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Anacampseros specksii Dreher (Anacampserotaceae, in Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea in Portulacaceae), was described in 2016 from plants grown from seeds collected from Bale, SE Ethiopia. The species...

The new species Ceropegia longirostris Thulin, M.G.Gilbert & Kaariye is described, illustrated and mapped. It is known from two localities, one on gypsum in the Somali National Regional State (Ogaden) in southeastern Ethiopia and one, based on a photographic record, from just east of Lake Turkana in northwestern Kenya. The new species is a member of C. sect. Phalaena H.Huber, and is distinctive by having flowers with the corolla glabrous outside and apically with a long narrowly clavate beak abruptly delimited from the rest of the corolla, and with each lobe of the corolla having a prominent wart-like blackish projection near the tip on the inside.

The vegetation of the plateaux of the Gerire Hills, of unique geology, represents an outlier of the Transitional semi-evergreen bushland of the eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian highlands...

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-23 British Ecological Society Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Background and Aims: Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods: The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results: Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions: Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades. Faculty of Arts Science and Technology University of Northampton, Newton Building, Avenue Campus Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik Universität Bayreuth Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107 Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo - LEC Campus JK - Diamantina School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01 Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste UNNE-CONICET Department of Plant Biology Ecology and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares Departamento de Biología Comparada Facultad de Ciencias UNAM Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp Saint Louis University Department of Biology Biology Extension Building, 1008 S. Spring Ave. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. 269. Cad. Urankent Prestij Konutlarý Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town, P/Bag X3 Ecosystem Management Group ETH Zurich EDB UMR 5174 Université de Toulouse UPS, 118 route de Narbonne Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET) Departamento de Botânica Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Quinta da Boa Vista Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, PO Box 339 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Departamento de Botânica - CB Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar Centro de Ciências Agrárias Depto. Ciências da Natureza Matemática e Educação, Rod. Anhanguera Km 174 Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) IMBIV (CONICET-UNC) Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150 Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Biology Department Franklin and Marshall College Natural History Museum Georgia College, 231 W. Hancock Street Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Department of Biology Willamette University Department of Botany Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences Academy of Natural Sciences Drexel University Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3 Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), PO Box 661 School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus IX. Rodovia BR 242, km 4, s/n. Flamengo Tropical Biology Association David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street Instituto de Biologia - UFU, Campus Umuarama Bloco 2D Department of Botany Rhodes University, PO Box 94 Biospheres Eshwari, 52/403, Nanasaheb Peshva Marg, Near Ramna Ganpati Department of Evolution Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Universitária s/n, Novo Horizonte Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road Laboratorio de Ecología UBIPRO FES-Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Department of Plant Sciences Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Kestell Road Penn State University, 542 ASI Building Department of Chemistry and Bioscience Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de VIçosa (UFV) Museo Botánico Córdoba y Cátedra de Morfologia Vegetal (IMBIVUNC-CONICET) Graduate School of Technology Industrial and Social Science Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyosanjima Centro Acadêmico de Vitória Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Departamento de Educação Universidade Federal da Paraiba Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal da Paraiba Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia

Narrowly lanceolate leaves occur frequently in the genus Aster. It was often employed as a distinguishing character in the taxonomy of this genus. The origin of this particular leaf shape, however, has never been investigated using comparative methods. In this study, we reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny that includes most species of Aster with narrowly lanceolate leaf. We then gathered data on riparian habitats and the presence or absence of narrowly lanceolate leaves, and investigated the evolutionary association between them in a phylogenetic context. Our analysis indicated that the species with narrowly lanceolate leaves are nested in unrelated lineages of the genus Aster, implying that they originated independently several times. Using Pagel’s comparative method of discrete data, we demonstrated a significant correlation between riparian habitats and narrowly lanceolate leaves. We further inferred the sequence of transition of the two characters. This analysis indicated that the sequence of evolution of riparian habitat and narrowly lanceolate leaf form was usually uncertain, but some positive results showed that the occurrence of riparian habitats may not precede the evolution of narrowly lanceolate leaf form. This study provided new insights into the adaptive evolution in a mega-diverse family. In addition, Aster tonglingensis, an unexpected new species with narrowly lanceolate leaves, was discovered and established based on the evidence from morphology, micromorphology and molecular phylogeny.

Narrowly lanceolate leaves occur frequently in the genus Aster. It was often employed as a distinguishing character in the taxonomy of this genus. The origin of this particular leaf shape, however, has never been investigated using comparative methods. In this study, we reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny that includes most species of Aster with narrowly lanceolate leaf. We then gathered data on riparian habitats and the presence or absence of narrowly lanceolate leaves, and investigated the evolutionary association between them in a phylogenetic context. Our analysis indicated that the species with narrowly lanceolate leaves are nested in unrelated lineages of the genus Aster, implying that they originated independently several times. Using Pagel’s comparative method of discrete data, we demonstrated a significant correlation between riparian habitats and narrowly lanceolate leaves. We further inferred the sequence of transition of the two characters. This analysis indicated that the sequence of evolution of riparian habitat and narrowly lanceolate leaf form was usually uncertain, but some positive results showed that the occurrence of riparian habitats may not precede the evolution of narrowly lanceolate leaf form. This study provided new insights into the adaptive evolution in a mega-diverse family. In addition, Aster tonglingensis, an unexpected new species with narrowly lanceolate leaves, was discovered and established based on the evidence from morphology, micromorphology and molecular phylogeny.

