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Yolŋu Aboriginal people’s knowledge about water (“gapu”) and its governance has strong cultural significance and meaning in East Arnhem Land Aboriginal worlds in northern Australia. This study used...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects vascular reactivity in older rats, but at present the causative factors for this change are unknown. Therefore, we investigated downstream events associated with vascular reactivity, specifically, Ca2+-regulated force production and shifts in contractile protein content. The mesenteric artery from male and female 1-year-old Wistar-Kyoto rats was examined using two distinct experimental growth restriction models. Uterine ligation surgery restriction or a sham surgery was conducted at day 18 of pregnancy, whilst a food restriction diet (40% control diet) began on gestational day 15. Extracellular vascular reactivity was studied using intact mesenteric arteries, which were subsequently chemically permeabilized using 50 μM β-escin to examine Ca2+-activated force. Peak contractile responses to a K+-induced depolarization and phenylephrine were significantly elevated due to an increase in maximum Ca2+-activated force in the male surgery restricted group. No changes in contractile forces were reported between female experimental groups. Sections of mesenteric artery were examined using western blotting, revealing IUGR increased the relative abundance of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and myosin light chain kinase, in both male growth restricted groups, whereas no changes were seen in females. These findings demonstrate for the first time in 1-year-old rats that changes in vascular reactivity due to IUGR are caused by a change in Ca2+-activated force and shifts in important contractile protein content. These changes affect the Wistar-Kyoto rat in a sex-specific and maternal insult-dependent manner.

In humans, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is highly infective, often causes severe acute and/or long-term illness, and elicits a high rate of mortality, even in countries with sophisticated medical systems. Detailed knowledge on the immune responses underpinning COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), and on strategies SARS-CoV-2 uses to evade them, can provide pivotal guidance to researchers and clinicians developing and administering potentially life-saving immunomodulatory therapies. The need for such therapies in COVID-19 is unlikely to abate soon given the emergence of variants of concern that may pose new challenges for some vaccines and neutralizing antibodies. Here, we summarize current knowledge on COVID-19 immunopathogenesis in relation to three clinical disease stages and focus on immune evasion strategies used by pathogenic coronaviruses such as skewing type I, II, and III interferon responses and inhibiting detection via pattern recognition and antigen presentation. Insights gained from bats, which exhibit minimal disease in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, offer an informative perspective and may guide future development of new therapies. We also discuss how knowledge of immunopathology may inform therapeutic decisions, for example, on selecting the most appropriate immunotherapeutic agents and timing their administration, to reduce morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects vascular reactivity in older rats, but at present the causative factors for this change are unknown. Therefore, we investigated downstream events associated with vascular reactivity, specifically, Ca

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is known to alter vascular smooth muscle reactivity, but it is currently unknown whether these changes are driven by downstream events that lead to force development, specifically, Ca2+‐regulated activation of the contractile apparatus or a shift in contractile protein content. This study investigated the effects of IUGR on Ca2+‐activated force production, contractile protein expression, and a potential phenotypic switch in the resistance mesenteric artery of both male and female Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats following two different growth restriction models. Pregnant female WKY rats were randomly assigned to either a control (C; N = 9) or food restriction diet (FR; 40% of control; N = 11) at gestational day‐15 or underwent a bilateral uterine vessel ligation surgery restriction (SR; N = 10) or a sham surgery control model (SC; N = 12) on day‐18 of gestation. At 6‐months of age, vascular responsiveness of intact mesenteric arteries was studied, before chemically permeabilization using 50 μmol/L β‐escin to investigate Ca2+‐activated force. Peak responsiveness to a K+‐induced depolarization was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) due to a reduction in maximum Ca2+‐activated force (P ≤ 0.05) in both male growth restricted experimental groups. Vascular responsiveness was unchanged between female experimental groups. Segments of mesenteric artery were analyzed using Western blotting revealed IUGR reduced the relative abundance of important receptor and contractile proteins in male growth restricted rats (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting a potential phenotypic switch, whilst no changes were observed in females. Results from this study suggest that IUGR alters the mesenteric artery reactivity due to a decrease in maximum Ca2+‐activated force, and likely contributed to by a reduction in contractile protein and receptor/channel content in 6‐month‐old male rats, while female WKY rats appear to be protected.

In 2013 a perplexity we had been experiencing for some time around the apparently unstoppable proliferation of contexts in which “the public problem” of Indigenous governance emerged came to a head. As members of an informal consultancy team established within the Contemporary Indigenous Knowledge and Governance Group in the policy research institute where, near the ends of our careers, we find ourselves based, we were asked by a group of concerned government officers – both Federal and Territory, to intervene in ‘governance training’ in five Aboriginal communities. Top-down delivery of Government funded training services on a fly-in-fly-out basis has become a huge industry in Aboriginal Australia, yet a bad smell of failure persistently hangs around these programs. The amount of funding we were offered for our work was significant, but still the size of a ‘rounding error’ in government budgets for governance and leadership training in Australian Aboriginal communities. And like much useful research funding, it was offered to us at short notice, at the end of a financial year. Our very different research-informed approach to services delivery was seen as an alternative to what was not working, and we were approached by people in government with whom we had established relations of confidence and trust. Contracts were duly signed and we found ourselves deeply involved with a group of younger scholars in delivering the ‘Indigenous Governance Development and Leadership Project’ (IGDLP). This in part is the origins of our writers ‘workshop on objects of governance, and this volume.

