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Research–practice partnerships play an important role in critically examining racial disparities in schools, as well as supporting the immediate adoption of practice improvement. This article outlines the results of a multisite case study with students, teachers, and administrators across two racially and ethnically diverse middle schools in the Pacific Northwest. Using a multisite case study approach (N = 2), authors explored practice challenges and successes in four phases of the research–practice partnership: (1) building the partnership, (2) designing the study, (3) data analysis, and (4) translating the data into action for racial justice. Data sources include field notes, observations, teacher and administrator interviews, and student focus groups. A cross-case synthesis analytical approach was used. Linking these perspectives offers an ecological approach to identifying, understanding, and interrupting racism in schools. Article concludes by discussing the importance of research–practice partnerships for racial justice in schools and the powerful role that student and teacher voices can play in the process.

Pasifika (Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander) people living in the United States experience health, economic, and social inequities, and a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 cases and deaths. This study examines employment among Pasifika living in the 10 US states with the largest Pasifika populations during the COVID-19 pandemic.We use the Current Population Survey to examine racial differences in employment status, paid work from home (PWFH), and industry telework friendliness. We use data from the Washington Office of Fiscal Management and the Washington State (WA) Employment Security Department to examine county-level unemployment claims.Nationally, Pasifika did not self-report unemployment significantly more than Black, Latino, Asian, and American Indian/Alaska Native respondents, but in WA counties with high Pasifika concentrations, unemployment insurance claim rates were higher compared with all other racial groups, particularly Whites and Asians. Surprisingly, Pasifika had more PWFH opportunities, but worked in less telework-friendly industries nationally.This study demonstrates the complexity of employment among Pasifika during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings correspond with national reports of racialized communities impacted by unemployment, including Pasifika. Marginally significant differences in unemployment nationally may be due to Pasifika working largely in essential industries requiring workplace attendance.Although overlooked or overshadowed by size, our findings highlight the need for continued advocacy to support data disaggregation and Pasifika data sovereignty. This can be achieved through collaborations between researchers as well as local and community organizations to address data needs of Pasifika communities.

While the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher among Latino/as, Latino men are disproportionately affected and have poorer outcomes. We aimed to determine whether gender impacted any outcomes in a culturally tailored type 2 diabetes (T2D) intervention and to evaluate the effects of gender and intervention participation intensity on outcomes at 6-month follow-up. Nested path and regression models were compared with the likelihood ratio test and information criteria in a sample of Latino/a adults with T2D (n = 222) participating in a T2D community health worker (CHW)-led intervention. Path analysis showed that the effect of the intervention did not vary by gender. The intervention was associated with significant improvements in knowledge of T2D management 0.24 (0.10); p = 0.014, diabetes distress, −0.26 (0.12); p = 0.023, and self-efficacy, 0.61 (0.21); p = 0.005. At 6-month follow-up, improved self-management was associated with greater self-efficacy and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was lower by −0.18 (0.08); p = 0.021 for each unit of self-management behavior. Linear regressions showed that class attendance and home visits contributed to positive intervention results, while gender was non-significant. Pathways of change in a CHW-led culturally tailored T2D intervention can have a significant effect on participant behaviors and health status outcomes, regardless of gender.

Active social work leadership is necessary to achieve national goals of health equity. Indeed, the nation’s health depends on the development of this next wave of interprofessional and transdisciplinary collaboration (McGovern, Miller, & Hughes-Cromwick, 2014). This chapter describes a “geography of science” approach that draws upon diverse disciplines, community leaders, and theoretical and community-center perspectives. Social work, must train professionals in how improve availability and access to the social determinants of good health. This includes understand how racism constitutes an important social determinant of health. We must also educate allied professionals to develop the practice and research tools, community partnerships, and localized programs necessary to combat social and economic inequities. Ten priorities for changing health systems to achieve equitable health care are advanced. Finally, to secure true, sustainable, population-based health changes, social work must assist the health professions to unite and develop transdisciplinary approaches to addressing the multilayered contributions of political, economic, and social determinants of population health inequities.

