article focuses on her writing as ‘Ursula Wise’, answering the questions of parents and nursery nurses in the popular journalNursery World, from 1929 to 1936. Researched in depth for the first time, Isaacs’ important magazine columns reveal that her writing was instrumental in disseminating the work of psychoanalyst Melanie Klein in Britain. Moreover, Isaacs’ powerful rebuttals to behaviourist, disciplinarian parenting methods helped shift the focus of caregivers to the child’s perspective, encouraging them to acknowledge children as independent subjects and future democratic citizens. Like other early psychoanalysts, Isaacs was not an elitist; she was in fact committed to disseminating her ideas as broadly as possible. Isaacs taught British parents and child caregivers to ‘speak Kleinian’, translating Klein’s intellectual ideas into ordinary language and thus enabling their swift integration into popular discourse.

תקציר בעברית: המחקר בוחן לראשונה את העדפות סוגי המוסיקה של הציבור היהודי בישראל, הדרכים המועדפות להאזנה למוסיקה והשפה מועדפת, תוך התמקדות במוסיקה ערבית. המחקר נערך בקרב מדגם של 503 משיבים יהודים ישראליים בגלאי 18 ומעלה. המחקר מעיד כי מוסיקה ישראלית היא המוסיקה הפופולרית ביותר. פחות מתשעה אחוזים מאוכלוסיית הישראלים היהודים מעדיפים להאזין לסוג מוזיקה ערבי קלאסי. למעלה ממחצית מהמשיבים מעדיפים לשמוע מוסיקת פופ ומוסיקה מזרחית קצבית. עברית ואנגלית הן שתי השפות המועדפות להאזנה לשירים. אחוז נמוך עוד יותר מהמשיבים בחרו את הערבית כשפה המועדפת עליהם לשמוע שירים. הממצאים מעידים על זניחת אמצעי השידור המסורתיים כמקור האזנה למוסיקה בקרב צעירים. תופעת הורדת שירים מהאינטרנט הנה רווחת ונפוצה עד מאוד. למעלה ממחצית מהמשיבים ציינו שהם מורידים שירים מהאינטרנט. עברית היא השפה הדומיננטית של השירים שמורדים מהאינטרנט הגם שהורדת שירים באנגלית רווחת אף היא. בקרב המאזינים לרדיו, גלגל"צ ורשת ג' הן שתי תחנות הרדיו המועדפות על האחוז הגבוה יותר של הנדגמים. תחנות נוספות, שהוזכרו בשכיחות נמוכה בהרבה, הן אקו 99, 88 וגלי צה"ל. המשיבים אשר ציינו שהם אינם אוהבים מוסיקה ערבית הסבירו, בין היתר, כי מוסיקה זו אינה לטעמם או שהם לא אוהבים אותה. חלקם נקטו ביטויים שליליים בוטים יותר כלפי המוסיקה הערבית. כרבע מהם ציינו שהשפה לא יפה בעיניהם. לעומתם, מיעוט המשיבים, שהוגדרו במחקר כחובבי הז'אנר הערבי, הסבירו את אהדתם בכך שהם אוהבים את הקצב והמנגינות. עוד נמצא כי בקרב המיעוט שמאזין למוסיקה ערבית אחוז ניכר הם צעירים יותר – כשלושה רבעים הם ממוצא עדתי מעורב. בחינת העמדות פוליטיות של המשתתפים העלתה ממצא מענין. נמצא יחס הפוך בין בעמדה הפוליטית להאזנה ואהדה למוסיקה ערבית. המאזינים למוסיקה ערבית הביעו עמדות המזוהות עם הימין (כגון פחות תמיכה במשא ומתן עם הרשות הפלסטינאית) ולהיפך. בנוסף, המאזינים למוסיקה ערבית יותר קרובים מהשאר למנהגים של תרבות ערבית כמו אוכל, ריקודים ערביים, לבוש ואף סרטים. הגורם העיקרי שיכול לגרום למשיבים רבים לשמוע מוסיקה ערבית הוא זמר או זמרת אהובים שישלבו מוסיקה ערבית ברפרטואר שלהם או שישירו יחד עם זמר או זמרת ערביים. ממצא חשוב נוסף הוא כי המשתתפים הביעו אמון במערכות דיגיטליות כפוטנציאל לשינוי הרגלי ההאזנה ומיגור תופעת ההדרה של מוזיקה ערבית מהפלייליסט של ישראלים-יהודים.

Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is a multi-protein complex and a key participant in the assembly of the translation initiation machinery. In mammals, eIF3 comprises 13 subunits, most of which are characterized by conserved structural domains. The trypanosomatid eIF3 subunits are poorly conserved. Here, we identify 12 subunits that comprise the Leishmania eIF3 complex (LeishIF3a-l) by combining bioinformatics with affinity purification and mass spectrometry analyses. These results highlight the strong association of LeishIF3 with LeishIF1, LeishIF2 and LeishIF5, suggesting the existence of a multi-factor complex. In trypanosomatids, the translation machinery is tightly regulated in the different life stages of these organisms as part of their adaptation and survival in changing environments. We, therefore, addressed the mechanism by which LeishIF3 is recruited to different mRNA cap-binding complexes. A direct interaction was observed in vitro between the fully assembled LeishIF3 complex and recombinant LeishIF4G3, the canonical scaffolding protein of the cap-binding complex in Leishmania promastigotes. We further highlight a novel interaction between the C-terminus of LeishIF3a and LeishIF4E1, the only cap-binding protein that efficiently binds the cap structure under heat shock conditions, anchoring a complex that is deficient of any MIF4G-based scaffolding subunit.

This article examines the 1940s debates regarding the status and professional orthodoxy of psychoanalysis following Sigmund Freud's death, by exploring the Anna Freud-Melanie Klein Controversial Discussions in the British Psychoanalytical Society. Focusing on the work of now-forgotten analysts Melitta Schmideberg and Edward Glover, and on their relationship with Klein and her supporters, the article reveals how these neglected, yet important, debates were complicated by interpersonal and professional ties, processes of the professionalization, and changing gender norms. Although historians of psychoanalysis have not ignored the jealousies, resentments, and complex relationships between psychoanalysts, these scholars often continue to view these as separate from the processes of creating science. Here, instead, I view the personal and the intellectual in tandem, thus challenging the divide between scientific reason and affect. Rather than imposing a separation between the scientific and the personal, I suggest that we should explore how historical actors negotiated the divide themselves. Indeed, I demonstrate that the study of interpersonal contexts is an invaluable tool for understanding the development of psychological disciplines. (PsycINFO Database Record

While the field of verbal/nonverbal discrepancy has gained increasing interest in recent years, research in this area related to the effect of discrepant communication on brand attitudes received considerably less attention. This research uncovers a counterintuitive positive persuasive effect of contradictory information, showing that specifiable conditions will be more favorably disposed to a brand attitude when verbal/nonverbal discrepancy is expressed than an otherwise particular type of verbal/nonverbal congruency. This effect was revealed using an experimental design, and was explored both in the short term and in the long term. Participants were exposed to a persuasive message regarding a new brand product and were randomly assigned to four conditions: positive congruency (V+N+), negative congruency (V-N-), leakage discrepancy (V+N-), and adaptive discrepancy (V-N+). The novel findings indicated that adaptive discrepancy (V-N+), had the highest persuasive effect on brand attitudes in the long run. However, leakage discrepancy (V+N-), had a negative effect on brand attitudes, particularly in the long run, eliminating the sleeper effect. The present research expands the multimodal communication approach by presenting an analytical and theoretical framework that delineates the complex persuasive effects of verbal/nonverbal interrelations. Finally, the research develops reliance theory and developmental interactionist theory, regarding nonverbal primacy in persuasion.

Summary The expression of the CO2-fixation enzyme ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which is affected by light, involves the cysteine-rich protein bundle-sheath defective-2 (BSD2) that was originally identified in maize bundle-sheath cells. We identified the BSD2 ortholog in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a small protein (17 kDa) localized to the chloroplast. The algal BSD2-ortholog contains four CXXCXGXG DnaJ-like elements, but lacks the other conserved domains of DnaJ. BSD2 co-migrated with the rbcL transcript on heavy polysomes, and both BSD2 and rbcL mRNA shifted to the lighter fractions under oxidizing conditions that repress the translation of the Rubisco large subunit (RbcL). This profile of co-migration supports the possibility that BSD2 is required for the de novo synthesis of RbcL. Furthermore, BSD2 co-migrated with the rbcL transcript in a C. reinhardtii premature-termination mutant that encodes the first 60 amino acids of RbcL. In both strains, BSD2 shared its migration profile with the rbcL transcript but not with psbA mRNA. The chaperone activity of BSD2 was exemplified by its ability to prevent the aggregation of both citrate synthase (CS) and RbcL in vitro following their chemical denaturation. This activity did not depend on the presence of the thiol groups on BSD2. In contrast, the activity of BSD2 in preventing the precipitation of reduced β-chains in vitro in the insulin turbidity assay was thiol-dependent. We conclude that BSD2 combines a chaperone ‘holdase’ function with the ability to interact with free thiols, with both activities being required to protect newly synthesized RbcL chains.