I had been told a couple of times that I had to clear out from the university server, a great mass of computer files from previous research projects – gigabytes of notes, videos, spreadsheets, ethics applications, reports, notes and reflections - associated with different projects over the years, all rather badly organised. Working in a relatively new, relatively remote Australian university, I enjoy being relatively unencumbered by academic traditions, but am suddenly constrained by the limits of our technology and my ability to use it. I must put all the files on a ‘USB Pen Drive’ and take them to ‘Records and Archives’ for storage. Then I must wipe the V: drive. If I want any archived file, I can walk down to ‘Records & Archives’ with a memory stick and request a copy. It is a strange feeling looking through all those files. They contain traces of so much interesting work undertaken since the computer server was introduced to store the objects of our work. There was a tinge of pride in all the complex collaborative work I had undertaken with Yolŋu Aboriginal people, and with colleagues and government workers, but that pride was spoilt by the feeling that so much of the material has remained unexamined, and never retold or reworked, and worse, that so many of the papers and reports – mostly to governments but also to industry and NGOs – really didn’t lead to much change on the ground. We seem to have been given more and more work over the past twenty years, with those who fund the research paying less and less attention to what we produce. In my cleaning work, I spotted a folder called ‘Financial Literacy Evaluation 2008’. Our cross-cultural consultancy group, which we called the Yolŋu Aboriginal Consultancy Initiative, had been asked to evaluate a program of Financial Literacy training for a small credit union based in the Northern Territory (which I’ll call ‘Small Bank’), dedicated to serving the financial needs of remote Aboriginal communities. The evaluation was being funded by a major national financial institution (which I’ll call ‘Big Bank’) as part of its commitment to ‘reconciliation’1. I began to piece back together in my mind why and how we had been invited to undertake this consultancy as I, pretty much randomly, opened up the most interesting-sounding files in what turned out to be a large trove of documents.

Background Custom triflange acetabular components are being increasingly used for the reconstruction of Paprosky type IIIB acetabular defects. However, midterm survivorship data are lacking. Methods We queried the prospective registries at 2 high-volume revision centers for patients who had undergone revision total hip arthroplasty using a custom triflange component between 2000 and 2011. We identified 73 patients with minimum 5-year follow-up. These patients' records were reviewed to determine incidence of revision or reoperation, clinical performance, and radiographic stability. The mean follow-up was 7.5 years (range 5-12 years). Results Fifteen of 73 triflange components (20.5%) were indicated for revision during the follow-up period, including 6 for instability (8%) and 8 for infection (11%). Twelve of 73 patients (16%) underwent reoperation for reasons other than failure of the triflange component. The median hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint replacement score at midterm follow-up was 85 (interquartile range 73-100). Only 1 of 73 implants was determined to be radiographically loose at midterm follow-up. Conclusion Custom triflange reconstruction for severe acetabular deficiency is a viable option; however, complications are common and significant challenges remain for those that fail.

When bilingual education began in remote schools of the Northern Territory only the most basic printing technologies were available. By the time bilingual education was revoked as a government policy thirty years later, schools were well and truly in the digital age. The remarkable evolution of the materialities of teaching and learning was underpinned by an equally remarkable transition of pedagogical theories: from those underpinned by colonialism and the enlightenment, to those reflecting and supporting distinctive local Aboriginal epistemologies and knowledge practices. This paper deals with the complex interactions between the theories and technologies of NT bilingual education, from the early 1970s until the present. In doing so, he discusses the following key topics: literacy materials inherited from the mission era and the development of new materials and literacy pedagogies; the move to language experience and child-centred approaches; Aboriginalisation and the role of the classroom teacher; the assertion of ancestral connections—songs, histories, and designs—in education, and the development of both-ways curriculum; and finally, the appropriations of digital media.

In dozens of Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory, thousands of books in Indigenous Australian languages were produced for use in classrooms, with illustrations by local artists, usually published on site and with a small local distribution. The production of these resources involved a blending of Indigenous knowledges with Western technologies bringing previously oral-only stories into a written mode, enabling a different means of transmission and a different degree of permanence, as well as a radical redefinition of text and representation. The digitisation of this body of literature in the Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages extends these shifts even further, creating new audiences, contexts and opportunities for the transmission of Indigenous knowledges contained in these books. This chapter addresses some of the implications of the changes associated with the shift from oral to paper to digital modes.

Housing Reference Groups (HRGs) began to be established in remote Northern Territory (NT) Aboriginal communities in 2009 when the Northern Territory Government compulsorily acquired remote Aboriginal housing and closed down 75 Aboriginal Housing associations. In this highly contested context, we were invited to undertake an evaluation of the HRGs. Through both open discussion and semi-structured interviews, we learnt from the Aboriginal people we worked with to see a much wider, more structural understanding of housing and its governance. This in turn led us to reflect upon Aboriginal contributions to the theory and practice of evaluation, and their various relations to received theories such as social justice, pragmatist philosophy and ethics, and Frierian conscientization. This collaborative ground-up evaluation process contributed to our own ongoing practices of evaluation, and possibly to some slight but reverberating changes in government policy and practice.