Eliminating racism to achieve racial equity is certainly a grand challenge. America was built on racism, white supremacy, and colonization; so, understanding history and context are essential to progress. The Grand Challenge to Eliminate Racism calls for the social work profession to focus on the centrality of racism, both within society and the profession. We reflect on the profession’s racist history and examine social work’s current positionality by reviewing the inclusion of race and racism across all grand challenges. Efforts to eliminate racism and white supremacy must focus on evidence and practice-based research that cultivate innovation to improve the conditions of daily life for all and facilitate change at the individual, organizational, community, professional, and societal levels. We prioritize personal awareness, antiracism workforce development that advances community empowerment, revision of social work education, and policy agendas that eliminate racism and white supremacy from organizations and include continuous evaluation with accountability.

Objective: Little is known about which aspects of after-school programs bolster the developmental milestones required for children to thrive intellectually, socially, and academically. To h...

National reports of diabetes and mental health for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) are high, yet mental health professional access is low. We used multiple logistic regression to analy...

This historical analysis examines the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Child Welfare League of America’s collaborative Indian Adoption Project, its influence on the evolution and practice o...

Description, Spin orbital–coupled exciton-polaritons and spin-polarized condensates are found in lead halide perovskites., Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is responsible for a range of spintronic and topological processes in condensed matter. Here, we show photonic analogs of SOCs in exciton-polaritons and their condensates in microcavities composed of birefringent lead halide perovskite single crystals. The presence of crystalline anisotropy coupled with splitting in the optical cavity of the transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes gives rise to a non-Abelian gauge field, which can be described by the Rashba-Dresselhaus Hamiltonian near the degenerate points of the two polarization modes. With increasing density, the exciton-polaritons with pseudospin textures undergo phase transitions to competing condensates with orthogonal polarizations. Unlike their pure photonic counterparts, these exciton-polaritons and condensates inherit nonlinearity from their excitonic components and may serve as quantum simulators of many-body SOC processes.

As schools physically closed across the country to protect against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, it became clear early on that the burden on students will not be equally shared. Structural racism patterns the lives of people of color that, in turn, increases their exposure to the effects of the pandemic further impacting the quality of education the students of color have access to. It is critical to examine the ways in which racial disparities in social emotional and educational outcomes have the potential to increase as a result of the pandemic. To that end, using a content analysis of an open-ended survey, this study examines (a) how teachers and school staff experienced the pandemic, (b) their perception of student experiences during the transition to remote learning, and (c) school staff's perceptions of how racial inequities may be increased as a result of the pandemic. Our findings highlight the deep, but unequal impact of the pandemic on school staff, students, and their families. Teachers are overwhelmed and overworked, struggling to manage multiple roles while working at home. They also have tremendous empathy for the weight of the losses that students have experienced, and concern for the well-being of students in difficult living or family situations. However, most school staff maintained a colorblind analysis of the way the pandemic is affecting their students and did not recognize the role of systemic racism or potential for racial disparities to be increased. Implications and limitations are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE To simulate the long-term cost-effectiveness of a peer leader (PL)–led diabetes self-management support (DSMS) program following a structured community health worker (CHW)–led diabetes self-management education (DSME) program in reducing risks of complications in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The trial randomized 222 Latino adults with T2D to 1) enhanced usual care (EUC); 2) a CHW-led, 6-month DSME program and 6 months of CHW-delivered monthly telephone outreach (CHW only); or 3) a CHW-led, 6-month DSME program and 12 months of PL-delivered weekly group sessions with telephone outreach to those unable to attend (CHW + PL). Empirical data from the trial and the validated Michigan Model for Diabetes were used to estimate cost and health outcomes over a 20-year time horizon from a health care sector perspective, discounting both costs and benefits at 3% annually. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS Over 20 years, the CHW + PL intervention had an ICER of $28,800 and $5,900 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained compared with the EUC and CHW-only interventions, respectively. The CHW-only intervention had an ICER of $430,600 per QALY gained compared with the EUC intervention. In sensitivity analyses, the results comparing the CHW + PL with EUC and CHW-only interventions were robust to changes in intervention effects and costs. CONCLUSIONS The CHW + PL–led DSME/DSMS intervention improved health and provided good value compared with the EUC intervention. The 6-month CHW-led DSME intervention without further postintervention CHW support was not cost effective in Latino adults with T2D.

