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Introduction: Cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction and decompensated advanced heart failure remains a source of significant morbidity and mortality. Endovascular mechanical circulatory support devices including intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (Impella and Tandemheart pumps), and veno-arterial extracorporeal oxygenation (VA-ECMO) are utilized for a broadening range of indications.Areas covered: This narrative review explores the specific devices, their distinctive hemodynamic profiles, and practical considerations. Furthermore, reviewed are the trials evaluating device outcomes which have generated significant controversy within the field of heart failure and shock. New applications and future directions are discussed.Expert opinion: Use of endovascular mechanical circulatory support has increased over the last decade, though evidence supporting their use is lacking. Development of large-scale prospective registries and clinical classification systems will facilitate patient enrollment and inform trial design. Furthermore, expansion of indications for these devices is revolutionizing how the field of heart failure and cardiogenic shock thinks about hemodynamic support. The ability to tailor therapy to a patient's specific hemodynamic profile appears to be the future of cardiogenic shock management.

In many Mg-based battery systems, the reversibility of Mg deposition and dissolution is lowered by parasitic formation processes of the electrolyte. Therefore, high Coulombic efficiencies of Mg deposition and dissolution are only achieved after several “conditioning” cycles. As this phenomenon is especially reported for AlCl3-containing solutions, this study focuses on the “conditioning” mechanisms of MgCl2/AlCl3 and MgHMDS2/AlCl3 (HMDS = hexamethyldisilazide) in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)-based electrolytes. Electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) and spectroscopic investigations (27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) reveal that cationic AlCl2+ species in TEGDME-based electrolytes with an AlCl3/MgCl2 ratio higher than 1:1 corrode the Mg metal. According to a cementation reaction mechanism, the corrosion of Mg is accompanied with Al deposition. In effect, the consumption of Mg results in low Coulombic efficiencies of Mg deposition and dissolution during the electrolyte “conditioning”. After understanding the mechanism of this process, we demonstrate that a careful adjustment of the stoichiometry in MgCl2/AlCl3 and MgHMDS2/AlCl3 in TEGDME formulations prevents Mg corrosion and results in “conditioning”-free, highly efficient Mg deposition and dissolution.

Rechargeable metal–sulfur batteries (RMSBs) represent one of the most attractive electrochemical systems in terms of energy density and cost. In most of the proposed systems, the anode side is metallic and the cathode side is elemental sulfur impregnated in a porous matrix. Despite the relatively low voltage of these systems, they attract a lot of attention and are considered to be very promising as next-generation batteries for the following reasons: (1) utilization of active metal anodes enables a leap in specific energy due to the high capacity of metal anodes in comparison to intercalation compounds, (2) sulfur as a cathode exhibits high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh/g), and (3) system components make RMSBs low-cost, less toxic batteries. Nevertheless, the high reactivity of metallic anodes (e.g., Li, Na, Mg, and Al) and the solubility of sulfur species in the electrolyte render these batteries unstable and hinder their practical realization. In this Perspective, we focus on rechargeable sul...

Summary Secondary magnesium batteries are still in the research stage, after the first prototype of a magnesium-based battery was demonstrated almost two decades ago. Since this breakthrough, despite tremendous efforts by numerous research groups, we are not aware of any system that exhibits better performance in terms of Coulombic efficiency over prolonged cycling. The scientific community is now focusing on the basic phenomena that hinder development of practical magnesium-based rechargeable batteries. Today, we have a better understanding of the structure of electrolyte solutions relevant to rechargeable Mg batteries and its effect on the electrochemical performance. New electrolyte solutions that are not based on organometallic moieties currently surpass the performance of the first generations of complex solutions. There is even an attempt to test alternative anode materials for magnesium-based energy storage systems. In this review, we summarize recent studies conducted in the field, with a focus on the anode/electrolyte solutions side.

Long-term protection is needed to secure threatened freshwater ecosystems and the social and biodiversity values they provide. In the face of existing and future pressures, current approaches to freshwater protection are often inadequate for maintaining ecosystem values into the future. While terrestrial and marine ecosystem protection are well recognized and have area-based protection goals in global conventions, freshwater ecosystem characteristics have remained poorly represented in these goals. Freshwater ecosystems are commonly secondary or unaddressed components of area-based terrestrial protection. The design and management for terrestrial-based protection are generally inadequate for addressing freshwater ecosystem processes and attributes critical for maintaining their natural patterns and the values they provide to people and nature. Given that freshwater-dependent species are declining at a faster rate than marine and terrestrial species, and the reliance and use of freshwater ecosystems by people living around such areas, approaches to protect them must balance the needs of people and nature and accommodate these complexities.