Yolŋu Aboriginal understandings of the body, health, life and sickness, and roles their ancestral epistemologies and knowledge practices play in making agreement have seldom been taken seriously in the biomedical world. In this paper, we describe how insights developed in three different cross-cultural collaborative transdisciplinary research projects led to the design of a digital device aimed at intervening in communicative practices around body, health, life and sickness, interrupting the received practices and assumptions on both sides of the practitioner-client divide. The interrupting device slows down and opens up communication practices potentially leading to mutual understanding, collective agreement making, and bottom-up changes in remote Aboriginal health policy and practice.

In this article, the authors relate brief stories of episodes spanning a period of 10 years when they worked with Australian Aboriginal groups and individuals as they incorporated digital technologies into their cultural practices. Their story telling is leavened with a dissonant working imaginary designed to interrupt both itself and the stories. As their stories of their digital lives proceed, however, the carefully contrived, resourceful dissonance unexpectedly recedes as the new and surprising digital lives that form part of their collectives evade the grasp of their interrupting tool.

Pelvic discontinuity is an increasingly common complication of THA. Treatments of this complex situation are varied, including cup-cage constructs, acetabular allografts with plating, pelvic distraction technique, and custom triflange acetabular components. It is unclear whether any of these offer substantial advantages.We therefore determined (1) revision and overall survival rates, (2) discontinuity healing rate, and (3) Harris hip score (HHS) after treatment of pelvic discontinuity with a custom triflange acetabular component and (4) the cost of this reconstructive operation compared to other constructs.We retrospectively reviewed 57 patients with pelvic discontinuity treated with revision THA using a custom triflange acetabular component. We reviewed operative reports, radiographs, and clinical data for clinical and radiographic results. We also performed a cost comparison with utilization of other techniques. Minimum followup was 24 months (average, 65 months; range, 24-215 months).Fifty-six of 57 (98%) were free of revision for aseptic loosening at latest followup. Fifty-four (95%) were free of revision of the triflange component for any reason. Thirty-seven (65%) were free of revision for any reason. Twenty-eight (49%) were free of revision for any reason and free of any component migration and had a healed discontinuity. Forty-six (81%) had a stable triflange component with a healed pelvic discontinuity. Average HHS was 74.8. The costs of the custom triflange implants and a Trabecular Metal cup-cage construct were equivalent: $12,500 and $11,250, respectively.In this group of patients with osteolytic pelvic discontinuity, triflange implants provided predictable mid-term fixation at a cost equivalent to other treatment methods.Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is known to alter vascular smooth muscle reactivity, but it is currently unknown whether these changes are driven by downstream events that lead to force development, specifically, Ca2+ -regulated activation of the contractile apparatus or a shift in contractile protein content. This study investigated the effects of IUGR on Ca2+ -activated force production, contractile protein expression, and a potential phenotypic switch in the resistance mesenteric artery of both male and female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats following two different growth restriction models. Pregnant female WKY rats were randomly assigned to either a control (C; N = 9) or food restriction diet (FR; 40% of control; N = 11) at gestational day-15 or underwent a bilateral uterine vessel ligation surgery restriction (SR; N = 10) or a sham surgery control model (SC; N = 12) on day-18 of gestation. At 6-months of age, vascular responsiveness of intact mesenteric arteries was studied, before chemically permeabilization using 50 μmol/L β-escin to investigate Ca2+ -activated force. Peak responsiveness to a K+ -induced depolarization was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) due to a reduction in maximum Ca2+ -activated force (P ≤ 0.05) in both male growth restricted experimental groups. Vascular responsiveness was unchanged between female experimental groups. Segments of mesenteric artery were analyzed using Western blotting revealed IUGR reduced the relative abundance of important receptor and contractile proteins in male growth restricted rats (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting a potential phenotypic switch, whilst no changes were observed in females. Results from this study suggest that IUGR alters the mesenteric artery reactivity due to a decrease in maximum Ca2+ -activated force, and likely contributed to by a reduction in contractile protein and receptor/channel content in 6-month-old male rats, while female WKY rats appear to be protected.

Currently, porous tantalum (trabecular metal) implants are widely accepted and frequently used for primary and revision hip and knee replacement surgery. This study examines the results of porous tantalum endoprostheses used to reconstruct large skeletal defects following resection of bone tumors. Seven custom tantalum implants were used to reconstruct 7 patients following resection for skeletal sarcomas in the femur and proximal tibia. Patient ages ranged from 13 to 71, with a mean of 34 years. Minimum patient follow-up was 6 years. The average Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional evaluation score was 95 % of normal. There were no infections, hardware failures, or adverse events. One implant was revised 98 months post insertion because of fibrosis, loss of motion and loosening. In this small clinical series, the use of porous tantalum for limb salvage reconstruction is shown to be safe, to successfully provide osteointegration and soft tissue ingrowth, and to facilitate return of limb girdle muscle function.

