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Summary Trajectories of cognitive decline vary considerably among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To address this heterogeneity, subtyping approaches have been developed, with the objective of identifying more homogeneous subgroups. To date, subtyping of MCI has been based primarily on cognitive measures, often resulting in indistinct boundaries between subgroups and limited validity. Here, we introduce a subtyping method for MCI based solely upon brain atrophy. We train a deep learning model to differentiate between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cognitively normal (CN) subjects based on whole-brain MRI features. We then deploy the trained model to classify MCI subjects based on whole-brain gray matter resemblance to AD-like or CN-like patterns. We subsequently validate the subtyping approach using cognitive, clinical, fluid biomarker, and molecular imaging data. Overall, the results suggest that atrophy patterns in MCI are sufficiently heterogeneous and can thus be used to subtype individuals into biologically and clinically meaningful subgroups., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are subtyped using a deep learning model • The model is able to subtype MCI based solely on structural brain atrophy patterns • The model-based subtypes differ in amyloid burden, brain metabolism, and cognition • The model-based subtyping approach captures marked differences in cognitive decline, Rates of cognitive decline vary considerably among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Kwak et al. develop a deep learning model based solely on brain atrophy patterns. This model divides individuals with MCI into distinct subtypes, showing differences in amyloid burden, brain metabolism, and cognition.

Objective This study was aimed to develop a method combining computed tomography (CT) and fluorescence imaging, allowing identification of microvasculature in anatomical donors and facilitating translational research and education. Methods We investigated homogeneity and radiopacity of 30 different mixtures including radiopaque substances povidone–iodine (Betadine), barium sulfate (BaSO4), and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) varying in suspension and dilution with agar, latex, or gelatin. Three candidate mixtures were selected for testing the extent of perfusion in renal vasculature to establish methodology. From these candidate mixtures, two were selected for mixture with fluorescein and infusion into cadavers based on their ability to perfuse renal vasculature. The extent to which these two candidate mixtures combined with fluorescein were able to perfuse vasculature in a cadaver head was used to determine which mixture was superior. Results BaSO4 and bismuth subsalicylate–based mixtures demonstrated superior opacity in vials. In terms of solidifying agents, gelatin-based mixtures demonstrated increased friability and lower melting points compared with the other agents, so only latex and agar-based mixtures were used moving forward past the vial stage. Combinations of BaSO4 and latex and BaSO4 and 3% agar were found to perfuse kidneys superiorly to the mixture containing bismuth subsalicylate. Finally, in cadaver heads, the mixture containing BaSO4, agar, and fluorescein was found to perfuse the smallest vasculature. Conclusion A final combination of BaSO4, 3% agar, and fluorescein proves to be a powerful and novel combination enabling CT imaging, fluorescence imaging, and dissection of vasculature. This paves the way for future translational research and education.

Testicular torsion is a known cause of morbidity in pediatric patients, but the burden in the adult population is poorly understood. We sought to determine the incidence of testicular torsion and risk factors for orchiectomy in a population encompassing all ages. A cohort analysis of 1625 males undergoing surgery for torsion was performed using the 2011 and 2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Departments Sample. Patient and hospital factors were examined for association with orchiectomy vs. testicular salvage. The estimated yearly incidence of testicular torsion was 5.9 per 100,000 males ages 1-17 years and 1.3 per 100,000 males ≥18 years. Among those undergoing surgical intervention, orchiectomy was performed in 33.6%. The risk of orchiectomy was highest in patients 1-11 years of age and patients over 50 years of age (46.0% and 69.7% of patients, respectively). Orchiectomy was also associated with public insurance (Medicaid/Medicare) or self-pay as primary payer. While testicular torsion is less common in the adult population, the rate of orchiectomy is high. Those with disadvantaged payer status are also at increased risk for testicular loss.