School disengagement is a critical factor that will likely exacerbate long-standing racial inequities in educational outcomes during the aftermath of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Due to their training and contact with at-risk students, school social workers and other school-based mental health professionals (SMHP) are in an ideal position to understand the impact of COVID-19 and virtual learning on K–12 students. To that end, this study reports on findings from a survey of SMHP about the differential impact that the COVID-19 outbreak is having on students and their families. The findings suggest that COVID-19 has had a tremendous impact on families overall, especially among populations who were experiencing hardships before the current outbreak. In addition, several barriers were noted for student learning, with many students—particularly students of color—completely disengaging from school during spring 2020. However, SMHP reported several important insights on how to support students and their families—some requiring immediate action on the part of school districts and others requiring greater community-level investment into the economic, social, emotional, and overall health of families. Findings are discussed in light of addressing disengagement and educational inequities for students of color.

Lead halide perovskites (LHPs) are attractive material systems for light emission, thanks to the ease and diverse routes of synthesis, the broad tunability in color, the high emission quantum efficiencies, and the strong light-matter coupling which may potentially lead to exciton-polariton condensation. This account contrasts the laser-like coherent light emission from highly lossy Fabry-Perot cavities, formed naturally from LHP nanowires (NWs) and nanoplates (NPs), with highly reflective cavities made of LHP gain media, sandwiched between two distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors. The mechanism responsible for the operation of conventional semiconductor lasers involves stimulated emission of electron and hole pairs bound by the Coulomb potential, i.e., excitons or, at excitation density above the so-called Mott threshold, an electron-hole plasma (EHP). We discuss how lasing from LHP NWs or NPs likely originates from stimulated emission of an EHP, not excitons or exciton-polaritons. A character central to this kind of lasing is the dynamically changing photonic properties in the naturally formed cavity. In contrast to the more static conditions of a DBR cavity, lasing modes and gain profiles are extremely sensitive to material properties and excitation conditions in an NW/NP cavity. While such unstable photonic cavities pose engineering challenges in the application of NW/NP lasers, they provide excellent probes of many-body physics in the LHP material. For sufficiently strong light-matter coupling expected for LHPs in DBR cavities, an exciton-polariton, i.e., the superposition state between the exciton and the cavity photon, can form. An exciting prospect of strong light-matter coupling is the potential formation of an exciton polariton condensate, which possesses many interesting quantum and nonlinear effects, such as superfluidity, long-range coherence, and laserlike light emission. However, it is difficult to distinguish coherent light from an exciton-polariton condensate and that from conventional stimulated laser emission. Several reports have established the condition of strong coupling for LHPs in DBR cavities. We stress, however, that these studies have not included necessary experiments to unambiguously establish the formation of exciton-polariton condensation, and several experiments and routes of analysis are needed to make a more convincing case for exciton-polariton condensation in LHP based systems. The potential of exciton-polariton condensation expands the horizon of LHP materials from conventional optoelectronics to quantum devices.

Research processes that are centered on western models and rooted in colonisation and racism can have deleterious effects upon disenfranchised groups, such as people of colour and indigenous communities. Community-centred and culturally-grounded processes are necessary to achieve meaningful participation and engagement in research by creating equitable protocols and ensuring beneficial outcomes. Such processes are particularly needed in indigenous populations, including the Hawaiian community. This article describes the participatory development of the community engagement protocols and rules of engagement created by a community and academic partnership called the Waimānalo Pono Research Hui (WPRH). Through monthly gatherings, academic and community partners engaged in discussions of constructing community programmes and developing research protocols that are rooted in Hawaiian wholistic values of health and well-being with indigenous methodologies. A final set of protocols and rules of engagement was developed through an iterative feedback process that was rooted not only in community-based participatory (CBPR) principles but also Hawaiian values, beliefs and way of life. Challenges and future directions are also presented.