Echidnopsis thulinii M. G. Gilbert is described from northern Somalia. The infrageneric classification of Echidnopsis Hook. f. is reviewed in the light of recently published molecular phylogenies. The new species belongs to E. sect. Echidnopsis and a key to the species of this section is provided. A lectotype, supported by an epitype, is designated for E. virchowii K. Schum. Echidnopsis sect. Profundicoronata Bruyns is included within sect. Vadosicoronata Bruyns and two new sections recognised: E. sect. Pseudopectinaria (Lavranos) M. G. Gilbert, based on the genus Pseudopectinaria Lavranos, and E. sect. Sobolifera M. G. Gilbert. A key is given to the sections of Echidnopsis.

China has 31,362 species of vascular plants, more than any country on the planet except Brazil and Colombia, and this number represents 8%-12% of the world diversity of vascular plants. With the two largest completed floristic projects in the world, a full documentation of the vascular plants of China has been published twice over the past 54 years: the Chinese- language Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS), 1959-2004, and the English-language Flora of China (FOC), 1994-2013. With the advent of molecular phylogenetics the past half century has witnessed dramatical changes of classifications of vascu- lar plants. In this paper, we compare the circumscriptions of all families of vascular plants occurring within China in FRPS, FOC, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) III system when applicable, and summarize familial assignments of all controversial genera in the different classifications. Such comparison to some extent reflects the history of classification of vascular plants and differences between classical morphology-based classifications and modern DNA (mainly chloroplast) sequence data-based classifications of vascular plants.

A new species of Kalanchoe, K. hypseloleuce Friis & M. G. Gilbert, was found during field work in Ethiopia in 2015, and is established here. It is characterised by its tall stature (2 – 3 m), entire, sessile, lanceolate leaves and pure white flowers with abaxially minutely papillose corolla lobes (otherwise, the plant is glabrous). It is not obviously related to any previously known species, but an earlier, incomplete specimen has been cited as K. prittwitzii Engl. in the literature. K. hypseloleuce was collected on limestone in Acacia-Commiphora woodland and bushland at c. 1400 m a.s.l. It occurs in the southern part of the eastern Ethiopian escarpment in the Arsi and Eastern Harerghe zones of the Oromo Regional State. K. hypseloleuce is documented with images and maps, its climate envelope has been modelled, and a conservation assessment made. With the current level of threat, this could be Vulnerable to Near Threatened (VU-NT). Given the threat from habitat degradation is not imminent, we recommend the species to be listed as Near Threatened (NT).

During field trips in 2013 and 2014, two distinctive plants belonging to the genus Commicarpus were collected in the Lele Hills, Bale Zone, eastern Ethiopia, on outcrops of sedimentary rock belonging to the Gorrahei Formation with high contents of gypsum. The plants are here described as two new species: Commicarpus macrothamnus Friis & O. Weber sp. nov. is unique among all hitherto described species of Commicarpus, being a robust free-standing shrub, almost a small tree up to 3½ m high, with woody stems up to c. 12 cm in diam. Commicarpus leleensis Friis & Sebsebe sp. nov. is also unusual in Commicarpus, being a small self-supporting shrub to 0.8 (– 1) m high. Both new species occur in small populations with restricted distribution; models based on the available information show that the potential distribution is also restricted. C. macrothamnus is here evaluated as Vulnerable (VU), while C. leleensis, only known from the type, should remain Data Deficient (DD). Outcrops of gypsum with restricted-range species are well known from eastern Ethiopia and Somalia, but the locality with the two new species of Commicarpus is the most north-western and one of the highest sites recorded so far for gypsum endemics.

The NASA Engineering and Safety Center initiated the Max Launch Abort System (MLAS) Project to investigate alternate crew escape system concepts that eliminate the conventional launch escape tower by integrating the escape system into an aerodynamic fairing that fully encapsulates the crew capsule and smoothly integrates with the launch vehicle. This paper proposes an ascent abort flight test for an all-propulsive towerless escape system concept that is actively controlled and sized to accommodate the Orion Crew Module. The goal of the flight test is to demonstrate a high dynamic pressure escape and to characterize jet interaction effects during operation of the attitude control thrusters at transonic and supersonic conditions. The flight-test vehicle is delivered to the required test conditions by a booster configuration selected to meet cost, manufacturability, and operability objectives. Data return is augmented through judicious design of the boost trajectory, which is optimized to obtain data at a range of relevant points, rather than just a single flight condition. Secondary flight objectives are included after the escape to obtain aerodynamic damping data for the crew module and to perform a high-altitude contingency deployment of the drogue parachutes. Both 3- and 6-degree-of-freedom trajectory simulation results are presented that establish concept feasibility, and a Monte Carlo uncertainty assessment is performed to provide confidence that test objectives can be met.

