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1. Current methods for direct tracking of individual bee movement behaviour have several limitations. In particular, the weight and size of some types of electronic tag may limit their use to larger species. Radars and other electronic systems are also often large and very expensive to deploy. A tool is needed that complements these electronic-tag methods. In particular, one that is simple to use, low-cost, can have a high spatial resolution and can be used with smaller insects.\ud \ud \ud \ud 2. This paper presents a candidate method that uses retroreflective tags. These are detected using a camera with a global electronic shutter, with which we take photos with and without a flash. The tags can be detected by comparing these two photos. The small retroreflective tags are simple and lightweight, allowing many bees to be tagged at almost no cost and with little effect on their behaviour.\ud \ud \ud \ud 3. We demonstrate this retroreflector-based tracking system (RTS) with a series of simple experiments: Training and validation with a manually positioned tag, case studies of individual bees, tracking multiple bees as they forage in a garden, use of real-time monitoring to allow easy reobservation to enable a simple floral preference experiment and a very brief experiment with 3D path reconstruction (integrating two devices). We found we could detect bees to a range of about 35 m with the current configuration.\ud \ud \ud \ud 4. We envisage the system will be used in the future to increase detection rates in mark–reobservation studies, provide 3D flight path analysis and for automated long-term monitoring. In summary, this novel tracking method has advantages that complement those of electronic-tag tracking which we believe will lead to new applications and areas of research.

In 1986, Kin-dza-dza! (Russian: Кин-дза-дза!)—a Soviet, dystopian comedy directed by Georgi Danevila—was released by Mosfilm. It was soon to be a cult classic. Despite no English-language release u...

Synaptic channels are stochastic devices. Even recording from large ensembles of channels, the fluctuations, described by Markov transition matrices, can be used to extract single channel properties. Here we study fluctuations in the open time of channels, which is proportional to the charge flowing through the channel. We use the results to implement a novel type of noise analysis that uses the charge rather than the current to extract fundamental channel parameters. We show in simulations that this charge based noise analysis is more robust if the synapse is located on the dendrites and thus subject to cable filtering. However, we also demonstrate that when multiple synapses are distributed on the dendrites, noise analysis breaks down. We finally discuss applications of our results to other biological processes.

One northern newspaper, in its 1905 obituary for Albion W. Tourgee, sadly wrote, "Happy are the people who have no history" (p. 24). Indeed, the Reconstruction Era in which Tourgee played a prominent and heroic part as a politician, lawyer, judge, and author is one that it is difficult for Americans, including historians, to recall with much pleasure. As white supremacy was murderously and illegally re-imposed throughout the South, and to a large degree the Civil War's "new birth of freedom" denied and revoked, Tourgee's life's work seemed wasted-certainly he feared that it had been, as he spent his last years in exile, holding a minor diplomatic position in Europe, afraid that he would anger his political patrons and lose his post if he continued to speak out on the issues that meant so much to him, and for which he has striven so vigorously. And yet how much poorer the nation's past, present, and future would be had the valiant, idealistic work of Reconstruction not been undertaken by activists like Albion Tourg e, though its fulfillment would be long-very long-in coming. This new study of Tourgee by Mark Elliott does not attempt to supplant Otto H. Olsen's classic 1965 biography Carpetbagger's Crusade as the standard account of the Ohioan's political career. Olsen's book remains the fullest, most comprehensive study of his involvement in Reconstruction politics, and one of the key works (along with roughly contemporaneous books by Richard Current and William C. Harris) in overturning the negative, caricatured view of "carpetbaggers" like Tourgee as corrupt opportunists-a key component of the now discredited racist Dunning school interpretation of Reconstruction as an unjust attempt by wild-eyed and impractical northern and southern Republicans to degrade the temporarily prostrated ex-Confederate southern whites. Elliott instead profitably moves beyond this vital but essentially settled historiographical debate and focuses more narrowly on Tourg&e's groundbreaking, influential advocacy of "color-blind" racial justice. The author argues that Tourgee's racial views were most fundamentally

1) Abstract In subsea business, the use of wet gas or multiphase flowmeter is becoming a standard for the deep and ultradeep field development. The business growth has been outstanding over the last few years and will continue. In the meantime, the tieback of these fields to hosting platform or onshore facility has increased drastically, in Australia it is few hundredth kilometres. In such conditions there are more and more satellite fields hooked to the main pipeline subsea. This leads to issues with custody transfer and fiscal allocation. Already production are transferred between countries under this scheme, tax, royalties, regulations need to be fully taken into acocunt and understood wihtout using anymore fiscal metering at surface. Under these schemes of development, the criticality on the measurement is not only high accuracy flow rates with one meter per well but also on how to guarantee the performance over the years knowing that the production of each phase is changing versus the well ageing. Therefore, a versatile solution is compulsory where no physical access can be done easily and where the use of Subsea Sampling is unfortunately limited yet, showing a lack of understanding on the fluid behavior criticality about the flow assurance too. What can be done to ensure and audit the meters? API Chapter 20.3, NPD (Norway), DECC (UK), ISO TC 193 have been already met some recommendation. One meter is complying with this recommendation and then field experience and results versus fiscal metering will be presented. This paper will show the challenges in Brazil, North Sea and Australia. The real economical value of a subsea meter will be briefly highlighted in this paper. How can it impact the production by being the eye of the oil operator during the production phase? Cost of installing meter or replacing meter versus the gain will be shown in few cases. this paper is addressing also the use of multiphase flow meter beyond the classical metering flow rate performance and focus on the benefits of brought for a subsea flow assurance and reservoir management and the cost effectiveness of a subsea deployement versus a surface one. 2) Introduction In the petroleum industry, allocation refers to practices of breaking down measures of quantities of extracted hydrocarbons across various contributing sources. Allocation aids the attribution of ownerships of hydrocarbons as each contributing element to a commingled flow, i.e. where produced fluids from multiple wells and/or producing zones are combined before flowing to a surface facility, which in deep water is typically a floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) unit. Commingled flow is becoming increasingly common in the growing number of deep-water developments, where subsea production facilities combine flow before joining riser systems that transport hydrocarbons to the surface. Such systems often include tiebacks to other oil or gas fields operated by different company partnerships. Allocation of produced hydrocarbons has major fiscal consequences for a variety of involved parties. It directly affects the revenue and tax liabilities of oil and gas operators and is the subject of increasingly stringent guidelines and regulations from industry bodies and government authorities. Manufacturers of equipment and suppliers of services to the oil and gas industry are challenged to meet the requirements of these guidelines and regulations, and have developed new technologies and processes to enable more accurate measurement of hydrocarbon production on a well-by-well basis.