Prior to western arrival in 1778, Native Hawaiians possessed a sophisticated culture and resource management system conducive to an island ecosystem. However, disenfranchisement from ancestral lands and traditional food sources as a result of colonization led to Native Hawaiians being forced to abandon many of their traditional practices. Today, many Native Hawaiians experience food insecurity, placing them at further risk for obesity and other nutrition-related chronic diseases. Consequently, there is a growing need for place-based and culturally relevant strategies rooted in Hawaiian epistemology to address these issues. This paper describes the history and development of one such intervention – the MALAMA study – in the community of Waimānalo that innovatively merges the modern technology of aquaponics with traditional Native Hawaiian practices and values.

Lead halide perovskites are emerging as an excellent material platform for optoelectronic processes. There have been extensive discussions on lasing, polariton formation, and nonlinear processes in this material system, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we probe lasing from CsPbBr3 perovskite nanowires with picosecond (ps) time resolution and show that lasing originates from stimulated emission of an electron-hole plasma. We observe an anomalous blue-shifting of the lasing gain profile with time up to 25 ps, and assign this as a signature for lasing involving plasmon emission. The time domain view provides an ultra-sensitive probe of many-body physics which was obscured in previous time-integrated measurements of lasing from lead halide perovskite nanowires.

Objective To examine which components of a culturally tailored community health worker (CHW) intervention improved glycemic control and intermediate outcomes among Latina/o and African American participants with diabetes. Methods The sample included 326 African American and Latina/o adults with type 2 diabetes in Detroit, MI. CHWs provided interactive group diabetes self-management classes and home visits, and accompanied clients to a clinic visit during the 6-month intervention period. We used path analysis to model the processes by which each intervention component affected change in diabetes self-efficacy, diabetes-related distress, knowledge of diabetes management, and HbA1c. Results The group-based healthy lifestyle component was significantly associated with improved knowledge. The group-based self-management section was significantly associated with reduced diabetes-related distress. Intervention class attendance was positively associated with self-efficacy. Diabetes self-management mediated the reductions in HbA1c associated with reductions in diabetes distress. Conclusions Path analysis allowed each potential pathway of change in the intervention to be simultaneously analyzed to identify which aspects of the CHW intervention contributed to changes in diabetes-related behaviors and outcomes among African Americans and Latinas/os. Practice Implications Findings reinforce the importance of interactive group sessions in efforts to improve diabetes management and outcomes among Latina/o and African American adults with diabetes.

A research–practice partnership (RPP) is a collaborative, long-term partnership between researchers and practitioners. Autoethnography is a form of qualitative research where researchers recount stories of their personal experience to reflect on and better understand the wider cultural, social, and political world around them. In this paper, we demonstrate a collaborative approach to autoethnography that can serve as a useful tool for studying and transforming school culture with teachers and administrators in a middle school. We identify the key components of our approach and provide a detailed summary of how each element was applied and highlight the ways the inquiry process contributed to self and school-level transformation. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using autoethnography for RPPs in schools and discuss future directions for methodological development

Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders, and the environment they are in relationship with, have been the targets of exploitation, extraction, and destruction. Environmental atrocities throughout the Pacific have demonstrated how imperialism, capitalism, and white supremacy drive destruction through efforts to dominate and exploit for material gain. The relationship between Pacific people and the environment, which defines who they are socially, spiritually, and ancestrally, continues to be damaged and even severed by these injustices. The purpose of this article is to provide examples of major environmental injustices in the Pacific and to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship between settler colonialism and environmental injustices. Indigenous knowledge, with a focus on traditional ecological knowledge, is incorporated not just to demonstrate the deep impact of injustices on Pacific people's cultures but also to highlight how this way of knowing cultivates a path to revitalization and community resilience. Cultural practices rooted in traditional ecological knowledge, such as the preservation of food systems, promote reciprocity between living beings and self-determination, necessary for community flourishing. With this understanding, Pacific peoples' relationship with their land offers further evidence of the critical role culture and Indigenous knowledge can play in environmental justice policies and practices.