One of the holy grails in research and development focused on rechargeable magnesium batteries is development of “conventional” electrolyte solutions that are compatible with both anode and cathode...

Recently, MgTFSI2/MgCl2 electrolyte solutions in dimethoxyethane (DME) have been shown to function as viable electrolyte solutions for secondary Mg batteries that can facilitate reversible magnesium deposition/dissolution. MgCl2 is a crucial component in these solutions. On its own, however, it is practically insoluble in DME. Therefore, the fact that it is readily dissolved in MgTFSI2/DME solution is remarkable. Addition of MgCl2 greatly improves the electrochemical performance of MgTFSI2/DME electrolyte solutions. Thus, identifying the species formed in MgTFSI2/MgCl2 solutions is intriguing. In this study, we implemented a wide variety of analytical tools, including single crystal X-ray diffraction, multinuclear NMR, and Raman spectroscopy, to elucidate the structure of these solutions. Various solution species were determined, and a suitable reaction scheme is suggested.

In this study, we present a new aprotic solvent, 2,4-dimethoxy-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one (DMDMP), which is designed to resist nucleophilic attack and hydrogen abstraction by reduced oxygen species. Li–O2 cells using DMDMP solutions were successfully cycled. By various analytical measurements, we showed that even after prolonged cycling only a negligible amount of DMDMP was degraded. We suggest that the observed capacity fading of the Li–O2 DMDMP-based cells was due to instability of the lithium anode during cycling. The stability toward oxygen species makes DMDMP an excellent solvent candidate for many kinds of electrochemical systems which involve oxygen reduction and assorted evaluation reactions.

The selection of viable conventional magnesium salts in electrolyte solutions for Mg secondary batteries is very limited. Reversible magnesium deposition was demonstrated with only MgTFSI2, in ethereal solutions. A recent report has suggested that Mg can be reversibly deposited from a solution of Mg(PF6)2 in tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile. In this paper, we dispute that claim and show that PF6– anions passivate Mg anodes and completely inhibit any Mg deposition/dissolution process. We show that addition of chlorides suppresses the passivation phenomena and allows reversible Mg deposition/dissolution processes to commence. The Mg deposits have been examined via elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements, depicting a highly oriented, preferential Mg growth. This study evaluates the feasibility of employing PF6-based electrolytes for Mg batteries and exemplifies the aptitude of chlorides for suppressing passivation phenomena.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is one of the workhorses in today’s battery analysis and research. The potential of X-ray radiation damage and degradation during measurements with regularly used salts and organic compounds are often overlooked. In this study, we show that, under common analysis conditions, the exiting X-ray radiation (1468.6 eV) during the XPS analysis does have significant effect on some Mg and Li salts based on TFSI, FSI, and PF6 anions. In all cases, we show that the salts undergo significant photodegradation during the XPS measurements. With XPS, the photodegradation is detected as the solid degradation products remaining on the sample holder, and they are clearly identified by formation of new peaks at lower binding energies for the relevant elements. We were also able to show that in some cases, as expected, some gaseous byproducts evolve during the photodegradation process.

Background Macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity has been identified as a predictor for cardiovascular disease. We assessed the relationship between adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicle microRNAs and macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity. Methods We assessed an adolescent cohort (n = 93, Age, median (IQR) = 17 (3) year, Female = 71, Male = 22) throughout the BMI continuum (BMI = 45.2 (13.2) kg/m2) for: (1) cholesterol efflux capacity and lipoprotein profiles; (2) adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicle microRNAs in serum; (3) the role of visceral adipose tissue extracellular vesicle in regulation of cholesterol efflux and cholesterol efflux gene expression in THP-1 macrophages in vitro. Results Efflux capacity was significantly associated with HDL (r = 0.30, p = 0.01) and LDL (r = 0.33, p = 0.005) particle size. Multivariate-analysis identified six microRNAs associated (p

In many Mg-based battery systems, the reversibility of Mg deposition and dissolution is lowered by parasitic formation processes of the electrolyte. Therefore, high Coulombic efficiencies of Mg deposition and dissolution are only achieved after several "conditioning" cycles. As this phenomenon is especially reported for AlCl