There is now ample evidence that dust is already present in abundance at high z. However, given the faintness of distant galaxies in the optical and the NIR, datasets are still limited and how the dust affects the emerging radiation of galaxies at very high redshift is not yet fully understood. Using the ALPINE survey, our objective is to quantify the dust attenuation properties in galaxies at z=4.4-5.5, and in particular the shape of their attenuation curve. Using the CIGALE code, we model the stellar populations and their interaction with the dust in order to measure some of the physical properties of a subsample of 23 main-sequence ALPINE galaxies. We find that the attenuation curves span a broad range of properties, from curves that are much steeper than the SMC extinction curve, to shallower than the starburst attenuation curve. The shape of the attenuation curves strongly depends on the V-band attenuation. Galaxies with the lowest attenuation also present the steepest curves. The steepness of such curves is probably the consequence of the combination of the intrinsic physical properties of the dust, the relative distribution of stars and dust in the interstellar medium, and the differential reddening. The broad range of attenuation curves found at z~5 shows that no single attenuation curve is appropriate for main sequence galaxies and that assuming a fixed curve can lead to large errors, for instance in the interpretation and use of the IRX-beta diagram, if SED modeling is not feasible. Great caution should be exercised when correcting high redshift galaxies for the presence of dust using the UV slope beta as it can affect the estimation of both SFR and stellar mass even at low V-band attenuation due to the steepness of the attenuation curve. However, when SED modeling can be used, the impact of the choice of the attenuation curve on the SFR and the stellar mass is limited., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

The Star Formation Rate Density (SFRD) history of the Universe is well constrained up to redshift $z \sim 2$. At earlier cosmic epochs, the picture has been largely inferred from UV-selected galaxies (e.g. Lyman-break galaxies, LBGs). However, LBGs' inferred SFRs strongly depend on the assumed dust extinction correction, which is not well-constrained at high-$z$, while observations in the radio domain are not affected by this issue. In this work we measure the SFRD from a 1.4 GHz-selected sample of $\sim$600 galaxies in the GOODS-N field up to redshift $\sim 3.5$. We take into account the contribution of Active Galactic Nuclei from the Infrared-Radio correlation. We measure the radio luminosity function, fitted with a modified Schechter function, and derive the SFRD. The cosmic SFRD shows a rise up to $z \sim 2$ and then an almost flat plateau up to $z \sim 3.5$. Our SFRD is in agreement with the ones from other FIR/radio surveys and a factor 2 higher than those from LBG samples. We also estimate that galaxies lacking a counterpart in the HST/WFC3 H-band ($H$-dark) make up $\sim 25\%$ of the $\phi$-integrated SFRD relative to the full sample at z $\sim 3.2$, and up to $58\%$ relative to LBG samples., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Comparatively little is known about how new instrumental actions are encoded in the brain. Using whole-brain c-Fos mapping, we show that neural activity is increased in the anterior dorsolateral striatum (aDLS) of mice that successfully learn a new lever-press response to earn food rewards. Post-learning chemogenetic inhibition of aDLS disrupts consolidation of the new instrumental response. Similarly, post-learning infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the aDLS disrupts consolidation of the new response. Activity of D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) increases and D2-MSNs activity decreases in the aDLS during consolidation. Chemogenetic inhibition of D1-MSNs in aDLS disrupts the consolidation process whereas D2-MSN inhibition strengthens consolidation but blocks the expression of previously learned habit-like responses. These findings suggest that D1-MSNs in the aDLS encode new instrumental actions whereas D2-MSNs oppose this new learning and instead promote expression of habitual actions., New instrumental learning occurs through an unexpected delivery of a rewarding stimulus or the withdrawal of a punishing stimulus. The authors show that D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the anterior dorsolateral striatum encode newly learned instrumental actions whereas D2 MSNs promote the expression of habitual actions.

A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to image membrane voltage across a population of individual neurons in an awake, behaving mammal. Here we describe a genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicator, SomArchon, which exhibits millisecond response times and is compatible with optogenetic control, and which increases the sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and number of neurons observable several-fold over previously published fully genetically encoded reagents1–8. Under conventional one-photon microscopy, SomArchon enables the routine population analysis of around 13 neurons at once, in multiple brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, and striatum) of head-fixed, awake, behaving mice. Using SomArchon, we detected both positive and negative responses of striatal neurons during movement, as previously reported by electrophysiology but not easily detected using modern calcium imaging techniques9–11, highlighting the power of voltage imaging to reveal bidirectional modulation. We also examined how spikes relate to the subthreshold theta oscillations of individual hippocampal neurons, with SomArchon showing that the spikes of individual neurons are more phase-locked to their own subthreshold theta oscillations than to local field potential theta oscillations. Thus, SomArchon reports both spikes and subthreshold voltage dynamics in awake, behaving mice. A genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicator, SomArchon, is used to image changes in membrane voltage from many neurons simultaneously in multiple brain regions of awake, behaving mice.