Background. Community health workers (CHWs), often called “health promotion volunteers” in Japan, are individuals who act as a natural helping resource in the community. Aim. This study tested the efficacy of a CHW-based intervention to improve dietary habits among community-dwelling older people in Japan, using a controlled, crossover design. Method. Seventy-eight people aged 65 to 74 years with poor dietary variety living in four administrative districts in Hikone City (Shiga Prefecture, Japan) were nonrandomly allocated to an immediate-intervened group (IIG; n = 41) or a delayed-intervened group (DIG; n = 37). Participants joined a biweekly, four-session program (120 minutes/session), comprising “CHW drama-style lectures,” “group discussion among participants and CHWs,” “tasting of dishes,” and “take-home practical activities.” For the initial 2-month period, the IIG received the intervention and the DIG did not. The groups were crossed over for the subsequent 2-month period. The primary outcome measure was participants’ dietary variety score (score range: 0-10). Results. The dietary variety score in the IIG significantly increased in the initial 2-month period compared with the DIG (effect size 1.60 points; 95% confidence interval: 0.75, 2.45). The intervention had a similar effect in the DIG in the subsequent 2-month period. Moreover, an analysis within the IIG showed that the intervention effects persisted for at least 2 months after the intervention. Conclusions. The CHW-based intervention improved dietary habits among older people. Our findings provide evidence that a CHW-based natural helping approach is a possible solution to promote healthy aging in the community.

This special issue and introduction focuses on promoting health equity and addressing health disparities among Indigenous peoples of the United States (U.S.) and associated Territories in the Pacific Islands and Caribbean. We provide an overview of the current state of health equity across social, physical, and mental health domains. In Part 1 of the special issue, we trace promotive, protective, and risk factors related to Indigenous health equity. Part 2 of the special issue describes interventions that address and promote wellness, providing promising pathways to achieving and transcending health equity.

Discrimination is associated with adverse health outcomes, but few studies have examined the association of discrimination with diabetes-related outcomes including mental health and glycemic control, particularly for immigrant and US-born Latinos. We analyzed survey data (n = 222) collected at baseline of a diabetes intervention. Using multiple linear regression, we examined the association of racial/ethnic discrimination with depressive symptoms, diabetes-related distress, and HbA1c, and variation in these associations by nativity and, for immigrants, length of US residence. Racial/ethnic discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms (b = 2.57, SE = 0.45, p

The purpose of this study is to identify the social and economic correlates of reported experiences of interpersonal ethnoracial discrimination among Latino adults in Detroit. We examine whether the correlates of interpersonal ethnoracial discrimination vary according to the domain of discrimination and compare findings for individual domains of discrimination to a composite measure of experiences of discrimination. This study suggests that the frequency of reported discrimination is moderately high, and relatively common among Latinos with diabetes who live in Detroit. The findings demonstrate that immigration and ethnicity-related factors, such as greater comfort speaking Spanish and being born in the United States, were persistent correlates of more frequent encounters of interpersonal ethnoracial discrimination. Implications for social work research and practice are presented.

While blatant forms of racism and discrimination have largely been “condemned” in our society, systematic oppression and racism can be manifested in less obvious forms as microaggressions. The term...