Mycophenolate (MPA) and cyclosporin A (CsA) are two immunosuppressive agents currently used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, reports regarding their effects on inflammation and lipid handling are controversial. Here, we compare the effect of these two drugs on the expression of proteins involved in cholesterol handling and lipid accumulation in a macrophage cell system utilizing M0, M1 and M2 human macrophages and in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Differentiated M0, M1 and M2 subsets of THP-1 human macrophages were subjected to various concentrations of either MPA or CsA. Expression of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport (ABCA1 and 27-hydroxylase) and scavenger receptors, responsible for uptake of modified lipids (CD36, ScR-A1, CXCL16 and LOX-1), were evaluated by real-time PCR and confirmed with Western blot. DiI-oxidized LDL internalization assay was used to assess foam cell formation. The influence of MPA was also evaluated in BMDM obtained from atherosclerosis-prone transgenic mice, ApoE−/− and ApoE−/−Fas−/−. In M0 macrophages, MPA increased expression of ABCA1 and CXCL16 in a concentration-dependent manner. In M1 THP-1 macrophages, MPA caused a significant increase of 27-hydroxylase mRNA and CD36 and SR-A1 receptor mRNAs. Exposure of M2 macrophages to MPA also stimulated expression of 27-hydroxylase, while downregulating all evaluated scavenger receptors. In contrast, CsA had no impact on cholesterol efflux in M0 and M1 macrophages, but significantly augmented expression of ABCA1 and 27-hydroxylase in M2 macrophages. CsA significantly increased expression of the LOX1 receptor in naive macrophages, downregulated expression of CD36 and SR-A1 in the M1 subpopulation and upregulated expression of all evaluated scavenger receptors. However, CsA enhanced foam cell transformation in M0 and M2 macrophages, while MPA had no effect on foam cell formation unless used at a high concentration in the M2 subtype. Our results clearly underline the importance of further evaluation of the effects of these drugs when used in atherosclerosis-prone patients with autoimmune or renal disease.

Core–shell, multilayered and coated materials have great importance to electrochemical energy storage systems, sensors, actuators, photonics, and photoactive applications. A deeper understanding of the effect of combining different materials in complex structures on their physical and electrochemical properties is vital for better engineering of such compounds and wise modulation of their physical characteristics. Herein we proposed a model system of thin film MoO3/V2O5 bilayer systems. The crystallinity, texture, and morphology of each layer in the bilayer structures were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrochemical properties were studied via slow scan rate cyclic voltammetry (SSCV) in lithium ions containing solution. The study clearly shows that the physical and electrochemical properties of each layer in a bilayer configuration are not similar to the properties of the single mat...

Mg(N(SO2CF3)2)2 (MgTFSI2) solutions with dimethoxyethane (DME) exhibit a peculiar behavior. Over a certain range of salt content, they form two immiscible phases of specific electrolyte concentrations. This behavior is unique, as both immiscible phases comprise the same constituents. Thus, this miscibility gap constitutes an exceptionally intriguing and interesting case for the study of such phenomena. We studied these systems from solutions structure perspective. The study included a wide variety of analytical tools including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, multinuclei NMR, and Raman spectroscopy coupled with density functional theory calculations. We rigorously determined the structure of the MgTFSI2/DME solutions and developed a plausible theory to explain the two-phase formation phenomenon. We also determined the exchange energy of the “caging” DME molecules solvating the central magnesium ion. Additionally, by measuring the ions’ diffusion coefficients, we suggest that the caged Mg2+ and TFSI– move...