The Yolngu studies program at Charles Darwin University has been active in the teaching of Yolngu (East Arnhemland Aboriginal) languages and culture, in collaborative transdisciplinary research, and in community engagement for well over ten years. The original undergraduate teaching program was set up under the guidance of Yolngu elders. They instituted key principles for the tertiary level teaching of Yolngu languages and culture, which reflected protocols for knowledge production and representation derived from traditional culture. These principles ensured the continuation of an ongoing community engagement practice that enabled the flourishing of a collaborative research culture in which projects were negotiated; these projects remain faithful to both western academic standards, and ancestral Aboriginal practices. The paper gives details of the program, the underlying Aboriginal philosophy, and some of the research projects. The success of the whole program can be seen to derive from the co-constitutivity of community engagement, research and teaching. In 2005 the program won the Prime Minister's award for Australia's best tertiary teaching program.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to expand on previous research conducted by Hornsby et al. that examined the corporate entrepreneurship internal factor of managerial attitude.Design/methodology/approachThis paper develops and tests a group level factor of knowledge, the explication of tacit knowledge and a factor of managerial attitude, namely leadership support that is inherently multi‐level in nature.FindingsLeadership support is significant at both the dyad level and at the group level of analysis. Ordinary least squares regression supported the main hypothesis, that leadership support has a direct positive impact on explication of tacit knowledge.Research limitations/implicationsSuccessfully testing the group level significance of leadership support has implications for future research because it is considered an individual level variable. Developing and testing the explication of tacit knowledge construct contributes to research on knowing in organisations because it provides a metric that is an indicator of the explication of tacit knowledge.Practical implicationsThese research findings have management implications for the way local government creates innovative top management teams to facilitate local economic and community development.Originality/valueThis paper represents an early contribution to the literature.

Drawing on extensive academic research concerning clusters and networks, this paper seeks to create a framework capable of reviewing and monitoring different aspects of clusters and networks on an ongoing basis. The nine-element framework allows evaluation of the structures and processes for the eight basic cluster types identified from the literature. The use of this framework as a complimentary tool to the Multi-sectoral Qualitative Analysis (MSQA) methodology is then demonstrated using three examples (the construction, hardwood timber and higher education sectors). The data was gathered from three sets of key stakeholders (government, institutions and industry) provided from a recent study funded by the Welsh Assembly Government's Small Grants Research Programme. These cases illustrate the use of the framework in helping to generate the initial information necessary for subsequent cluster development policy (within overall regional economic development) by government to occur. The framework provides to...

The paper describes an approach to digital design grounded in processes of Indigenous collective memory making. We claim the research should be understood as performative knowledge making, and accounting it should also be performative. Accordingly we present four texts generated in the course of our research as an exhibit. They attest design processes for a file management system TAMI. We briefly theorise our approach as exemplifying Suchman’s ‘located accountability’.

Background: Revision of a failed total hip arthroplasty with massive acetabular bone loss and pelvic discontinuity is a reconstructive challenge. This report presents the mid-term to long-term results of revision total hip arthroplasty with a custom-made porous-coated triflange acetabular prosthesis in a consecutive series of patients with pelvic discontinuity. Methods: Twenty-eight consecutive patients (thirty hips) with a failed total hip arthroplasty and pelvic discontinuity underwent revision total hip arthroplasty. The prosthesis was custom-manufactured on the basis of a three-dimensional model of the hemipelvis created with computed tomography. Initial stability of the implant was provided with screw fixation. Two patients did not return for follow-up after three months, and eight died and were followed for less than seven years, leaving twenty hips in eighteen patients followed for a mean of ten years. Harris hip scores and sequential radiographs were used to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results. Results: Definite healing of the pelvic discontinuity was indicated by the presence of bridging callus in eighteen of the twenty hips. There were no broken screws and no cases of implant migration, even when the discontinuity persisted. Small nonprogressive radiolucent lines were observed in six hips. Complications included one partial sciatic nerve palsy that resolved completely and one case of loose ischial screws in a radiographically stable implant in the same patient. Five patients had one or more dislocations postoperatively. The mean Harris hip score improved from 41 points preoperatively to 80 points at the time of the latest follow-up. Eleven of the eighteen patients required ambulatory aids postoperatively. No component was revised. Conclusions: Performance of a revision total hip arthroplasty with a custom triflange acetabular prosthesis to treat massive acetabular bone loss and pelvic discontinuity can provide a durable solution with good clinical results. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Indigenous Australians are often keen to use digital technologies in their struggle to develop sustainable livelihoods on their own lands. This paper tells of gradually coming to recognize how an Aboriginal Australian elder struggled against the grain of digital technologies designed to represent, in using them in Aboriginal Australian knowledge practices where knowledge is always actively performative rather than representional. The performance of Aboriginal knowledge must express the remaking of an ancestral reality. At the same time, this man exploited possibilities the technologies offered for representation in achieving political ends in dealing with representatives of mainstream Australia.

Indigenous academic researchers are involved in Indigenist, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, all of which present problems and opportunities for Indigenous knowledge traditions. Transdisciplinaryresearch is different from interdisciplinaryresearch because it moves beyond the disciplinarity of the university and takes into account knowledge practices which the university will never fully understand. Indigenous knowledge traditions resist definition from a Western academic perspective - there are Indigenous knowledge practices which will never engage with the academy, just as there are some branches of the academy which will never acknowledge Indigenous knowledge practices. In this paper I present the story of my own non-Indigenous perspective on Indigenous research and what happens to it in a university. I am not concerned here with the knowledge production work Aboriginal people do in their own ways and contexts for their own purposes, but rather turn my attention to some of the issues which emerge when transdisciplinary research practice involves Australian Indigenous communities.