A new arborescent species of Croton, C. megalocarpoides Friis & Gilbert, is described from the coastal semi–evergreen forest and bushland in S Somalia and E Kenya. Its taxonomic affinity with other African species is demonstrated, particularly the relationship to C. megalocarpus Hutch., a montane E African species with which it has long been confused, and to C. mayumbense J. Leonard, and C. mubango Mull. Arg., two species from lowland forest and forest–savannah mosaic in W Zaire and surrounding countries. The phytogeographical position of the new species is briefly discussed.

Preparatory to the publication of the Flora of Ethiopia, the following new species and combinations are made: Loranthaceae: Plicosepalus robustus Wiens & Polh., P. ogadenensis M. Gilbert, P. acaciae (Zucc.) Wiens & Polh., P. meridianus (Danser) Wiens & Polh.; Oncocalyx angularis M. Gilbert, O. fischeri (Engl.) M. Gilbert, O. glabratus (Engl.) M. Gilbert, O. ugogensis (Engl.) Wiens & Polh., 0. schimperi (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) M. Gilbert, O. ghikae (Volkens & Schweinfurth) M. Gilbert, O. kelleri (Engl.) M. Gilbert; Erianthemum aethiopicum Balle ex Wiens & Polh.; Englerina woodfordioides (Schweinfurth) Balle ex M. Gilbert; Phragmanthera ahhallensis (Engl.) M. Gilbert, P. erythraea (Sprague) M. Gilbert, P. macrosolen (Steud. ex A. Rich.) M. Gilbert, P. regularis (Steud. ex Sprague) M. Gilbert, P. sarertaensis (Hutch. & Bruce) M. Gilbert, P. usuiensis (Oliver) M. Gilbert. Viscaceae: Viscum triflorum DC. ssp. nervosum (A. Rich.) M. Gilbert.

The NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) is an independent engineering analysis and test organization providing support across the range of NASA programs. In 2007 NASA was developing the launch escape system for the Orion spacecraft that was evolved from the traditional tower-configuration escape systems used for the historic Mercury and Apollo spacecraft. The NESC was tasked, as a programmatic risk-reduction effort, to develop and flight test an alternative to the Orion baseline escape-system concept. This project became known as the Max Launch Abort System (MLAS), named in honor of Maxime Faget, the developer of the original Mercury escape system. Over the course of approximately 2 years, the NESC performed conceptual and tradeoff analyses, designed and built full-scale flight test hardware, and conducted a successful flight test demonstration in July 2009. Since the flight test, the NESC has continued to further develop and refine the MLAS concept.

In 2007, the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) initiated the Max Launch Abort System Project to explore crew escape system concepts designed to be fully encapsulated within an aerodynamic fairing and smoothly integrated onto a launch vehicle. One objective of this design was to develop a more compact launch escape vehicle that eliminated the need for an escape tower, as was used in the Mercury and Apollo escape systems and what is planned for the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV). The benefits for the launch vehicle of eliminating a tower from the escape vehicle design include lower structural weights, reduced bending moments during atmospheric flight, and a decrease in induced aero-acoustic loads. This paper discusses the development of encapsulated, towerless launch escape vehicle concepts, especially as it pertains to the flight performance and systems analysis trade studies conducted to establish mission feasibility and assess system-level performance. Two different towerless escape vehicle designs are discussed in depth: one with allpropulsive control using liquid attitude control thrusters, and a second employing deployable aft swept grid fins to provide passive stability during coast. Simulation results are presented for a range of nominal and off-nominal escape conditions.

The hairy-fig complex of Ficus sect. Eriosycea (Moraceae) includes F. hirta , F. esquiroliana , F. simplicissima and a Chinese entity misidentified as F. fulva . These species are difficult to delimit because of the continuously varying morphological characteristics. In order to re-evaluate the status of these taxa, herbarium specimens were extensively examined and 118 samples of the complex were selected for anatomical and molecular analysis. ITS, ETS and trnH-psbA were applied for constructing phylogenetic trees and fluorescently labeled microsatellite primers were screened for cluster analysis. The results showed that all the four species show continuously variable morphological characters and make up one well supported clade on the phylogenetic trees, and that this similar genetic background was confirmed by the cluster analysis. In conclusion, all the four taxa of the hairy-fig complex recorded in China should be combined as one species F. simplicissima , with two varieties: var. simplicissima and var. roxburghii (Miquel) Hong-Qing Li & Jing Lu.