Background. Community health worker (CHW) interventions are known to be an effective strategy to improve health behaviors and outcomes in relation to diabetes, particularly for racial/ethnic communities. Although understanding the function of identity with same race/ethnicity among clients of CHW interventions could contribute to more effective program design, few studies have explored whether levels of racial/ethnic identity among participants can influence the effectiveness of CHW interventions. Aims. We tested the relationship between level of racial/ethnic identity and changes in hemoglobin A1c and diabetes self-efficacy among low-income African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes who participated in a CHW intervention. Methods. Data came from a randomized controlled trial of the CHW intervention with a 6-month delayed control group design for 164 African American and Latino adults in Detroit, Michigan. Racial/ethnic identity was created from two items and classified into high, moderate, and low. We combined the two arms (immediate and delayed) into one because there was no significant difference in baseline characteristics, other than age and postintervention self-efficacy, and multivariable linear regression models were applied in the analysis. Results. Possession of high racial/ethnic identity was associated with greater improvement both in hemoglobin A1c and diabetes self-efficacy at 6 months. Moreover, among those with high hemoglobin A1c at preintervention, higher racial/ethnic identity had a greater impact on hemoglobin A1c improvement, compared with those with lower identity. Conclusions. This study suggests the importance of considering racial/ethnic identity of the participants in designing and operating the CHW intervention for racial/ethnic minority population.

This study explores gender values and beliefs among Latino and African American men with diabetes and examines how these values and beliefs may influence their health behaviors. Participants were recruited from individuals who participated in one of three Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Detroit Partnership diabetes self-management interventions. One focus group was conducted with African American men ( n = 10) and two focus groups were conducted with Latino men ( n = 12) over a 3-month period. Sessions lasted 90 minutes, were audiotaped, and analyzed using thematic content analysis techniques. Two themes emerged that characterize gender identity and its relationship to health behavior in men: (a) men’s beliefs about being men (i.e., key aspects of being a man including having respect for themselves, authority figures, and peers; fulfilling the role as breadwinner; being responsible for serving as the leader of the family; and maintaining a sense of chivalry) and (b) influence of gender values and beliefs on health behavior (i.e., the need to maintain a strong image to the outside world, and the need to maintain control of themselves served as barriers to seeking out and engaging in diabetes self-management behaviors). Results suggest that gender values and beliefs may have implications for how health behaviors among men with diabetes. Future research should study the direct impact masculine identity has on health behaviors among men with diabetes.

Microaggression research has grown exponentially in the past decade and its importance for the social work profession remains highly relevant. In our first special issue on Microaggressions and Soc...

Singlet fission, the generation of two triplet excited states from the absorption of a single photon, may potentially increase solar energy conversion efficiency. A major roadblock in realizing this potential is the limited number of molecules available with high singlet fission yields and sufficient chemical stability. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for developing singlet fission materials in which we start with a stable molecular platform and use strain to tune the singlet and triplet energies. Using perylene diimide as a model system, we tune the singlet fission energetics from endoergic to exoergic or iso-energetic by straining the molecular backbone. The result is an increase in the singlet fission rate by 2 orders of magnitude. This demonstration opens a door to greatly expanding the molecular toolbox for singlet fission.

Although Hawai'i is often portrayed as an idyllic paradise and is recognized as one of the healthiest States in the United States, pervasive health disparities exist among Native Hawaiians. Similar to other indigenous populations across the globe, these disparities are linked to unjust social and economic policies rooted in colonization and historical trauma. Western-centric efforts to address these disparities have yielded limited results. Consequently, indigenous frameworks to decolonize western-centric research processes have emerged. The Waimānalo Pono Research Hui is an example of a community-academic partnership that uses indigenous methodologies and principles of community-based participatory research as the foundation to engage Native Hawaiian community members in research. Monthly gatherings are held where community members and academic researchers share a meal and discuss community priorities with the goal of shaping research and programming that are rooted in Native Hawaiian values. A mission for the group has been created as well as protocols for community engagement to ensure all projects that work with the Waimānalo Pono Research Hui are ethically sound and grounded in the community's preferences, cultural knowledge, and lived experiences. Our community members continually report that the Waimānalo Pono Research Hui has positively transformed their perception of and willingness to engage in research. Similarly, university students and academic researchers express how much their knowledge about working with communities has grown and inspired them. Creating spaces for communities and researchers to build authentic relationships and engage in ongoing conversations can promote culturally grounded and community-driven research and programming.