Designing software alongside ethnobotanists and Indigenous owners and practitioners of traditional knowledge, brings to light a range of issues which expose some of the assumptions underlying both Western ethnobotany and software design. In collaborating over the development of software to facilitate the use of digital objects in knowledge work, issues of knowledge politics, accountability, ontologies, and epistemologies arise. This paper discusses the ways these issues, in a particular context, led to the development of a flexible, ontologically flat, epistemologically open, ethnobotanical software design.

Aboriginal people are increasingly making use of digitising technologies for their cultural and educational work. However, databases are not innocent objects. They bear within them Western assumptions about the nature of knowledge, and how it is produced, which may inhibit or undermine the intergenerational transmission of Aboriginal knowledge traditions. Words (or text strings), for example, have a particular constitutive function in Aboriginal epistemology, which implies a rethinking of traditional structures and uses of metadata. Knowledge and truth are understood more in terms of performance than content, which implies something about how digital resources are to be configured and represented. This paper looks at collaborative work done developing a database to support the ongoing work done by Yolngu (northeast Arnhem Land Aboriginal) people in keeping their knowledge traditions strong.

Various porous coatings—most notably, those manufactured by the sintering of cobalt-chrome or titanium beads and the diffusion bonding of titanium fiber wires—have been utilized for the biologic attachment of orthopaedic implants during the past three decades1. About ten years ago, a novel porous biomaterial made from commercially pure tantalum2-5 with a unique set of physical and mechanical properties was developed. Compared with conventional porous coatings, this material possesses higher volume porosity, more freely communicating pores, a higher coefficient of friction against bone, and a lower bulk stiffness (Fig. 1). In addition, the material is structural in that it has sufficient strength to enable the manufacture of implants without the need for a supportive solid metal substrate. Fig. 1 Top, Scanning electron micrograph illustrating the three-dimensional, open-pored structure of the porous tantalum biomaterial. The inset highlights the slight microtexture on the tantalum struts that results from the manufacturing process. Bottom, Monoblock cups manufactured by partial infiltration of polyethylene into the porous tantalum shell by direct compression-molding. Previous studies have characterized the physical and mechanical properties of porous tantalum6,7. Histologic analyses of the bone and fibrous ingrowth responses to various implants in animals have indicated a propensity for rapid infiltration of porous tantalum with healing tissue and relatively rapid rates of mechanical attachment8-14. Recent cell-culture studies have characterized the osteoblastic response to commercially pure tantalum, adding further confirmation to its long history as a biocompatible elemental metal2-5,15. Porous tantalum has been utilized for a wide variety of clinical applications since 1997, including joint replacement, reconstruction following tumor resection, the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and spine fusion. The purpose of the present study was to document the clinical results obtained with porous …

The notion of social capital has had wide currency in mainstream social policy debate in recent years, with commonly used definitions emphasising three factors: norms, networks and trust. Yolngu Aboriginal people have their own perspectives on norms, networks and trust relationships. This article uses concepts from Yolngu philosophy to explore these perspectives in three contexts: at the former mission settlements, at homeland centres, and among “long-grassers” in Darwin. The persistence of the components of social capital at different levels in particular contexts shotild be seen by government policy makers as an opportunity to engage in a social development dialogue with Yolngu, aimed at identifying the specific contexts in which Yolngu social capital can be maximised.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibilities of increasing the benefits to be derived from farmers markets (FMs) in Wales, through utilisation of networks augmented by information communications and technology (ICT). In particular, the paper explores recent developments in the use of ICT in the agri‐food sector and the need to develop networks to utilise such technology fully. The paper explores the administrative structures that may be required to allow these arrangements to be effectively organised. The use of FMs in Wales as a conduit for such networked arrangements, and the introduction of the South East Wales Association of Farmers’ Markets (SEWAFM) Web site, are then considered against this backdrop.

In this period of globalization, little is known of the democratic action of entrepreneurs to collaborate through the industry association to achieve competitive advantage. This paper conceptualizes a theoretical model that clarifies the variations in both trust and power-dependence of institutional structures to achieve global trade for entrepreneurs. The research investigates the relationship between an industry association's innovation process and the organizational structuring of enterprise development activities to achieve competitive advantage. An outline of a typology of industry association structures and trust is examined through case studies that explain the variations in their capacity to implement innovative actions.