The new species Caralluma lamellosa, from a rocky limestone slope about 200 m a.s.1. in north-eastem Somalia is described and illustrated. The plant is reminiscent of C. furta in habit, but its outer corona, with undivided linear-oblanceolate lobes opposite to the anthers and at first examination looking like lamellae on the corolla tube, is unparalleled among stapeliads.

This article describes the procedures and results of aeroservothermoelastic studies. The objectives of these studies are to develop the necessary procedures for performing an aeroelastic analysis of an aerodynamically heated vehicle and to analyze a configuration in the classical "cold" state and in a "hot" state. Major tasks include the development of the structural and aerodynamic models, open loop analyses, design of active control laws for improving dynamic responses, and analyses of the closed loop vehicles. The analyses performed focused on flutter speed calculations, short period eigenvalue trends, and statistical analyses of the vehicle response to controls and turbulence. Improving the ride quality of the vehicle, and raising the flutter boundary of the aerodynamically heated vehicle up to that of the cold vehicle, were the objectives of the control law design investigations.

A method for integrated control/structure optimization by multilevel decomposition is presented. It is shown that several previously reported methods were actually partial decompositions wherein only the control was decomposed into a subsystem design. One of these partially decomposed problems was selected as a benchmark example for comparison. The system is fully decomposed into structural and control subsystem designs and an improved design is produced. Theory, implementation, and results for the method are presented and compared with the benchmark example.

Controls-structures interaction is a technology currently under development for application to large flexible space vehicles. The goal of this technology is the improvement of spacecraft performance through active control of the structural dynamic response of the vehicle. This goal is particularly important for modern spacecraft designs where large size and reduced stiffness make structural response a significant contributor to vehicle dynamics. Analysis and design methods have been developed to analyze and predict flexible spacecraft performance, but the technology remains largely unvalidated by hardware experiments, demonstrations, or applications, particularly in-space flight applications. One potential application considered is to provide active damping augmentation of the Space Shuttle remote manipulator system. The objective of actively damping the manipulator is to demonstrate improved structural dynamic response following payload maneuvers and Shuttle reaction control system thruster firings. This paper describes an initial analysis effort to determine the feasibility of controlling the flexible dynamic response of the arm. The approach to the study is summarized and results from both linear and nonlinear performance analyses of candidate control laws are presented. Results indicate that significant improvement in dynamic response can be achieved through active control if measured arm tip acceleration was made available for feedback.

Adenia pulchra sp. nov. from Bale Region, southern Ethiopia, is described and its relationships discussed.

A new approach to integrated structure/control law design based on multilevel optimization is presented. This new approach is applicable to aircraft and spacecraft and allows for the independent design of the structure and control law. Integration of the designs is achieved through use of an upper level coordination problem formulation within the multilevel optimization framework. The method requires the use of structure and control law design sensitivity information. A general multilevel structure/control law design problem formulation is given, and the use of Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control law design and design sensitivity methods within the formulation is illustrated. Results of three simple integrated structure/control law design examples are presented. These results show the capability of structure and control law design tradeoffs to improve controlled system performance within the multilevel approach.

The circumscription of Jatropha sect. Robecchiana is widened to include also the members of J. sect. Spinosa subsect. Parvifoliae. Seven species are recognized in the group that is confined to arid regions of NE and E tropical Africa. New taxa are J. rivae ssp. quercifolia, J. horizontalis, J. tenuicaulis, and J. euarguta. A new combination is J. rivae ssp. parvifolia. Two lectotypes are selected.

Four new species from Somalia are described: Herniaria bicolor, Lochia parvibracta, Polycarpaea guardafuensis and P. clavifolia. Two new combinations are made: Minuartia ellenbeckii and Silene gillettii.

Atriplex griffithii is divided into two subspecies, ssp. griffithii and ssp. stocksii, stat. nov. Atriplex farinosa is typified and divided into two subspecies, ssp. farinosa and ssp. keniensis, stat. nov. A new species of Atriplex, A. nogalensis is described from Somalia. The subtribe Sevadinae is revised and found to consist of the two monotypic genera Sevada and Fadenia and the genus Lagenantha with two species, L. cycloptera, comb. nov. (which includes the types of Gyroptera and Cycloptera), and L. gillettii, comb. nov.

The history of the genus Caralluma is briefly outlined and characters of potential generic significance are discussed. 29 species of Caralluma — the ‘ango group’ and a few isolated southern African species — plus 2 species currently included in Stultitia are transferred to Pachycymbium. The species remaining are divided amongst four subgenera: Caralluma s. str. restricted to the ‘eucarallumas’, Urmalcala subgen. nov. and Boucerosia and Desmidorchis previously described as genera. The species are listed and several lectotypified. C. fulleri is transferred to Rhytidocaulon, two subspecies raised to full species (Caralluma edwardsiae and Pachycymbium laticoronum) and two new species described: Caralluma longiflora and Pachycymbium laikipiense.