The invertebrate trace fossils Selenichnites rossendalensis and Crescentichnus tesiltus are recorded and described from the Middle Jurassic Gristhorpe Member of the Cloughton Formation of the Cleveland Basin. This is the first record of these ichnospecies from the basin and now completes the occurrence of these and other traces assumed to have been made by limulids from all three non-marine formations of the Ravenscar Group.

Striatal parvalbumin (PV) and cholinergic interneurons (CHIs) are poised to play major roles in behavior by coordinating the networks of medium spiny cells that relay motor output. However, the small numbers and scattered distribution of these cells have hindered direct assessment of their contribution to activity in networks of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) during behavior. Here, we build on recent improvements in single-cell calcium imaging combined with optogenetics to test the capacity of PVs and CHIs to affect MSN activity and behavior in mice engaged in voluntary locomotion. We find that PVs and CHIs have unique effects on MSN activity and dissociable roles in supporting movement. PV cells facilitate movement by refining the activation of MSN networks responsible for movement execution. CHIs, in contrast, synchronize activity within MSN networks to signal the end of a movement bout. These results provide new insights into the striatal network activity that supports movement.

Methods for one-photon fluorescent imaging of calcium dynamics in vivo are popular due to their ability to simultaneously capture the dynamics of hundreds of neurons across large fields of view, at a low equipment complexity and cost. In contrast to two-photon methods, however, one-photon methods suffer from higher levels of crosstalk between cell bodies and the surrounding neuropil, resulting in decreased signal-to-noise and artifactual correlations of neural activity. Here, we address this problem by engineering cell body-targeted variants of the fluorescent calcium indicator GCaMP6f. We screened fusions of GCaMP6f to both natural as well as engineered peptides, and identified fusions that localized GCaMP6f to within approximately 50 microns of the cell body of neurons in live mice and larval zebrafish. One-photon imaging of soma-targeted GCaMP6f in dense neural circuits reported fewer artifactual spikes from neuropil, increased signal-to-noise ratio, and decreased artifactual correlation across neurons. Thus, soma-targeting of fluorescent calcium indicators increases neuronal signal fidelity and may facilitate even greater usage of simple, powerful, one-photon methods of population imaging of neural calcium dynamics.

We present the results of the spectroscopic follow up of the QUBRICS survey. The selection method is based on a machine learning approach applied to photometric catalogs, covering an area of $\sim$ 12,400 deg$^2$ in the Southern Hemisphere. The spectroscopic observations started in 2018 and identified 55 new, high-redshift (z>=2.5), bright (i, Accepted for publication in ApJS, 24 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables

Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBT) β oscillations (15-30 Hz) are elevated in Parkinson's disease and correlated with movement disability. To date, no experimental paradigm outside of loss of dopamine has been able to specifically elevate β oscillations in the CBT loop. Here, we show that activation of striatal cholinergic receptors selectively increased β oscillations in mouse striatum and motor cortex. In individuals showing simultaneous β increases in both striatum and M1, β partial directed coherence (PDC) increased from striatum to M1 (but not in the reverse direction). In individuals that did not show simultaneous β increases, β PDC increased from M1 to striatum (but not in the reverse direction), and M1 was characterized by persistent β-high frequency oscillation phase-amplitude coupling. Finally, the direction of β PDC distinguished between β sub-bands. This suggests that (1) striatal cholinergic tone exerts state-dependent and frequency-selective control over CBT β power and coordination; (2) ongoing rhythmic dynamics can determine whether elevated β oscillations are expressed in striatum and M1; and (3) altered striatal cholinergic tone differentially modulates distinct β sub-bands.