Revision total knee arthroplasty for aseptic loosening or following infection can pose formidable challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. In some cases, the patient will undergo a series of operations, each resulting in ever-increasing bone loss. In extreme circumstances, the end result may be amputation, arthrodesis, or permanent resection arthroplasty. Isiklar et al.1, in a study of amputation following total knee arthroplasty, found that patients had undergone an average of six operative procedures prior to having an amputation. In a review of patients who had a reinfection following reimplantation for an infection at the site of a total knee arthroplasty, Hanssen et al.2 found that patients had undergone an average of thirteen operative procedures. Although amputation or permanent resection arthroplasty results in a poor outcome that can be avoided in most patients, situations in which these options should be considered include life-threatening infection, persistent infection, irreparable soft-tissue deficiency, severe bone loss, and the wishes of the patient following multiple failed attempts at reconstruction. Resection arthroplasty may be best tolerated by patients who are willing to accept loss of ambulation, such as those who are already disabled because of multiple joint involvement. The prevalence of amputation following total knee arthroplasty has ranged from 0.02% to 0.18%, but it has been reported to be 6% in patients with a chronic infection at the site of a total knee arthroplasty1,3-5. The outcome of amputation or resection arthroplasty following total knee arthroplasty is predictably poor, with a low likelihood of ambulation. Isiklar et al.1 reported on a series of nine above-the-knee amputations in eight patients. The mean interval between the first total knee arthroplasty and the amputation was 9.7 years. Eight of the nine amputations were performed for infection with severe bone loss, and one …

Objectives: To identify factors limiting the effectiveness of communication between Aboriginal patients with end-stage renal disease and healthcare workers, and to identify strategies for improving communication. Design: Qualitative study, gathering data through (a) videotaped interactions between patients and staff, and (b) in-depth interviews with all participants, in their first language, about their perceptions of the interaction, their interpretation of the video record and their broader experience with intercultural communication. Setting: A satellite dialysis unit in suburban Darwin, Northern Territory. The interactions occurred between March and July 2001. Participants: Aboriginal patients from the Yolngu language group of north-east Arnhem Land and their medical, nursing and allied professional carers. Main outcome measures: Factors influencing the quality of communication. Results: A shared understanding of key concepts was rarely achieved. Miscommunication often went unrecognised. Sources of miscommunication included lack of patient control over the language, timing, content and circumstances of interactions; differing modes of discourse; dominance of biomedical knowledge and marginalisation of Yolngu knowledge; absence of opportunities and resources to construct a body of shared understanding; cultural and linguistic distance; lack of staff training in intercultural communication; and lack of involvement of trained interpreters. Conclusions: Miscommunication is pervasive. Trained interpreters provide only a partial solution. Fundamental change is required for Aboriginal patients to have significant input into the management of their illness. Educational resources are needed to facilitate a shared understanding, not only of renal physiology, disease and treatment, but also of the cultural, social and economic dimensions of the illness

IntroductionNot so long ago, I was invited to take part in a government consultancy into the feasibility of a remote Aboriginal community garden. The Crops Forestry and Horticulture Division of the Northern Territory Government was seeking "feedback, input and comment" on a proposal by an international group called Community Supported Agriculture. It was proposed that a Balanda (non-Indigenous) gardener would establish the garden at Galiwin'ku, a Yolgu Aboriginal island community off the north coast of Arnhem Land. On remote Aboriginal communities, unemployment rates are among the highest in Australia, and food prices, because of the transportation costs, are also among the highest. A community garden makes good sense for a range of reasons including community health, employment, and food security.Having worked coordinating the studies of Yolgu languages and culture at our small regional university for nearly twenty years, and having been a linguist in remote Yolgu communities for almost twenty years before that, I knew the community and its people and languages well, and my colleague John Greatorex and I had worked with senior Yolgu knowledge-authorities as co-researchers on many other research and consultancy projects including health interpreting, financial literacy, educational philosophy, and negotiations over government housing. We were constantly refining what we came to call a transdisciplinary research methodology - one that "takes seriously both academic and Aboriginal knowledge practices."1 Yolgu knowledge-authorities have taught us much about their situated collective epistemologies,2 and we work together to understand how our research can be generative3 and how it may help us work effectively within the changing worlds of north Australian research and govemmentality.4In each of our previous collaborations we felt we had struggled to find ways to talk to government which did not compromise the methods or epistemologies of Yolgu knowledge making. This time, now that land was involved in a significant way, I was challenged to rethink my own coming-to-be a responsible researcher in the Anglo-European tradition.The Box of VegiesThe consultants we engaged were all local Yolgu whom we had known for many years. All were fluent in their own and other Yolgu languages and in English, and were all connected through webs of kinship to each other, to the whole population of Galiwin'ku and to their various ancestral estates on the island and on the mainland. The task was simple: using a specially prepared poster, map, and pictures, consult with the community to seek feedback, input and comment on the proposal for the community garden.The consultants gathered together with John to make a plan. Everyone agreed that it was crucial first to talk to Demala, a senior ceremonial figure from a significant clan group, who is recognized by everyone as the expert Yolgu gardener. They met with Demala, who told them to "think about the land first." Each piece of land belongs to particular people, is managed by particular other people, and everyone else has one kind of relation or another to that place. When we listen to any new idea, Demala said, we need to begin with the connections we already have.In agreement, Gotha, an elder from a related clan, told the story of the old days when we used to have harvest festival every year, people bringing their clan-based produce to the church to celebrate their life together - as well as tiie produce of the mission garden. Demala reminded them of how the old mission garden had eventually been taken over by the community council, and the Yolgu felt "run over," and drifted away. Gotha agreed - unnegotiated projects are "like cyclones which come blowing through consuming energies and plans." Over the past few years, the Northern Territory Emergency Response - commonly known as the 'intervention' - has been seen as taking away from Aboriginal elders even that small amount of negotiating power they had with governments. …