Leishmania parasites lack pathways for de novo purine biosynthesis. The depletion of purines induces differentiation into virulent metacyclic forms. In vitro, the parasites can survive prolonged periods of purine withdrawal changing their morphology to long and slender cells with an extended flagellum, and decreasing their translation rates. Reduced translation leads to the appearance of discrete granules that contain LeishIF4E-3, one of the six eIF4E paralogs encoded by the Leishmania genome. We hypothesize that each is responsible for a different function during the life cycle. LeishIF4E-3 is a weak cap-binding protein paralog, but its involvement in translation under normal conditions cannot be excluded. However, in response to nutritional stress, LeishIF4E-3 concentrates in specific cytoplasmic granules. LeishIF4E-3 granulation can be induced by the independent elimination of purines, amino acids and glucose. As these granules contain mature mRNAs, we propose that these bodies store inactive transcripts until recovery from stress occurs. In attempt to examine the content of the nutritional stress-induced granules, they were concentrated over sucrose gradients and further pulled-down by targeting in vivo tagged LeishIF4E-3. Proteomic analysis highlighted granule enrichment with multiple ribosomal proteins, suggesting that ribosome particles are abundant in these foci, as expected in case of translation inhibition. RNA-binding proteins, RNA helicases and metabolic enzymes were also enriched in the granules, whereas no degradation enzymes or P-body markers were detected. The starvation-induced LeishIF4E-3-containing granules, therefore, appear to store stalled ribosomes and ribosomal subunits, along with their associated mRNAs. Following nutritional stress, LeishIF4E-3 becomes phosphorylated at position S75, located in its less-conserved N-terminal extension. The ability of the S75A mutant to form granules was reduced, indicating that cellular signaling regulates LeishIF4E-3 function., Author summary Cells respond to cellular stress by decreasing protein translation, to prevent the formation of partially folded or misfolded new polypeptides whose accumulation can be detrimental to living cells. Under such conditions, the cells benefit from storing inactive mRNAs and stalled ribosomal particles, to maintain their availability once conditions improve; dedicated granules offer a solution for such storage. Leishmania parasites are exposed to a variety of stress conditions as a natural part of their life cycle, including the nutritional stress that the parasites experience within the gut of the sandfly. Thus, Leishmania and related trypanosomatids serve as a good model system to investigate RNA fate during different stress conditions. Various granules appear in Leishmania and related organisms in response to different stress conditions. Here, we investigated how nutritional stress, in particular elimination of purines, induced the formation of granules that harbor a specific cap-binding protein, LeishIF4E-3. The starvation-induced LeishIF4E-3 containing granules consist of a variety of ribosomal proteins, along with RNA-binding proteins and mature mRNAs. We thus propose that Leishmania modulates the assembly of LeishIF4E-3-containing granules for transient storage of stalled ribosomal particles and inactive mRNAs. Following renewal of nutrient availability, as occurs during the parasite’s life cycle, the granules disappear. Although their fate is yet unclear, they could be recycled in the cell. Unlike other granules described in trypanosomes, the LeishIF4E-3-containing granules did not contain RNA degradation enzymes, suggesting that their function is mainly for storage until conditions improve.

Riboswitches are natural RNA elements that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by binding small molecules and thereby autonomously control intracellular levels of these metabolites. Although riboswitch-based mechanisms have been examined extensively, the integration of their activity with global physiology and metabolism has been largely overlooked. Here, we explored the regulation of thiamin biosynthesis and the consequences of thiamin pyrophosphate riboswitch deficiency on metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that thiamin biosynthesis is largely regulated by the circadian clock via the activity of the THIAMIN C SYNTHASE (THIC ) promoter, while the riboswitch located at the 3′ untranslated region of this gene controls overall thiamin biosynthesis. Surprisingly, the results also indicate that the rate of thiamin biosynthesis directs the activity of thiamin-requiring enzymes and consecutively determines the rate of carbohydrate oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose-phosphate pathway. Our model suggests that in Arabidopsis, the THIC promoter and the thiamin-pyrophosphate riboswitch act simultaneously to tightly regulate thiamin biosynthesis in a circadian manner and consequently sense and control vital points of core cellular metabolism.