Dinosaur footprints are abundant in the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group of North Yorkshire, UK. Footprints are particularly common within the Bathonian Long Nab Member of the Scalby Formation and more so within the so called ‘Burniston footprint bed’ at Burniston Bay. The Yorkshire Jurassic is also famous for its exceptional plant macrofossil and spore-pollen assemblages. Here we investigate the spore-pollen record from the dinosaur footprint-bearing successions in order to reconstruct the vegetation and assess possible dinosaur-plant interactions. We also compare the spore-pollen assemblages with the macroflora of the Scalby Ness Plant Bed, which occurs within the same geological member as the Burniston succession. The spore-pollen assemblages are dominated by Deltoidospora spp., the majority of which were probably produced by Coniopteris. Lycophyte spores (including megaspores) are common in the Yorkshire Jurassic, but lycophyte parent plants are extremely poorly represented in the macroflora. Seed ferns, represented by Alisporites spp., are moderately abundant. Conifer pollen assemblages are dominated by Araucariacites australis (probably produced by Brachyphyllum mamillare), Perinopollenites elatoides and Classopollis spp., with additional bisaccate pollen taxa. Abundant Ginkgo huttonii in themacroflora suggests that much of the monosulcate pollen was produced by ginkgoes. The diverse vegetation of the Cleveland Basin presumably represented an attractive food source for herbivorous dinosaurs. The dinosaurs probably gathered at the flood plains for fresh-water and also used the non-vegetated plains and coastline as pathways. Although assigning specific makers to footprints is difficult, it is clear that a range of theropod, ornithopod and sauropod dinosaurs inhabited the area. This research was funded by a Natural Environment Research Council CASE (NE/J500100) Award with Shell Research Limited and a Swedish Research Council grant, VR 2015-04264.

A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to image membrane voltage, with high temporal precision and sensitivity, in awake behaving mammals. Here, we report a genetically encoded voltage indicator, SomArchon, which exhibits millisecond response times and compatibility with optogenetic control, and which increases the sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and number of neurons observable, by manyfold over previous reagents. SomArchon only requires conventional one-photon microscopy to achieve these high performance characteristics. These improvements enable population analysis of neural activity, both at the subthreshold and spiking levels, in multiple brain regions – cortex, hippocampus, and striatum – of awake behaving mice. Using SomArchon, we detect both positive and negative responses of striatal neurons during movement, highlighting the power of voltage imaging to reveal bidirectional modulation. We also examine how the intracellular subthreshold theta oscillations of hippocampal neurons govern spike output, finding that nearby cells can exhibit highly correlated subthreshold activities, even as they generate highly divergent spiking patterns.

BackgroundSystems neuroscience experiments often require the integration of precisely timed data acquisition and behavioral monitoring. While specialized commercial systems have been designed to meet various needs of data acquisition and device control, they often fail to offer flexibility to interface with new instruments and variable behavioral experimental designs.New methodWe developed a Teensy 3.2 microcontroller-based interface that offers high-speed, precisely timed behavioral data acquisition and digital and analog outputs for controlling sCMOS cameras and other devices.ResultsWe demonstrate the flexibility and the temporal precision of the Teensy interface in two experimental settings. We first used the Teensy interface for reliable recordings of an animal’s directional movement on a spherical treadmill, while delivering repeated digital pulses that can be used to control image acquisition from a sCMOS camera. In another example, we used the Teensy interface to control temporally precise delivery of an auditory stimulus and a gentle eye puff in a trace conditioning eye blink behavioral paradigm, while delivering repeated digital pulses to initiate camera image acquisition.Comparison with existing methodsThis interface allows high-speed and temporally precise digital data acquisition and device control during diverse behavioral experiments.ConclusionThe Teensy interface, consisting of a Teensy 3.2 and custom software functions, provides a temporally precise, low-cost, and flexible platform to integrate sCMOS camera control into behavioral experiments.

Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Física, Florianópolis, 2018. Muito se tem estudado para encontrar uma melhor forma de se ensinar e aprender Física. Estudos envolvendo o desenvolvimento cognitivo, os modelos conceituais e as abordagens alternativas têm tentado justificar o baixo desempenho dos estudantes e propõem novas concepções para aprimorar o aprendizado. Por diversos fatores, que não são objeto deste trabalho, a Ma-temática tornou-se uma das disciplinas que dificultam a aprendizagem de Física, quer seja pela falta de domínio dos conteúdos matemáticos em si por parte do estudante, quer seja pela dificuldade de expressar matematicamente os conceitos físicos ou ainda pela falta de sincronização entre as sequências didáticas de Física e Matemática. Para minimizar a influência dos pressupostos matemáticos e da falta de sincronização Física-Matemática nos conteúdos iniciais da Física, este trabalho propõe uma inversão de conteúdos da mecânica tradicional, na disciplina de Física na Primeira Série do Ensino Médio e uma simplificação na forma de apresentá-lo - analisando se a sequência didática pode influenciar a aprendizagem dos conteúdos de Física na referida Série.Serão analisados os currículos de Física e Matemática da primeira Série do ensino Médio, com o objetivo de verificar quais conteúdos de Matemática a Física utiliza no decorrer da referida série, e se estes conteúdos são ministrados pela Matemática, antes de serem utilizados como ferramentas pela Física, na descrição dos fenômenos físicos. A tentativa de se propor uma abordagem diferente (inversão de conteúdos) que possa simplificar a apresentação do conteúdo e sua assimilação pelos educandos justifica este trabalho, e está embasada na dificuldade relatada pelos alunos para a aprendizagem do conteúdo de física, e comprovada pelas baixas notas obtidas por boa parte destes nas avaliações do conteúdo mencionado. Para avaliar se a inversão na sequência de conteúdos tem o efeito esperado, sequências diferentes serão comparadas com indicadores de notas de turmas de mesmo nível de escolaridade que terão a Mecânica ministrada na forma tradicional e na nova sequência proposta pelo mesmo professor, o autor dessa dissertação. A inversão de conteúdos foi realizada nas turmas de primeira série do período noturno do Colégio Catarinense, enquanto que a se-quência tradicional foi aplicada nas turmas de primeira série do período vespertino da mesma instituição. Importante ressaltar que tanto os alunos do período noturno, quanto os alunos do período vespertino são alunos que fizeram o ensino fundamental em escolas públicas da Grande Florianópolis, e são alunos bolsistas do ensino médio do Colégio Catarinense. Abstract : Much has been studied in order to find a better way to teach and learn Physics. Studies involving cognitive development, conceptual models, and alternative approaches have attempted to justify students' poor performances and propose new conceptions to improve learning.Due to several factors, which are not the object of this work, Mathematics has become one of the disciplines that hinder Physics learning, either due to the lack of mastery of the mathematical contents by the student, or because of the difficulty of expressing mathematically the Physics concepts or even because of the lack of synchronization of Physics and Maths teaching sequences. In order to minimize the influence of mathematical assumptions and the lack of Physcs-Maths synchronization in the initial contents of Physics, this work proposes an inversion of the contents of traditional Mechanics in the discipline of Physics in the first year of High School and a simplification in the way of presenting it - analyzing whether the didactic sequence can help improving learning of the contents of Physics in the mentioned year. The curriculum of Physics and Mathematics of the first High School level will be analyzed, with the purpose of verifying which contents of Mathematics, Physics uses during these levels, and if these contents are taught by Mathematics, before being used as tools by Physics in the description of physical phenomena.The attempt to propose a different approach (content inversion) that can simplify the presentation of the content and its assimilation by the students justifies this work, based on the difficulty reported by the students to the learning of the content of physics, and proved by the low grades obtained by these students in the evaluations of the content mentioned. To verify if the inversion in the sequence of contents will have the expected effect, different sequences will be compared with indicators of grades of classes of the same level, that will have the Mechanics taught in the traditional form, and in the new proposed sequence. The content inversion was carried out in the High School first level of the Colégio Catarinense with the students of de night period, while the traditional sequence was applied in the first grade classes of the afternoon period of the same institution. It is important to note that both night students and afternoon students are students who have completed elementary school in public schools in Florianópolis, and are high school scholarship students at Colégio Catarinense.

Bilateral retinal detachments are a rare complication of preeclampsia. We present a case report of a patient with an unknown pregnancy who presented with acute bilateral vision loss and elevated blood pressure. Point-of-care ocular ultrasound revealed bilateral retinal detachments. She was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia and taken for an urgent caesarean section with the delivery of a 26-week-old infant.

There is evidence to suggest that point-of-care ultrasound assessment of the lungs has a higher sensitivity and specificity than chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumonia. It is unknown if the same is true for pneumonia complications. We present and discuss the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with confusion, decreased level of consciousness, and signs of sepsis. A chest x-ray revealed a right sided infiltrate. An ultrasound of the patient’s lungs was performed, and revealed a complex loculated fluid collection consistent with an empyema. A chest CT confirmed the diagnosis, and immediate percutaneous drainage was performed.