This paper discusses the dynamic aeroelastic stability of a generic X-wing aircraft configuration. The analysis model includes rigid-body degrees of freedom and unsteady aerodynamic forces generated using the doublet lattice method. Design parameters are varied to evaluate the trends in dynamic aeroelastic stability. X-wing rotor blade sweep angle, ratio of blade mass to total vehicle mass, blade structural stiffness cross coupling, and vehicle center of gravity location were parameters considered. The typical instability encountered is "body-freedom" flutter involving a low-frequency interaction of the first elastic mode and the aircraft short period mode. In most parametric cases, those cases having the least static longitudinal stability demonstrated the highest flutter dynamic pressures. As mass ratio was increased, the flutter boundary decreased. The decrease was emphasized as center of gravity location was moved forward. As sweep angle varied, it was observed that the resulting increase in forward-swept blade bending amplitude relative to aft blade bending amplitude in the first elastic mode had a stabilizing effect on the flutter. b [B,] [C'\ [C] El [F] GJ [7] ^ [K] [Kf] L Lb [M'] mb nif mr [M] q

Next generation air and space vehicle designs are being driven by increased performance requirements, demanding a high level of design integration between traditionally separate design disciplines. Interdisciplinary analysis capabilities have been developed for aeroservoelastic aircraft and large flexible spacecraft, but the requisite integrated design methods are only beginning to be developed. One integrated design method which has received attention is based on hierarchal problem decompositions, optimisation, and design sensitivity analyses. This paper highlights a design sensitivity analysis method for linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal control laws, enabling the use of LQG techniques in the hierarchal design methodology. The LQG sensitivity analysis method calculates the change in the optimal control law and resulting controlled system responses due to changes in fixed design integration parameters using analytical sensitivity equations. Numerical results of a LQG design sensitivity analysis for a realistic aeroservoelastic aircraft example are presented. In this example, the sensitivity of the optimal control law and aircraft response for various parameters such as wing bending natural frequency is determined. The sensitivity results computed from the analytical expressions are used to estimate changes in response resulting from changes in the parameters. Comparisons of the estimates with exact calculated responses show they are reasonably accurate for ±15% changes in the parameters. It is also shown that evaluation of the analytical expressions is computationally faster than equivalent finite difference calculations.

Phyllanthus lunifolius sp. nov., a completely prostrate dwarf shrub from limestone rocks in the coastal part of central Somalia, is described and illustrated.

R. glutinosa Hochst. ex. A. Rich. is lectotypified. R. abyssinica Oliv. and R. neoglutinosa M. Gilbert are reduced to subspecies of R. glutinosa.

Mechatronic design implies the consideration of integrated mechanical, electrical, and local control characteristics in electromechanical device design. In this paper, mechatronic development of actuation device concepts for active aircraft aerodynamic flow control are presented and discussed. The devices are intended to be embedded in aircraft aerodynamic surfaces to provide zero-net-momentum jets or additional flow-vorticity to control boundary layers and flow- separation. Two synthetic jet device prototypes and one vorticity-on-demand prototype currently in development are described in the paper. The aspects of actuation materials, design approaches to generating jets and vorticity, and the integration of miniaturized electronics are stressed.

The Photogrammetric Appendage Structural Dynamics Experiment (PASDE) is an International Space Station (ISS) Phase-1 risk mitigation experiment. Phase-1 experiments are performed during docking missions of the U.S. Space Shuttle to the Russian Space Station Mir. The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the use of photogrammetric techniques for determination of structural dynamic mode parameters of solar arrays and other spacecraft appendages. Photogrammetric techniques are a low cost alternative to appendage mounted accelerometers for the ISS program. The objective of the first flight of PASDE, on STS-74 in November 1995, was to obtain video images of Mir Kvant-2 solar array response to various structural dynamic excitation events. More than 113 minutes of high quality structural response video data was collected during the mission. The PASDE experiment hardware consisted of three instruments each containing two video cameras, two video tape recorders, a modified video signal time inserter, and associated avionics boxes. The instruments were designed, fabricated, and tested at the NASA Langley Research Center in eight months. The flight hardware was integrated into standard Hitchhiker canisters at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and then installed into the Space Shuttle cargo bay in locations selected to achieve good video coverage and photogrammetric geometry.

Following an initial discussion of the NASP flight environment, the results of recent aeroelastic testing of NASP-type highly swept delta-wing models in Langley's Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT) are summarized. Subsonic and transonic flutter characteristics of a variety of these models are described, and several analytical codes used to predict flutter of these models are evaluated. These codes generally provide good, but conservative predictions of subsonic and transonic flutter. Also, test results are presented on a nonlinear transonic phenomena known as aileron buzz which occurred in the wind tunnel on highly swept delta wings with full-span ailerons. An analytical procedure which assesses the effects of hypersonic heating on aeroelastic instabilities (aerothermoelasticity) is also described. This procedure accurately predicted flutter of a heated aluminum wing on which experimental data exists. Results are presented on the application of this method to calculate the flutter characteristics of a fine-element model of a generic NASP configuration. Finally, it is demonstrated analytically that active controls can be employed to improve the aeroelastic stability and ride quality of a generic NASP vehicle flying at hypersonic speeds.