An unresolved issue in total hip arthroplasty is acetabular reconstruction when there is bone loss that results in pelvic discontinuity, that involves radiation-compromised bone stock, or that is significant enough to exceed the limits of jumbo hemispherical cups. Achieving pain relief and initial and long-term implant stability on host bone are the major goals of this type of reconstruction. Seventy-eight hips in 76 patients in whom a large acetabular defect was bridged using a custom-designed, flanged component were reviewed retrospectively. The preoperative deficiency was classified as a combined deficiency in 39 hips and as a pelvic discontinuity in the other 39 hips. Six patients died before a minimum 2 years followup. With five patients considered lost to followup, there were 67 hips in 65 patients with an average followup of 53 months (range, 24-107 months). No Triflange Cup has been removed. Harris hip scores improved from a preoperative mean of 33.3 points to a postoperative mean of 82.1 points. Radiographically there are two patients with incompletely healed discontinuities but both are asymptomatic. Re-operation for recurrent dislocation occurred in six patients (7.8%). The Triflange Cup offers an alternative method of repair that reliably provides pain relief, initial implant stability, potential long-term implant stability, and pelvic stability in cases of discontinuity.

This article reports the findings into patterns of governance on nonprofit boards in Australia. The research surveys 118 boards, upon which serve a total of 1405 directors. The findings indicate that nonprofit boards can mimic some aspects of a shareholder approach to governance. But nonprofit boards, in the main, indicate priorities and activities of a stakeholder approach to governance. The features of ‘isomorphism’ that arise largely stem from legislative requirements in corporate governance. Generally, nonprofit directors are influenced by agenda and motivations that can be differentiated from the influences upon director activity in the corporate sector. The study indicates that nonprofit boards prize knowledge and loyalty to the sector when considering board composition. The survey suggests nonprofits “compensate” for the demands placed upon them about fiduciary duty and due diligence responsibilities with the diverse intellectual expertise of non-executive directors. Nonprofit boards possess greater diversity than boards in the corporate sector; they include more women as directors than corporate boards and they include a greater proportion of directors from minority groups. While strategic issues feature significantly as a task of the nonprofit board, they distinguish themselves from their corporate counterparts by engaging in operational management. The findings indicate that, in the main, directors on nonprofit boards deliberate and operate in ways distinctive from their corporate counterparts. Such findings offer a contribution to the reform of Corporations Law in other countries and the likely consequence on boards outside the corporate sector.

A series of 163 revision total hip arthroplasties performed using a modular proximally porous-coated device was reviewed. Twenty patients died before achieving minimum follow-up, and 13 hips with Paprosky type IV femora were excluded. One patient was lost to follow-up. Minimum 4-year clinical data on the remaining 129 hips showed an improvement in modified Harris hip scores, from an average of 47.7 to 87.5. Spot welds at the sleeve-bone interface were found in 83 of the 102 hips with minimum radiographic follow-up. The aseptic failure rate was 2.9%; these hips showed progressive subsidence, with 1 resulting in the only repeat revision in the series. Three hips had osteolytic lesions of

Background: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted to determine the clinical and radiographic results of primary total hip arthroplasty with insertion of the S-ROM modular femoral stem without cement in a series of patients who had been followed for four to seven years. Four centers participated in the study, with one contributing surgeon at each center. Methods: Two hundred and eight consecutive patients who had a total hip arthroplasty with implantation of the S-ROM femoral prosthesis at one of the four centers during the study period were identified. Twenty-nine patients were lost to follow-up or had incomplete radiographic data, and twenty patients died from causes unrelated to the index arthroplasty. The remaining 159 patients formed the basis of this study. Sixteen of these patients had a bilateral procedure, resulting in 175 hips with complete clinical and radiographic data. The average age of the patients at the time of the index operation was fifty-nine years (range, twenty-two to ninety-three years). The duration of clinical follow-up averaged 5.3 years (range, four to 7.8 years), and the duration of radiographic follow-up averaged 4.9 years (range, four to 7.3 years). Results: One patient (0.6 percent) had a failed femoral component, which was evidenced by progressive subsidence and lack of bone ingrowth. In addition, two patients (1 percent) had a revision of the acetabular component. The average Harris hip score increased from 35 points (range, 10 to 76 points) preoperatively to 91 points (range, 52 to 100 points) at the most recent follow-up examination. The radiographic evaluation revealed that 172 hips (98 percent) had stable bone ingrowth, two hips (1 percent) had stable fibrous ingrowth, and one hip (0.6 percent) had unstable fibrous ingrowth. Periprosthetic osteolytic lesions were noted in twelve hips (7 percent). The lesions were observed in the femur in eight hips, in the acetabulum in two hips, and in both the femur and the acetabulum in two hips. All femoral osteolytic lesions were localized within the greater trochanter or the proximal-medial portion of the femoral neck. No osteolytic lesions were evident distal to the stem-sleeve junction. Conclusions: Use of the modular S-ROM femoral prosthesis yielded excellent intermediate-term outcomes with respect to standard radiographic and clinical criteria. The issue regarding the theoretical increase in the rate of osteolysis due to metal debris generated at the modular femoral stem-sleeve junction was specifically addressed. We found that the rate of osteolysis in this series was not notably higher than that in other series reported in the orthopaedic literature. Although many possible factors may influence the rate of osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty, this finding suggests that the potential increase in osteolysis theoretically associated with this modular femoral implant was not observed at intermediate-term follow-up. Although longer follow-up is warranted so that the potential for osteolysis can be evaluated fully, no osteolytic lesions were evident distal to the stem-sleeve interface at the time of intermediate-term follow-up. This finding suggests that there is a circumferential seal at the modular junction of the stem that prevents the distal egress of wear debris.