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are precancerous cutaneous lesions with a prevalence of 11% to 25%.1 Fair skin (Fitzpatrick type I and II) with light eyes and hair along with increased age, male gender, excessive ultraviolet light exposure, and immunosuppression increase the risk of AKs. AKs are most commonly found in ultraviolet-exposed sites, such as the head, neck, and upper extremities.2 They present as erythematous gritty macules, patches, papules, or plaques. Induration, ulceration, hemorrhage, rapid growth, or pain may indicate malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. This transformation can be attributed to ultraviolet-induced mutation of the p53 gene and subsequent clonal proliferation of squamous cells in the epidermis.3, 4 Mutations in p53 are seen in approximately 53% of AKs and 70% to 90% of squamous cell carcinomas, and the progression of AKs to squamous cell carcinomas is estimated at 0.1% to 10%.2, 4 Hence, the treatment of all AKs is recommended and considered an important step in preventative dermatology.1, 2 The treatments for AKs are myriad and depend on the extent of disease (ie, number, location, and depth). All therapeutic interventions have advantages and disadvantages, and it is paramount to balance them with the patient's preference. For few, well-defined AKs, lesion-directed therapy is often preferred and cryotherapy is the treatment of choice. Other options include electrodessication and curettage and laser surgery. For numerous, ill-defined AKs, field therapy is typically recommended as it treats both clinically apparent and subclinical lesions. Field-directed therapies include 5-fluorouracil (FU), diclofenac, imiquimod, ingenol mebutate, chemical peels, and photodynamic therapy.1 Topical 5-FU is an antineoplastic medication that has been used to treat AKs since the 1970s when it was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration for topical dermatologic use.3 It is a pyrimidine analog that irreversibly binds and inhibits thymidylate synthetase and leads to a reduction in DNA and RNA synthesis.3 It preferentially targets AKs over normal epidermis. Topical 5-FU can cause an erosive dermatitis, pain, pruritus, hypopigmentation, and hyperpigmentation, which can result in poor medication compliance. Occlusion and extensive exposure to sunlight can precipitate these reactions.3, 5 Patient education about expected reactions and precipitating factors should be considered standard of care.

Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBT) β oscillations (15–30 Hz) are elevated in Parkinson’s disease and correlated with movement disability. To date, no experimental paradigm outside of loss of dopamine has been able to specifically elevate β oscillations in the CBT loop. Here, we show that activation of striatal cholinergic receptors selectively increased β oscillations in mouse striatum and motor cortex. In individuals showing simultaneous β increases in both striatum and M1, β partial directed coherence (PDC) increased from striatum to M1 (but not in the reverse direction). In individuals that did not show simultaneous β increases, β PDC increased from M1 to striatum (but not in the reverse direction), and M1 was characterized by persistent β-HFO phase-amplitude coupling. Finally, the direction of β PDC distinguished between β subbands. This suggests: (1) striatal cholinergic tone exerts state-dependent and frequency-selective control over CBT β power and coordination; (2) ongoing rhythmic dynamics can determine whether elevated β oscillations are expressed in striatum and M1; (3) altered striatal cholinergic tone differentially modulates distinct β subbands.

Five years ago, a coalition of community groups, government agencies and nonprofit organizations was struggling to reduce violent behavior and delinquency among under- privileged youths in a low-income suburban neighborhood about 15 miles north of Tacoma, Washington.

Eleven new tracks from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal are described and attributed to the stegosaurian ichnogenus Deltapodus. One track exhibits exceptionally well-preserved impressions of skin on the plantar surface, showing the stegosaur foot to be covered by closely spaced skin tubercles of ca. 6 mm in size. The Deltapodus specimens from the Aalenian of England represent the oldest occurrence of stegosaurs and imply an earlier cladogenesis than is recognized in the body fossil record.

171 Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 171–175, ISSN 1053-9867 electronic ISSN 1533-8363. ©2010 Vera Institute of Justice. All rights reserved. Please direct requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2010.22.3.171. Divining the Spirit of California’s Three Strikes Law

The history of research on the Ordovician rocks of Portugal is briefly outlined and the biostratigraphy of different regions is reviewed. Ten stratigraphic columns are presented for selected areas and the lithological and faunal characteristics are described. The trilobites belong to the Selenopeltis province and evidence is given for the recognition of two faunal subprovinces (termed associations by Henry 1980) in north and central Portugal during the Arenig to Llandeilo. The current state of knowledge of Ordovician palaeogeography in Portugal is discussed and maps are presented for the Arenig and Llandeilo Series.