Mollugo angustifolia sp. nov., from sandy plains of the Bay Region in southern Somalia, is described and illustrated.

During preparation of the account of Dioscoreaceae for the Flora of China, it was noticed that one species is illegitimately named, being a later homonym: Dioscorea parviflora C. T. Ting (1979), not Philippi (1864). The following new name (nomen novum) is therefore proposed here: D. sinoparviflora C. T. Ting, M. G. Gilbert & Turland. Dioscorea sinoparviflora C. T. Ting, M. G. Gilbert & Turland, nom. nov. Replaced name: Dioscorea parviflora C. T. Ting, in C. Pei et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 69. 1979. Not Philippi, Linnaea 33: 257. 1864. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Yongsheng Xian, Xinghe, 1600 m, Mar. 1963, Q. Y. Liang 63009 (holotype, NAS). Dioscorea parvflora C. T. Ting (in Pei et al., 1979: 69-70) was described from Yongsheng County (Xian) in northwestern Yunnan Province, China. Unfortunately, the name is illegitimate under Article 53.1 of the Tokyo Code (Greuter et al., 1994) because an earlier homonym exists: D. parviflora Philippi (1864), described from Chile. The Chinese species will be accepted by Ding and Gilbert, as endemic to Yunnan Province, in their forthcoming account of Dioscoreaceae in the Flora of China (in press). Therefore, a new name for D. parviflora is required, and D. sinoparviflora C. T. Ting, M. G. Gilbert & Turland is proposed here. Dioscorea sinoparviflora is most similar to D. zingiberensis C. H. Wright, which is also endemic to China, occurring in Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces. Dioscorea sinoparviflora differs from D. zingiberensis in having perianth lobes 0.8-1.2 X 0.6-0.8 mm (vs. 1.2-1.5 X 0.8-1 mm) and capsules longer than wide (vs. ca. as long as wide). Both species can be readily distinguished from others in China by the peltate attachment of most leaf blades. Moreover, D. zingiberensis is the only Chinese species recorded as being monoecious.