In subsea business, the use of wetgas flowmeter is becoming a standard for deep and ultradeep field development. The business growth is outstanding over the last few years and it is expected to continue at the same path. Furthermore, the tieback of these fields to hosting platform or onshore facility has increased drastically. The critical measurement is not only on high accuracy flow rates but also on water detection with 99.x% of the production being gas. The liquid is initially predominantly condensate phase continuous before becoming more watery with the well ageing. Water is the main concern either in presence of H2S or because hydrate could be formed and will plug the production line. To counterbalance these catastrophic scenarii the chemical use is necessary, but the cost leads to loss of benefit, therefore an optimization is necessary. The need for a reliable water detection became a compulsory practice with constraint to be working initially in oil and water continuous phase. The innovative solution describes in this paper look at how an accurate measurement could be offered at any GVF and WLR based on the use of two different types of measurement having a different response to the water-hydrocarbon contrast and water conductivity sensitivity. This approach led to a development of an innovative add-on on the wet gas meter which provides a high accurate local water fraction measurement that can be comparing with a global measurement. This paper is focusing on the explanation of this innovative analysis after 10 years of work in this direction, and the value brought to oil/gas operator in detection of water and then optimizes the use of expensive chemical. It is also possible to identify clearly, if the water is coming from the formation or not in any WLR mix. It addresses also the use of MPFM beyond the classical metering flow rate performance and focus on the benefits of brought for a subsea flow assurance and reservoir management.

Visual landmarks exert stimulus control over spatial behavior and the spatially tuned firing of place, head-direction, and grid cells in the rodent. However, the neural site of convergence for representations of landmarks and representations of space has yet to be identified. A potential site of plasticity underlying associations with landmarks is the postsubiculum. To test this, we blocked glutamatergic transmission in the rat postsubiculum with CNQX, or NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity withd-AP5. These infusions were sufficient to block evoked potentials from the lateral dorsal thalamus and long-term depression following tetanization of this input to the postsubiculum, respectively. In a second experiment, CNQX disrupted the stability of rat hippocampal place cell fields in a familiar environment. In a novel environment, blockade of plasticity withd-AP5 in the postsubiculum did not block the formation of a stable place field map following a 6 h delay. In a final behavioral experiment, postsubicular infusions of both compounds blocked object-location memory in the rat, but did not affect object recognition memory. These results suggest that the postsubiculum is necessary for the recognition of familiar environments, and that NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity in the postsubiculum is required for the formation of new object–place associations that support recognition memory. However, plasticity in the postsubiculum is not necessary for the formation of new spatial maps.

Abstract Inaccurate PVT information has been shown to contribute significantly toincreased uncertainty for subsea multiphase and wet gas meters when determiningstandard conditions flow rates. Typically, subsea meters have been set-up usingPVT information gained from samples taken during drilling. Rarely has this databeen updated, due to lack of access to quality representative samples. Thispaper addresses the issues regarding access to well stream fluids, the abilityto capture representative samples, sample handling and storage, and the dataneeded to recombine the samples, and possibilities to implement solutions tothese challenging conditions. Multiphase meters serve as the operator's eye into the subsea multiphase flowprocess and provide volumetric flow rates and split between the oil, water andgas phases along with a number of measured and calculated values. The dataprovided by the meters is used for flow assurance, allocation, and productionmanagement and to gain understanding of the reservoir structure, hence theimportance of maintaining the quality of the measurement over time. Themeasurements from any inline meters are reported at line conditions, where themeasurements are taken, usually near the subsea tree, but the operator usuallyrequires the meter to provide flow rates in Standard Conditions as well. Theseline conditions measurements are then converted to standard conditions usingeither a set of correlation (black oil model usually) or a tuned Equation ofState (EOS). Depending on the fluids, the method used can have an impact of upto +/- 30% uncertainty at standard conditions (Joshua Oldham, Exxon Mobil, atSubsea Tieback 2008). In order to reduce this source of uncertainty, the EOS must be updated asneeded. If wells are commingled subsea the only way to gather the informationneeded is to sample the fluids at meter conditions in a representative stateand recombine them in the laboratory. The remainder of the paper will describe the tools and methods needed toachieve this as developed by Schlumberger and Framo Engineering.