The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits, challenges, program characteristics and instructional approaches of an El Sistema inspired (ESI) after-school string program developed as a university–school partnership. Case study methodology was used to examine the program. Fifth-grade students received 75 minutes of after-school instruction four days per week. Two graduate students in music performance and the elementary school orchestra/general music teacher were the program’s lead teachers. Eight additional university students gave pull-out lessons. The program featured many “distinguishing characteristics” described in the ESI literature. The learning environment included large ensemble, sectional learning, and individual lessons. The repertoire learned was standard for American beginning string classes. Teachers provided rigorous expectations for the students to strive for excellence, a safe and supportive learning environment, flexible teaching, and peer-mentoring opportunities. Benefits included high levels of musical achievement, increased learning opportunities, perceived benefits of discipline, perseverance, positive attitude, and hard work. Instructional challenges included low attendance, curricular balance, and teacher collaboration. The intensity and frequency of instruction were found to be the source of most benefits and challenges reported by the participants.

Objective. In a randomized controlled trial we compared two models of community health worker–led diabetes medication decision support for low-income Latino and African American adults with diabetes. Most outcomes were improved when community health workers used either an interactive e-Health tool or print materials. This article investigates mediators and moderators of improved medication adherence in these two models. Method. Because both programs significantly improved satisfaction with medication information, medication knowledge, and decisional conflict, we examined whether improvements in each of these outcomes in turn were associated with improvements in self-reported medication adherence, and if so, whether these improvements were mediated by improvements in diabetes self-efficacy or diabetes distress. Potential moderators of improvement included gender, race/ethnicity, age, education, insulin use, health literacy, and baseline self-efficacy, diabetes distress, and A1c. Results. A total of 176 participants (94%) completed all assessments. After adjusting for potential confounders, only increased satisfaction with medication information was correlated with improved medication adherence ( p = .024). Improved self-efficacy, but not diabetes distress, was associated with improvements in both satisfaction with medication information and medication adherence. However, the Sobel–Goodman Mediation test did not support improvements in self-efficacy as a mechanism by which improved satisfaction led to better adherence. None of the examined variables achieved statistical significance as moderators. Conclusions. Improvements in satisfaction with medication information but not in medication knowledge or decision conflict were associated with improvements in medication adherence. Interventions that target low-income ethnic and racial minorities may need to focus on increasing participants’ satisfaction with information provided on diabetes medications and not just improving their knowledge about medications. Future research should explore in more depth other possible mediators and moderators of improvements in medication adherence in low-income minority populations.

Self-recombination and cross-reactions of large resonant stabilized hydrocarbon radicals such as fulvenallenyl (C7H5) are predicted to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion and the interstellar medium. Although fulvenallenyl is likely to be present in these environments, large uncertainties remain about its formation mechanisms. We have investigated the formation of fulvenallenyl by reacting the OH radical with fulvenallene (C7H6) over the 298 to 450 K temperature range and at a pressure of 5 Torr (667 Pa). The reaction rate coefficient is found to be 8.8(±1.7) × 10(-12) cm(3) s(-1) at room temperature with a negative temperature dependence that can be fit from 298 to 450 K to k(T) = 8.8(±1.7) × 10(-12) (T/298 K)(-6.6(±1.1)) exp[-(8.72(±3.03) kJ mol(-1))/(R((1/T) - (1/298 K)))] cm(3) s(-1). The comparison of the experimental data with calculated abstraction rate coefficients suggests that over the experimental temperature range, association of the OH radical to fulvenallene plays a significant role likely leading to a low fulvenallenyl branching fraction.