Mo6S8 Chevrel phase (CP) is still the most effective magnesium ions insertion material that was examined in cathodes for rechargeable Mg battery model systems. Its synthesis includes CuMo6S8 as an intermediate which undergoes Cu ions leaching. Thereby, CP materials may contain small amounts of copper. CuxMo6S8 undergoes complex magnesium insertion processes that include reversible displacement of copper. We report herein on a study of Cu0.09Mo6S8 electrodes in two electrolyte solutions which are important for secondary Mg batteries: C6H6MgCl/AlCl3/THF (all phenyl complex solutions, APC) and MgTFSI2/MgCl2/DME (Mg imide/chloride/DME solutions, ICD). There systems are ideal playgrounds for studying the nature of complex magnesium insertion processes into inorganic hosts. The analysis reported herein shows how the electroanalytical behavior of CP electrodes is affected by the electrolyte solution identity. For instance, the main Mg ions insertion process from the APC solutions occurs at 160 mV lower than from the ICD ones; the heterogeneous rate constant for charge transfer across the interface are significantly higher in APC solutions; in turn, the conversion processes related to the Cu residue in the CP electrodes are kinetically and thermodynamically favorable in the ICD solutions. As expected, the magnesium solid-state diffusion coefficient was found to be solutions independent. The study demonstrates the sensitivity of electroanalytical tools such as slow scanning rate voltammetry for reflecting fine structural changes during intercalation processes and can be generalized to other systems.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have attracted a lot of attention in recent decades due to the theoretical properties of these systems in terms of energy density, safety, and price. Nevertheless, to date, fully rechargeable magnesium battery prototypes with sufficient longevity and reversibility were realized only with low voltage and low capacity intercalation cathode materials based on Cheverel phases. The community is therefore actively looking for high-capacity cathodes that can work with metallic magnesium anodes in viable RMB systems. One of the most promising cathode materials, in terms of very high theoretical specific capacity, is, naturally, sulfur. A number of recent works studied the electrochemical performances of rechargeable sulfur cathodes in RMB, with success to some extent on the cathode side. Nevertheless, as known from the lithium-sulfur rechargeable battery systems, the formation of soluble polysulfides during discharge affects strongly the behavior of the anode side. In this article and the work it describes, we focus on soluble polysulfides impact on Mg-S electrochemichal systems. We carefully designed herein conditions that mimic the Mg-S battery prototypes containing balanced Mg and elemental sulfur electrodes. Under these conditions, we extensively studied the Mg anode behavior. The study shows that when elemental sulfur cathodes are discharged in the Mg-S cells containing electrolyte solutions in which Mg anodes behave reversibly, the polysulfide species thus formed migrate to the anode and eventually fully passivate it by the formation of very stable surface layers. The work involved electrochemical, spectroscopic, and microscopic studies. The present study clearly shows that to realize practical rechargeable Mg-S batteries, the transport of any sulfide moieties from the sulfur cathode to the magnesium anode has to be completely avoided. Such a condition is mandatory for the operation of secondary Mg-S batteries.

MgTFSI2 is the only ether-soluble "simple" magnesium salt. The poor electrochemical performance of Mg electrodes in its solutions hinders its practicality as a viable electrolyte for Mg batteries. MgTFSI2/DME solutions were demonstrated to dissolve large quantities of MgCl2 and produce electrolyte solutions with superior performance, though the electrochemical performance, mainly in terms of reversibility, of MgTFSI2/MgCl2 (DME) solutions cannot yet compete with that of organometallic based electrolyte solutions. We believe that the solutions' purity level governs the overall electrochemical performance, especially in solutions where a strong reductant (i.e Grignard reagent) is not present to act as an impurity scavenger. In this work, we alter the performance of the MgTFSI2/MgCl2 (DME) solutions through chemical and electrochemical conditioning and demonstrate the effect on the solutions' electrochemical characteristics. We demonstrate relatively high reversible behavior of Mg deposition/dissolution with crystalline uniformity of the Mg deposits, complemented by a fully reversible intercalation/de-intercalation process of Mg ions into Mo6S8 cathodes. We also investigated LiTFSI/MgCl2 solutions which exhibited even higher reversibility than MgTFSI2/MgCl2 (DME) solutions, which we attribute to the higher purity level available for the LiTFSI salt.

In this study, we present a new aprotic solvent, 2,4-dimethoxy-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one (DMDMP), which is designed to resist nucleophilic attack and hydrogen abstraction by reduced oxygen species. Li-O

In this chapter, selected and the most important aspects of the electrochemistry of organoaluminum compounds are described. It is focused on two main implementations: electrochemical aluminum plating and rechargeable Mg batteries. Electrochemical aspects of organoaluminum-based electroplating baths are discussed in detail and the effects of the solutions formulation on the electrochemical properties are explained. The role of organoaluminum compounds, acting as Lewis acids, in the formulation of the electrolyte solutions for rechargeable Mg batteries, and their effect on the performance of electrolyte solutions is described. Keywords: aluminum; organoaluminum compounds; electrodeposition; ionic liquids; magnesium batteries; non-aqueous electrochemistry

