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To investigate the seroconversion following first and second COVID-19 vaccination in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in relation to glycaemic control prior to vaccination and to analyse the response in comparison to individuals without diabetes.This prospective, multicentre cohort study analysed people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and a glycated haemoglobin level ≤58 mmol/mol (7.5%) or58 mmol/mol (7.5%), respectively, and healthy controls. Roche's Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay targeting the receptor-binding domain was used to quantify anti-spike protein antibodies 7 to 14 days after the first and 14 to 21 days after the second vaccination.A total of 86 healthy controls were enrolled in the study, as well as 161 participants with diabetes, of whom 150 (75 with type 1 diabetes and 75 with type 2 diabetes) were eligible for the analysis. After the first vaccination, only 52.7% of participants in the type 1 diabetes group and 48.0% of those in the type 2 diabetes group showed antibody levels above the cut-off for positivity. Antibody levels after the second vaccination were similar in participants with type 1 diabetes, participants with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls after adjusting for age, sex and multiple testing (P 0.05). Age (r = -0.45, P 0.001) and glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.28, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with antibody response.Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding domain antibody levels after the second vaccination were comparable in healthy controls and in participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, irrespective of glycaemic control. Age and renal function correlated significantly with the extent of antibody levels.

AimsImmune response to COVID-19 vaccination and a potential impact of glycaemia on antibody levels in people with diabetes remains unclear. We investigated the seroconversion following first and second COVID-19 vaccination in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in relation to glycaemic control prior to vaccination and analysed the response in comparison to individuals without diabetes.Materials and MethodsThis prospective, multicenter cohort study analysed people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, well (HbA1cResults86 healthy controls and 161 participants with diabetes were enrolled, 150 (75 with type 1 diabetes and 75 with type 2 diabetes) were eligible for the analysis. After the first vaccination, only 52.7% in the type 1 diabetes group and 48.0% in the type 2 diabetes group showed antibody levels above the cut-off for positivity. Antibody levels after the second vaccination were similar in people with type1, type 2 diabetes and healthy controls if adjusted for age, sex and multiple testing (p>0.05). Age (r=−0.45, pConclusionsAnti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody levels after the second vaccination were comparable in healthy controls, people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, irrespective of glycaemic control. Age and renal function correlated significantly with the extent of antibody levels.

Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate, has always been considered to be catalyzed by the concerted activity of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms. Only recently, complete ammonia oxidizers (‘comammox’), which oxidize ammonia to nitrate on their own, were identified in the bacterial genusNitrospira, previously known to contain only canonical nitrite oxidizers.Nitrospiraare widespread in nature, but for assessments of the distribution and functional importance of comammoxNitrospirain ecosystems cultivation-independent tools to distinguish comammox from strictly nitrite-oxidizingNitrospiraare required. Here we developed new PCR primer sets that specifically target theamoAgenes coding for subunit A of the distinct ammonia monooxygenase of comammoxNitrospira. While existing primers capture only a fraction of the known comammoxamoAdiversity, the new primer sets cover as much as 95% of the comammoxamoAclade A and 92% of the clade B sequences in a reference database containing 326 comammoxamoAgenes with sequence information at the primer binding sites. Application of the primers to 13 samples from engineered systems (a groundwater well, drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment plants) and other habitats (rice paddy and forest soils, rice rhizosphere, brackish lake sediment and freshwater biofilm) detected comammoxNitrospirain all samples and revealed a considerable diversity of comammox in most habitats. Excellent primer specificity for comammoxamoAwas achieved by avoiding the use of highly degenerate primer preparations and by using equimolar mixtures of oligonucleotides that match existing comammoxamoAgenes. Quantitative PCR with these equimolar primer mixtures was highly sensitive and specific, and enabled the efficient quantification of clade A and clade B comammoxamoAgene copy numbers in environmental samples. Thus, the new comammoxamoA-targeted primers will enable more encompassing studies of nitrifying microorganisms in diverse ecosystems.