Food insecurity is a pressing issue in Hawai‘i as the vast majority of available and accessible foods are imported. To address this issue, a backyard aquaponics program was implemented from 2010 to 2016 to offer additional avenues to food sovereignty in a rural predominantly Native Hawaiian community. Aquaponics provides a contained and sustainable food production system that models Native Hawaiian principles of land and water stewardship. The purpose of this community-engaged study was to identify the outcomes and resources needed to continue sustaining the backyard aquaponics systems. The researchers began building a relationship with the community by helping to build several aquaponics systems. The researchers and community partner co-developed the interview questions and participants were interviewed in-person. The outcomes of the study revealed multiple benefits of having a backyard aquaponics system, including increased access to vegetables and fruit, improved diet, low maintenance cost, and enhanced family and community connectedness. Participants reported a renewed connection to Native Hawaiian values, especially land stewardship. Challenges included leaks and breakages with the system, overproduction of fish, complications in water temperature, and vulnerability to unpredictable weather. These findings suggest that backyard aquaponics systems have the potential to provide multiple benefits including alleviating barriers related to food security.

Lead halide perovskites are emerging as an excellent material platform for optoelectronic processes. There have been extensive discussions on lasing, polariton formation, and nonlinear processes in this material system, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we probe lasing from CsPbBr

Diabetes management for older Latino adults is complex, given a higher incidence of multiple coexisting medical conditions and psychosocial barriers to self-management. Community health workers (CHWs) may be effective in reducing these barriers. The REACH Detroit CHW randomized controlled intervention studies with Latino/as with diabetes found improvements in self-management behaviors and glucose control after participating in a CHW-led intervention. Using data from the REACH Detroit Partnership&prime, s cohort 3, this study used descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analyses to evaluate whether the six-month CHW intervention had a greater effect on older Latino/as (ages 55 and older) than younger participants between baseline and post-intervention follow-up at six months. There were significant intervention effects by age group that varied by outcome. Compared to a control group that received enhanced usual care, there were statistically significant intervention effects demonstrating greater self-efficacy scores 1.27 (0.23, 2.32), p &lt, 0.05, and reductions in HbA1c 1.02 (&minus, 1.96, &minus, 0.07), 0.05, among older participants in the CHW intervention, and increases in diabetes support 0.74 (0.34, 1.13), 0.001, and understanding of diabetes management 0.39 (0.08, 0.70), 0.01 among younger participants.

To impact clinical and behavioral diabetes care, understanding the cost-effectiveness (CE) of diabetes self-management education and support (DSME/S) in community settings is critical. We aimed to determine the long-term CE of 2 DSME/S modalities (Community Health Worker (CHW) vs. CHW + Peer Leader (PL)), compared to enhanced usual care (EUC), in reducing risk of diabetes complications in Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes (diabetes) in metro-Detroit. CE analyses were based on empirical outcome data from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Eligible subjects were recruited from one Federally Qualified Health Center and randomized to 1) 6 months of CHW-led DSME + 12 months of CHW-led telephone outreach, 2) 6 months of CHW-led DSME+ 12 months of PL-led weekly group sessions with telephone outreach, or 3) EUC. We used the validated Michigan Model for Diabetes to estimate the CE of the 2 DSME/S modalities compared to EUC over a 10-year simulation time horizon, discounting costs and benefits at 3% annually. Trial-based costs and outcomes were used; other data regarding costs, disease progression, mortality, and utilities were from published literature. From a healthcare sector perspective, CHW+PL was associated with lower costs ($76,599 vs. $77,203 in CHW and $76,779 in EUC) and increased health benefits (quality-adjusted life-years (QUALY): 5.137 vs. 5.1in CHW and EUC) compared to CHW and EUC, respectively, in the model time horizon. CHW was associated with higher costs but yielded similar QALYs compared to EUC. The greater intervention costs of CHW + PL were completely or substantially offset by savings arising from averted diabetes complications compared to CHW or EUC. Using CHW+PL for DSME/S appears to be a sound investment and may be cost-saving for Hispanic adults with diabetes in metro-Detroit. Disclosure G. Piatt: None. W. Ye: None. S. Kuo: None. B.R. Sinco: None. W.H. Herman: Other Relationship; Self; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Consultant; Self; Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC.. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; Nestlé. Other Relationship; Self; American Diabetes Association. Advisory Panel; Self; National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). M.S. Spencer: None. G. Palmisano: None. M. Heisler: None. E.C. Kieffer: None.