We examined the effects of vancomycin on the compressive strength and fatigue life of bone cement and the pharmacokinetics and antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of vancomycin eluted from bone cement, both alone and in combination with tobramycin. Two cements, Palacos and Simplex, were tested. Three antibiotic preparations were tested: lyophilized vancomycin (vancomycin-L), vancomycin powder (vancomycin-P), and tobramycin powder (Lilly, Indianapolis, IN). Although antibiotics did not significantly affect compressive strength, the fatigue life of bone cement was significantly decreased with vancomycin. Thus, fatigue testing revealed effects on cement strength not apparent by compression testing. Vancomycin-P had a substantially less detrimental effect on fatigue strength than vancomycin-L. Vancomycin-P elutes less efficiently than tobramycin. Although relatively little vancomycin-P eluted from bone cement, it retained biologic activity.

A retrospective review was conducted to determine the intermediate-term results of a noncustomized, oblong, porous-coated, cementless, acetabular component designed to obtain stability on host bone while maintaining an anatomic hip center. The clinical and radiographic results were reviewed in 18 patients (3 primary, 15 revision). All patients had substantial acetabular rim defects before reconstruction with the Johnson and Johnson E-15 or E-25 oblong components. The average follow-up was 4.5 years (range, 3.4–6.9 years), with an average postoperative Harris Hip Score of 91 points. Radiographic analysis revealed no prosthetic migration and near anatomic restoration of the hip center.

Enterprise development programmes in Australia have traditionally been controlled by the central government. This article describes how a new enterprise development initiative in Australia is moving away from such centralised government control. The initiative is examined in the light of two models: one, the classic approach used by the International Labour Office (ILO) and two, the stake-holder control model. The latter concerns relative control exercised by the three main stake-holders, viz., sponsors, agents and participants in the design and implementation of small enterprise development programmes. The authors argue that the conven tional models of the ILO type presuppose external control by sponsors and agents. The Australian initiative, on the other hand, demonstrates the benefits of mutual control, wherein participants are involved in decision- making about the programme.

Management of the Bone Deficient Hip

Traditional methods of component placement during total hip arthroplasty (THA) can lead to errors in cup abduction angle and leg length. Intraoperative radiographs were used to assess and correct errors during surgery in a consecutive series of 278 THAs performed by a single surgeon. After exclusions, 262 cases were available for cup abduction angle assessment and 224 for leg length discrepancy (LLD) assessment. Components were initially placed in a position determined as appropriate by the surgeon. Intraoperative radiographs were taken and appropriate corrections made. Postoperative radiographs were assessed at 6 weeks. Mean abduction angle on intraoperative radiographs was 39.6°±5.9° versus 38.6°±4.1° on postoperative radiographs. Thirty-eight cups were outside the target abduction range on intraoperative radiographs versus 4 on postoperative radiographs. Mean LLD was 3.7 mm ± 3.6 mm on intraoperative radiographs and 2.5 mm ± 2.7 mm on postoperative radiographs. Use of intraoperative radiographs is a valid, useful technique for minimizing errors in THA.

The failure of government initiatives in Aboriginal communities, and the invasiveness of much research practice are often attributed by Aboriginal people to a failure of outsiders to sit down, spend time, listen and work things out together.

One of the early missionaries at Milingimbi is said to have rounded up men from a ceremony and hosed off the sacred designs they had painted on their chests. I have often been told that story, always by Balanda1 usually as a way of illustrating how terrible missionaries can be. Ali the same, other Balanda in other places were often a lot worse. Missionaries for example did not poison water holes and flour. Moreover the missionaries were not always feared or distrusted.

The purpose of this study was to determine if cobalt and chromium ion levels can predict soft tissue damage at total hip revision. This study included 90 metal-on-metal total hip patients with preoperative cobalt and chromium ion levels. Tissue damage noted at revision surgery was graded on a 4-point scale. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for various threshold values. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted. Using 7 ppb as a threshold, cobalt and chromium ion levels had poor sensitivity and specificity (Co, 65% and 56%; Cr, 29% and 75%). Positive predictive values for cobalt and chromium were only 48% and 26% respectively. The area under the curve was 0.37 for cobalt and 0.44 for chromium. The length of time to revision significantly correlated with tissue damage (P = .001). Ion levels are unreliable predictors of periarticular soft tissue damage and should not be used in isolation as surgical intervention triggers.

When we talk about Aboriginalizing education, we have to find ways of describing or analyzing what happens in education, which will help us to understand what needs to be done. For me, one of the most useful ways of thinking about education is to make a clear distinction between what is taught (the content, or message of education), and how it is taught (the methods, or processes or the medium of education). In traditional white education, both the content and the process of education reflect the white ways of looking at the world. In traditional Aboriginal education, the process and content of education are both Aboriginal.