The high specific capacity, reactivity, and abundance of magnesium in the earth’s crust and the relatively good safety features of Mg metal, despite its being a reactive metal, drive intensive efforts to develop rechargeable Mg batteries as a follow-up to the success of Li-ion battery technology. However, Mg anodes cannot function in usual non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Consequently, it is important to develop unique, complex solutions for reversible Mg metal anodes. Also, finding relevant cathode materials that can reversibly insert bivalent Mg ions is a great challenge. In this article, we review the efforts and success in the development of several families of electrolyte solutions for secondary Mg batteries, in which Mg anodes behave fully reversibly, but also exhibit the necessary wide electrochemical window. We also review attempts to develop positive electrodes for rechargeable Mg batteries. The first generation of secondary Mg batteries has already been demonstrated, but their specific energy density remains relatively low. The challenge now is to develop novel Mg battery prototypes that possess high energy density.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have attracted a lot of attention in recent decades due to the theoretical properties of these systems in terms of energy density, safety, and price. Nevertheless, to date, fully rechargeable magnesium battery prototypes with sufficient longevity and reversibility were realized only with low voltage and low capacity intercalation cathodes. The community is therefore actively looking for high-capacity cathodes that can work with metallic magnesium anodes in viable RMB systems. One of the most promising cathode materials, in terms of very high theoretical specific capacity is sulfur. A number of recent works studied the electrochemical performances of rechargeable sulfur cathodes in RMB, with success to some extent on the cathode side. Nevertheless, the formation of soluble polysulfide’s during discharge affects strongly the behavior of the anode side. we are focusing on soluble polysulfide impact on Mg–S electrochemical systems. We carefully designed herein conditions that mimic the Mg–S battery prototypes containing balanced Mg and elemental sulfur electrodes. Under these conditions, we extensively studied the Mg anode behavior. The study shows that when elemental sulfur cathodes are discharged in the Mg–S cells containing electrolyte solutions in which Mg anodes behave reversibly, the polysulfide species thus formed migrate to the anode and eventually fully passivate it by the formation of very stable surface layers.

The kinetics and thermodynamics of oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in aprotic Li electrolyte were shown to be highly dependent on the surrounding chemical environment and electrochemical conditions. Numerous reports have demonstrated the importance of high donor number (DN) solvents for enhanced ORR, and attributed this phenomenon to the stabilizing interactions between the reduced oxygen species and the solvent molecules. We focus herein on the often overlooked effect of the Li salt used in the electrolyte solution. We show that the level of dissociation of the salt used plays a significant role in the ORR, even as important as the effect of the solvent DN. We clearly show that the salt used dictates the kinetics and thermodynamic of the ORR, and also enables control of the reduced Li2O2 morphology. By optimizing the salt composition, we have managed to demonstrate a superior ORR behavior in diglyme solutions, even when compared to the high DN DMSO solutions. Our work paves the way for optimization of various solvents with reasonable anodic and cathodic stabilities, which have so far been overlooked due to their relatively low DN.

Recently, MgTFSI2/MgCl2 electrolyte solutions in dimethoxyethane (DME) have been shown to function as viable electrolyte solutions for secondary Mg batteries that can facilitate reversible magnesium deposition/dissolution1. MgCl2 is a crucial component in these solutions. On its own, however, it is practically insoluble in DME. Therefore, the fact that it is readily dissolved in MgTFSI2/DME solution is remarkable. Addition of MgCl2 greatly improves the electrochemical performance of MgTFSI2/DME electrolyte solutions. MgTFSI2 /DME electrolyte show large overpotential for deposition (-0.6 V vs Mg) and dissolution (1.5V vs Mg). Furthermore this electrolyte exhibit poor magnesium deposition reversibility. Adding MgCl2 to this electrolyte reduces the overpotentials for both deposition and dissolution and showed 98% columbic efficiency. Thus, identifying the species formed in MgTFSI2/MgCl2 solutions are very intriguing. In this study, we identified numerus solution species that some of them were not previously identified. We believe that the newly discovered MgxCly complexes play a crucial rule in the improved electrochemical performance of the MgTFSI2 /DME electrolyte solutions. The complexes that were identified were Mg3Cl4 2+ (figure 1)2, Mg2Cl2 2+.Furthermore we showed that the hexacoordinated nature of magnesium effectively dictate the solution structure. We showed that in THF based electrolyte Mg2Cl3 + is the dominant solution specie and we didn’t see any evidence for its existence in DME based electrolytes(. We implemented a wide variety of analytical tools, including single crystal X-ray diffraction, multinuclear NMR, and Raman spectroscopy, to elucidate the structure of these solutions. Various solution species were determined, and a suitable reaction scheme is suggested(figure 1). We believe that this type of fundamental study is essential for designing new and improved electrolyte solutions for secondary magnesium batteries. Shterenberg, I.; Salama, M.; Yoo, H. D.; Gofer, Y.; Park, J.-B.; Sun, Y.-K.; Aurbach, D. Evaluation of (CF3SO2) 2N−(TFSI) based electrolyte solutions for Mg batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A7118-A7128. Salama, M.; Shterenberg, I.; JW Shimon, L.; Keinan-Adamsky, K.; Afri, M.; Gofer, Y.; Aurbach, D. Structural Analysis of Magnesium-Chloride Complexes in Dimethoxyethane Solutions in the Context of Mg Batteries Research. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2017. Figure 1