On the basis of molecular data, the present authors will recognize Crassula L. and Tillaea L. as distinct genera in the forthcoming account of the Crassulaceae for the Flora of China, Volume 8. Tillaea is represented in the Flora area, but Crassula sensu stricto is not. With this arrangement, the correct name for T pentandra Royle ex Edgeworth, described from the Himalayas, would be a new combination based on Crassula schimperi C. A. Meyer, described from Ethiopian material but clearly synonymous. The taxonomic identity of the latter name has been overlooked by authors working on Asian floras. Therefore, the new combination T schimperi (C. A. Meyer) M. G. Gilbert, H. Ohba & K. T. Fu is made here along with new combinations for two subspecies found in tropical Africa and formerly treated under Crassula: T schimperi subsp. phyturus (Mildbraed) M. G. Gilbert, H. Ohba & K. T. Fu and T schimperi subsp. transvalensis (Kuntze) M. G. Gilbert, H. Ohba & K. T. Fu. The separation of Tillaea L. from Crassula L. has been somewhat controversial. The last major revision of Crassula (T6lken, 1977) kept the two genera together. This has been followed by all the major African floras (Fernandes, 1983; Gilbert, 1989; Wickens, 1987) and the Flora of Bhutan (Grierson, 1987). More recently, however, molecular data have suggested that there is a case for keeping Tillaea as a genus distinct from Crassula. An analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation has indicated that Tillaea is most closely related to Crassula, but that the two genera exhibit a relatively high level (4.8%) of sequence divergence (Ham, 1995; Ham & 't Hart, 1998). This separation is being followed in the forthcoming account of the Crassulaceae (Fu & Ohba, in press) for the Flora of China, Volume 8, where Tillaea occurs, but not Crassula sensu stricto. Most botanists working on Asian plants have used the name Crassula pentandra (Royle ex Edgeworth) Schbnland, based on T pentandra Royle ex Edgeworth (1846), which was described from Himalayan material for a widespread, often common, montane species occurring in Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) within the Flora of China area. Though it typically grows in somewhat drier habitats than most species of Tillaea, it is clearly referable to this genus on the basis of its inconspicuous, axillary inflorescence, in contrast to the conspicuous, terminal inflorescence of Crassula sensu stricto. These workers took the view that the Asian plants are not conspecific with any material from Africa. However, Himalayan material differs in no way from Crassula schimperi C. A. Meyer (1842), described on the basis of material from Ethiopia. This species has never been formally treated as a species of Tillaea. This means that a new combination is needed to make the name available for the Flora of China. Three rather well-defined subspecies of C. schimperi have been recognized in tropical Africa, only one of which significantly extends into Asia (subsp. schimperi), and new combinations in Tillaea are made for these, too. Tillaea schimperi (C. A. Meyer) M. G. Gilbert, H. Ohba & K. T. Fu, comb. nov. Basionym: Crassula schimperi C. A. Meyer, in Fischer, C. A. Meyer & Av6-Lallemant, Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 8: 56. 1842. TYPE: cultivated in St. Petersburg, Russia, from seed collected in Ethiopia: "Semina (N. 183) in Abyssinia legit cel. Schimper" (holotype, LE not seen; isotype, K). NovoN 10: 366-367. 2000. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.127 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 05:52:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 10, Number 4 2000 Gilbert et al. Tillaea (Crassulaceae) 367 Tillaea schimperi subsp. schimperi Tillaea pentandra Royle ex Edgeworth, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 50. 1846. Crassula pentandra (Royle ex Edgeworth) Sch6nland, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(2): 37. 1891. TYPE: [NW] India. "Himalaya, Garhwal, altit. 4-6000 ped.," s.d., Edgeworth 97 (lectotype, designated by Wickens (1982: 666), K). Habitat. Moist, well-drained, often shaded sites on rocks, earth banks, fallen logs, often in montane forest, sometimes epiphytic; (1500-)2000-4800 m. Distribution. Africa: Cameroon, Chad (Tibesti), Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia; Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Yemen. Tillaea schimperi subsp. phyturus (Mildbraed) M. G. Gilbert, H. Ohba & K. T. Fu, comb. nov. Basionym: Crassula phyturus Mildbraed, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 227. 1922. Crassula pentandra (Royle ex Edgeworth) Schonland var. phyturus (Mildbraed) Hedberg, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 15: 100. 1957. Crassula schimperi C. A. Meyer subsp. phyturus (Mildbraed) R. Fernandes, Bol. Soc. Brot., sr Asia: Yemen (Socotra). Tillaea schimperi subsp. transvalensis (Kuntze) M. G. Gilbert, H. Ohba & K. T. Fu, comb. nov. Basionym: Sedum transvalense Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2): 85. 1898. Crassula transvalensis (Kuntze) K. Schumann, Just's Bot. Jahresber. 26(1): 347. 1900. Crassula schimperi C. A. Meyer subsp. transvalensis (Kuntze) R. Fernandes, Bol. Soc. Brot., s r. 2, 52: 172. 1978. TYPE: South Africa. "Transvaal: Johannisburg," s.d., Kuntze s.n. (holotype, NY not seen). Habitat. Rocky outcrops, sandy soil in grassland. Distribution. Africa: Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. Fernandes (1983) maintained three varieties within this taxon, but we are reluctant to make new combinations for quadrinomials not familiar to us. The taxon is named after the Transvaal in South Africa, and subsequent authors have used this more usual spelling and rendered the epithet "transvaalensis," treating the original version as if it were an orthographic error. However, Kuntze used "transval-" for three other species in the same publication but never used "transvaal-," so the former spelling is obviously deliberate and cannot be treated as an

The aloes of Ethiopia, Somalia and Tropical East Africa are covered by recent floristic accounts (Carter 1994; Lavranos 1995; Sebsebe & Gilbert 1997). In 1996, whilst the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea was still in press, the first author, together with Ensermu Kelbessa, encountered sterile plants of a small aloe that could not be placed. These were growing in deciduous woodland dominated by Combretum and Terminalia, under a thicket of Euclea schimperi (A. DC.) Dandy and Acacia hockii De Wild. Living material taken back to Addis Abeba has survived but has not yet flowered. Recently (1998) I. Friis (Copenhagen) and S. Bidgood (Kew) collected flowering material of what is clearly the same taxon, but a little further to the south. This showed that the plants belonged to a new species which is described here as Aloe friisii.

Gnetum hainanense, previously inval- idly described, is validated. Gnetum cleistostachyum C. Y. Cheng was de- scribed in the same paper as G. hainanense, again with male and female types, and thus this name is also invalid. It was based on two collections at early anthesis. We have seen very little material at a comparable stage of development. What we have seen suggests that the urceolate involucral collars used to characterize G. cleistostachyum might be a developmental stage that occurs more widely in the genus, and thus are of questionable taxonomic val- ue. When this is coupled with the absence of seeds, which provide the most reliable diagnostic char- acters for the group, we prefer not to take up this

Four new species of Piper are de- scribed from China: P dolichostachyum, P. tseng- ianum, P wangii, and P yui; one new combination is made: Piper boehmeriifolium var. glabricaule; a new name, Piper cathayanum, is proposed for a lat- er homonym; the identities of Piper arboricola and PR philippinum are discussed; and new synonyms and lectotypes are proposed for various other spe- cies of Peperomia and Piper.