Microalgae comprise a biodiverse group of photosynthetic organisms that reside in water sources and sediments. The green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was adopted as a useful model organism for studying various physiological systems. Its ability to grow under both photosynthetic and heterotrophic conditions allows efficient growth of non-photosynthetic mutants, making Chlamydomonas a useful genetic tool to study photosynthesis. In addition, this green alga can grow as haploid or diploid cells, similar to yeast, providing a powerful genetic system. As a result, easy and efficient transformation systems have been developed for Chlamydomonas, targeting both the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. Since microalgae comprise a rich repertoire of species that offer variable advantages for biotech and biomed industries, gene transfer technologies were further developed for many microalgae to allow for the expression of foreign proteins of interest. Expressing foreign genes in the chloroplast enables the targeting of foreign DNA to specific sites by homologous recombination. Chloroplast transformation also allows for the introduction of genes encoding several enzymes from a complex pathway, possibly as an operon. Expressing foreign proteins in the chloroplast can also be achieved by introducing the target gene into the nuclear genome, with the protein product bearing a targeting signal that directs import of the transgene-product into the chloroplast, like other endogenous chloroplast proteins. Integration of foreign genes into the nuclear genome is mostly random, resulting in large variability between different clones, such that extensive screening is required. The use of different selection modalities is also described, with special emphasis on the use of herbicides and metabolic markers which are considered to be friendly to the environment, as compared to drug-resistance genes that are commonly used. Finally, despite the development of a wide range of transformation tools and approaches, expression of foreign genes in microalgae suffers from low efficiency. Thus, novel tools have appeared in recent years to deal with this problem. Finally, while Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was traditionally used as a model organism for the development of transformation systems and their subsequent improvement, similar technologies can be adapted for other microalgae that may have higher biotechnological value.

Many eukaryotes encode multiple isoforms of the cap-binding translation initiation factor (eIF4E). Leishmanias and other trypanosomatids encode four paralogs of this protein, but none can complement the eIF4E function in a yeast mutant. A low conservation is observed between the four paralogs, suggesting they assist these organisms survive a multitude of conditions encountered throughout the life cycle. Earlier attempts to decipher their function led to identification of LeishIF4E-4 as the canonical translation initiation factor. LeishIF4E-1 appears to function during thermal stress, via a mechanism not yet understood. LeishIF4E-3 hardly binds cap-4 and is, therefore, less likely to serve as a typical initiation factor. Although it interacts with an eIF4G homolog, LeishIF4G-4, the two polypeptides do not co-migrate on sucrose gradients. While LeishIF4E-3 enters large particles that increase in size during nutritional stress, LeishIF4G-4 is found only in the top fractions. Confocal microscopy localized LeishIF4E-3 (but not LeishIF4G-4) within nutritional stress-induced granules. Accordingly, interaction between the two proteins reduced upon starvation. We therefore propose that under normal conditions, LeishIF4G-4 sequesters LeishIF4E-3 in the cytoplasm. During a nutritional stress, LeishIF4E-3 is modified and released from LeishIF4G-4 to enter stress granules, where inactive mRNAs are stored. Binding of LeishIF4G-4 to LeishIF4E-3 requires a short peptide within the LeishIF4G-4 N-terminus, which bears no similarity to the consensus 4E-binding peptide, YXXXXLΦ. Mutational analysis combined with structure prediction indicates that this interaction is based on an obligatory, conserved α helix in LeishIF4G-4. These features further highlight the uniqueness of LeishIF4E-3 and how it interacts with its binding partners.

Parietochloris incisa is an oleaginous fresh water green microalga that accumulates an unusually high content of the valuable long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC- PUFA) arachidonic acid within triacylglycerols in cyto- plasmic lipid bodies. Here, we describe cloning and muta- genesis of the P. incisa acetohydroxyacid synthase (PiAHAS) gene for use as an herbicide resistance selection marker for transformation. Use of an endogenous gene circumvents the risks and regulatory difficulties of cultivating antibiotic- resistant organisms. AHAS is present in plants and micro- organisms where it catalyzes the first essential step in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids. It is the target enzyme of the herbicide sulfometuron methyl (SMM), which effectively inhibits growth of bacteria and plants. Several point mutations of AHAS are known to confer herbicide resistance. We cloned the cDNA that encodes PiAHAS and introduced a W605S point mutation (PimA- HAS). Catalytic activity and herbicide resistance of the wild-type and mutant proteins were characterized in the AHAS-deficient E. coli, BUM1 strain. Cloned PiAHAS wild- type and mutant genes complemented AHAS-deficient bac- terial growth. Furthermore, bacteria expressing the mutant PiAHAS exhibited high resistance to SMM. Purified PiAHAS wild-type and mutant proteins were assayed for enzymatic activity and herbicide resistance. The W605S mutation was shown to cause a twofold decrease in enzymatic activity and in affinity for the Pyruvate substrate. However, the mutant exhibited 7 orders of magnitude higher resistance to the SMM herbicide than that of the wild type. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 2340-2348. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.