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have lately received great attention for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high volumetric capacities, low materials cost, and safe characteristic. However, the bivalency of Mg(2+) ions has made it challenging to find cathode materials operating at high voltages with decent (de)intercalation kinetics. In an effort to overcome this challenge, we adopt an unconventional approach of engaging crystal water in the layered structure of Birnessite MnO2 because the crystal water can effectively screen electrostatic interactions between Mg(2+) ions and the host anions. The crucial role of the crystal water was revealed by directly visualizing its presence and dynamic rearrangement using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Moreover, the importance of lowering desolvation energy penalty at the cathode-electrolyte interface was elucidated by working with water containing nonaqueous electrolytes. In aqueous electrolytes, the decreased interfacial energy penalty by hydration of Mg(2+) allows Birnessite MnO2 to achieve a large reversible capacity (231.1 mAh g(-1)) at high operating voltage (2.8 V vs Mg/Mg(2+)) with excellent cycle life (62.5% retention after 10000 cycles), unveiling the importance of effective charge shielding in the host and facile Mg(2+) ions transfer through the cathode's interface.

Introduction: LFLG severe AS (stroke volume index Hypothesis: Patients with LFLG severe AS undergoing TAVR will have a higher rate of adverse clinical outcomes. Methods: In a retrospective single center registry, we analyzed the clinical, 2D doppler-echocardiographic and outcome data in consecutive patients who underwent TAVR with the Edwards Sapien transcatheter aortic valve for symptomatic severe AS at our tertiary care hospital from March 2012 to April 2014. Patients with LFLG were compared to non-LFLG patients. Background medical data, clinical endpoints (defined by the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2), length of stay (LOS), readmissions and mortality, were compared between the two groups. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher’s exact tests were used to evaluate the hypothesis. Results: LFLG was found in 66 (32%) out of 206 patients. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the LFLG and non-LFLG group, except significant difference in STS scores (12.1±8 vs. 9.9±8, p=0.011), prior aortic valve surgery (16.7% vs. 6.4%, p=0.041) and atrial fibrillation/flutter (57.6% vs. 29.3% (p Conclusions: LFLG patients had higher co-morbidities but comparable peri-procedural complications and short-term mortality. However this group was associated with longer hospitalizations and higher 1-year all-cause-mortality following TAVR. Further studies are needed to fully define outcomes in LFLG patients.

Rechargeable Mg batteries are the focus of extensive work, throughout the world1-3. The high abundance of magnesium in the earth's crust and the chance to gain high volumetric energy density and prolonged cycle-life with non-aqueous rechargeable Mg batteries, make them very attractive. Over the years, we see an interesting and impressive evolution of the electrolyte solutions in which Mg anodes are reversible and their electrochemical windows exceed 3V. In this presentation we focus on the challenge of electrolyte solutions for rechargeable Mg batteries. In general, such solutions should be based on ether solvents. Highly interesting are poly-ethers, which are not volatile and may be easily purified. The first generations of electrolyte solutions for rechargeable Mg batteries were complexes which included electrolyte moieties with organo-metallic bonds (with elements such as aluminum or boron). Such complex electrolyte solutions cannot be compatible with high capacity/high voltage cathode materials based on transition metal oxides. In turn, conventional electrolyte solutions comprising Mg salts, in which transition metal oxides may intercalate reversibly with Mg ions, are irrelevant for reversible Mg anodes due to complicated passivation phenomena. Electrolyte solutions based on “simple” salts are assumed to be the most practical candidates for rechargeable Mg battery systems if Mg anodes can behave reversibly in them. By simple we mean Mg salts, with non-organometallic components, similar to the ones regularly used in lithium ion battery systems with anions such as TFSI-, ClO4 -, PF6 - etc. Due to reactivity issues, only ethers are considered as viable solvents for secondary Mg-metal based batteries, as they were shown to be inert with Mg metal and do not form passivation layers. Until now, Mg(N(SO2CF3)2)2 (denoted as MgTFSI2) is the only ethers-soluble “simple” salt reported that forms ethereal solutions which allow reversible behavior of Mg anodes4 , 5. MgTFSI2 is an attractive salt for Mg batteries electrolyte solutions, endowed with a high thermal and oxidation stability .It also forms highly ionic conductive solutions with ether solvents. Magnesium can be reversibly deposited, to some extent, from MgTFSI2/glyme solutions, indicating that the MgTFSI2 salt is stable with Mg metal anodes. Although its long-term electrochemical cycling performance is rather poor, it can be significantly enhanced with addition of chlorides and through conditioning process5. A highly interesting ether solvent for Mg batteries is dimethoxyethane - DME. We encounter very interesting phenomenon with DME based solutions. At certain salt concentrations MgTFSI2/DME mixtures may form two immiscible solution phases with DME. This phenomenon is extremely unique and, as far as we know, had not been investigated deeply. This phenomenon resembles miscibility-gap to a great extent. We studied this phenomenon using a wide variety of analytical tools, such as SCXRD SSNMR, and Raman coupled with DFT calculations. In this study we were able to determine the solutions structures of the different MgTFSI2/DME phases and theorize a plausible explanation for the two-phase phenomenon. Knowing the arrangement of the solvent/anion/cation in the solution matrix can help explains the properties of these electrolyte solutions and produces a viable model for their electrochemical behavior. We believe that our study can help to improve the relevance of MgTFSI2/poly-ether solutions for practical rechargeable Mg batteries. References 1 Liao, C. et al. The unexpected discovery of the Mg(HMDS)2/MgCl2 complex as a magnesium electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, 6082-6087(2015). 2 Tutusaus, O. et al. An Efficient Halogen-Free Electrolyte for Use in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, 7900-7904(2015). 3 Pour, N., Gofer, Y., Major, D. T. & Aurbach, D. Structural Analysis of Electrolyte Solutions for Rechargeable Mg Batteries by Stereoscopic Means and DFT Calculations. Journal of the American Chemical Society 133,6270-6278(2011). 4 Ha, S.-Y. et al. Magnesium(II) Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) Imide-Based Electrolytes with Wide Electrochemical Windows for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries. ACS applied materials & interfaces 6, 4063-4073(2014). 5 Shterenberg, I. et al. Evaluation of (CF3SO2)2N− (TFSI) Based Electrolyte Solutions for Mg Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 162, A7118-A7128(2015).

Obesity, a major risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, has quadrupled in adolescents in the last 30 years. How adipose tissue influences the pathological process of atherosclerosis is not well understood. This study compares cholesterol efflux gene expression in human macrophages exposed

Developing an organo-metallic free electrolytic solution is crucial step towards a practical magnesium battery system. Implementing Grignard reagents in a commercial battery would pose a great impediment owing to the material’s high cost, its hazardous nature, and high susceptibility towards oxidation. The Magnesium Aluminum Chloro Complex (MACC) solutions, developed at the Bar Ilan University in conjunction with its allies at Pellion, Cambridge, MA, consist of solely inorganic salts; MACC is the reaction products of the acid base reaction between MgCl2 and AlCl3 in the right proportion in THF. MACC solutions are endowed with high Mg deposition/stripping cycling efficiency, upwards of 99%, low over-potential for magnesium deposition and a wide electrochemical window of 3.1V. Reversible intercalation/de-intercalation of Mg ions into Chevrel-phase Mo6S8, from a MACC solution has also been demonstrated. Normally, freshly synthesized MACC solution exhibits very poor magnesium deposition/dissolution reversibility. However, it was discovered serendipitously that by an electrochemical process, coined “conditioning”, it is possible to significantly enhance the electrochemical characteristics of such electrolyte solutions. The electrochemical “conditioning” consist of slowly electrochemically cycling the solutions in a sealed cell, using Pt as WE and Mg foil as CE in the potential range of -1.2V and 2.8V. This study is an important step forward, eliminating the need for Grignard/organo-metallic based electrolytes with their intrinsic disadvantages, and towards a more “simple salt” based system.