Summary. Aloe populations from Eritrea and Tanzania, formerly considered to represent a single species, are shown to be different and a new name, Aloe eumassawana, is provided for the Eritrean plants. The original records of the Massawa Aloe, Aloe massawana Reynolds, were from around the town of "Massawa" (the modern spelling is Mits'iwa) on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and from Tanzania, again along the coast. The records from Tanzania were of plants associated with old Arab graves. Reynolds (1966), who had seen no wild populations in East Africa, named the species after the locality of the Red Sea plants but chose a type from the Tanzanian coast, supposing that the grave plants had been brought by ship from near "Massawa". Closer examination does not support this view, and has shown that 2 closely related but distinct taxa are involved, differing in details of leaf width (narrower - 6 - 10 cm in the East African material), flower length (longer - 25 - 32 mm in the East African material), with the outer perianth lobes joined for distinctly different proportions of their length (less than half as opposed to c. two thirds in the East African material), and, probably most significantly, in inflorescence indumentum (the East African material is completely glabrous whilst Eritrean inflorescences are minutely puberulent). There also seems to be a difference in habit between the two plants: the East African plants do not form large clumps and have more distinctly spreading to recurved leaves whereas the Massawa plant suckers very freely to form extensive clumps and has erect to slightly incurved leaves. These differences seem to separate the two groups quite consistently and adequately. Further fieldwork has shown that A. massawana sensu stricto occurs in natural situations, well away from settlements, along the coasts of Tanzania and northern Mozambique and that there is no need to suppose that the grave plants had been brought from so far afield. This was first noted by Carter (1994: 24) and has been confirmed by a recent collection from Eritrea by Dr and Mrs Hillman. Unfortunately the selection of a Tanzanian collection as the type of A. massawana by Reynolds means that the epithet must remain attached to the East African plants, however misleading this might be, and that the Red Sea plants need describing as a new species. We have chosen the epithet "eumassawana" - "true massawana" - in an attempt to draw attention to this misleading situation.

Three new combinations, Tournefortia sibirica L. var. angustior (A. DC.) G. L. Chu & M. G. Gilbert, Lappula ferganensis (Popov) Kamelin & G. L. Chu, and L. lasiocarpa (W. T. Wang) Kamelin & G. L. Chu, plus a new name, Trigonotis harrysmnithii R. R. Mill, are validated. Two precursory papers on the Boraginaceae for the Flora of China have already been published (Kamelin, 1993; Riedl, 1994). The following additional nomenclatural adjustments are herein proposed to make the names available for the forthcoming Volume 16 of the Flora of China. Tournefortia sibirica L. var. angustior (A. DC.) G. L. Chu & M. G. Gilbert, comb. nov. Basionym: Tournefortia arguzia Roemer & Schultes f3 angustior A. DC., Prodr. 9: 514. 1845. SYNTYPES: China. Nei Mongol ("Chinese Mongolia"), Turczaninow s.n., Bunge s.n.; Kazakhstan. E shore of Caspian Sea, Karelin s.n. and Hohenacker s.n.; Russia. Astrakan, Bieberstein s.n.; Turkey ("Asia Minor"), Aucher-Eloy s.n.; Ukraine. S Podolii, Turczaninow s.n. (All syntypes in G, not seen.) The new combination is needed because the variety does not have a valid combination in Tournefortia sibirica. A lectotype should be designated from de Candolle's original material at G. Such material has not been examined by us. Trigonotis harrysmithii R. R. Mill, nom. nov. Replaced name: Trigonotis smithii W. T. Wang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 13(1): 3. 1993, not Trigonotis smithii Banerjee, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8: 325. 1966 (1967). TYPE: China. Sichuan: Sungpan, 3200 m, 14 July 1922, Harry Smith 2775 (holotype, UPS; isotype, PE). The earlier name Trigonotis smnithii Banerjee, which applies to a species from Bhutan and the east Himalaya so far not recorded from China, was named after William Wright Smith, the collector of the type specimen and a former Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. The later homonym was dedicated to the Swedish botanist Harry Smith, an expert on the Gentianaceae who collected in China. There has been a reappraisal of the characters dividing Lepechiniella from Lappula. Lappula is readily distinguished from Lepechiniella in having styles exserted from the nutlets instead of concealed by them. No Chinese material belongs to Lepechiniella as thus defined, which makes necessary the following generic transfers. Lappula ferganensis (Popov) Kamelin & G. L. Chu, comb. nov. Basionym: Lepechiniella ferganensis Popov, Fl. USSR 19: 715. 1953. TYPE: [Tajikistan]. Alai Valley, Mount Kultzcha, 26 June 1931, Lipschitz 248 (holotype, MW). NovoN 5:17-18. 1995. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.72 on Sun, 07 Aug 2016 07:12:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms