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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) often rely on network boundary defence as a primary means of access control; therefore, the compromise of one device threatens the security of all devices within the boundary. Resource and real-time constraints, tight hardware/software coupling, and decades-long service lifetimes complicate efforts for more robust, host-based access control mechanisms. Distributed capability systems provide opportunities for restoring access control to resource-owning devices; however, such a protection model requires a capability-based architecture for CPS devices as well as task compartmentalisation to be effective. This paper demonstrates hardware enforcement of network bearer tokens using an efficient translation between CHERI (Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions) architectural capabilities and Macaroon network tokens. While this method appears to generalise to any network-based access control problem, we specifically consider CPS, as our method is well-suited for controlling resources in the physical domain. We demonstrate the method in a distributed robotics application and in a hierarchical industrial control application, and discuss our plans to evaluate and extend the method.

Defending industrial control systems (ICS) in the cyber domain is both helped and hindered by bespoke systems integrating heterogeneous devices for unique purposes. Because of this fragmentation, observed attacks against ICS have been targeted and skilled, making them difficult to identify prior to initiation. Furthermore, organisations may be hesitant to share business-sensitive details of an intrusion that would otherwise assist the security community. In this work, we present the largest study of high-interaction ICS honeypots to date and demonstrate that a network of internet-connected honeypots can be used to identify and profile targeted ICS attacks. Our study relies on a network of 120 high-interaction honeypots in 22 countries that mimic programmable logic controllers and remote terminal units. We provide a detailed analysis of 80,000 interactions over 13 months, of which only nine made malicious use of an industrial protocol. Malicious interactions included denial of service and replay attacks that manipulated logic, leveraged protocol implementation gaps and exploited buffer overflows. While the yield was small, the impact was high, as these were skilled, targeted exploits previously unknown to the ICS community. By comparison with other ICS honeypot studies, we demonstrate that high-quality deception over long periods is necessary for such a honeypot network to be effective. As part of this argument, we discuss the accidental and intentional reasons why an internet-connected honeypot might be targeted. We also provide recommendations for effective, strategic use of such networks.

The ability to minimise, control and manipulate defects in CVD diamond has grown rapidly over the last ten years. The application which best illustrates this is probably that of quantum information processing (QIP) or ‘diamond spintronics’. QIP is a rapidly growing area of research, covering diverse activities from computing and code breaking to encrypted communication. All these applications need ‘quantum bits’ or qubits where the quantum information can be maintained and controlled. Controlled defects in an otherwise high perfection diamond lattice are rapidly becoming a leading contender for qubits, and offer many advantages over alternative solutions. The most promising defect is the NV − defect whose unique properties allow the state of its electron spin to be optically written to and read from. Substantial developments in the synthesis of CVD diamond have produced diamond lattices with a high degree of perfection, such that the electron spin of this centre exhibits very long room temperature decoherence times (T 2 ) in excess of 1 ms. This paper gives a brief review of the advantages and challenges of using CVD diamond as a qubit host. Lastly the various qubit applications being considered for diamond are discussed, highlighting the current state of development including the recent development of high sensitivity magnetometers.

This paper investigates the potential of polynomial chaos methods, when used in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics, to quantify the effects of uncertainty in the computational aerodynamic design process. The technique is shown to be an efficient and accurate means of simulating the inherent uncertainty and variability in manufacturing and flow conditions and thus can provide the basis for computationally feasible robust optimization with computational fluid dynamics. This paper presents polynomial chaos theory and the nonintrusive spectral projection implementation, using this to demonstrate polynomial chaos as a basis for robust optimization, focusing on the problem of maximizing the lift-to-drag ratio of a two-dimensional airfoil while minimizing its sensitivity to uncertainty in the leading-edge thickness. The results demonstrate that the robustly optimized designs are significantly less sensitive to input variation, compared with nonrobustly optimized airfoils. The results also indicate that the inherent geometric uncertainty could degrade the on-design as well as the offdesign performance of the nonrobust airfoil. This leads to the further conclusion that the global optimum for some design problems is unreachable without accounting for uncertainty.

Postwar El Salvador and Guatemala have undertaken to reform and democratize the state and to support the rule of law. Each country entered the 1990s hobbled by a legacy of authoritarian rule, while a corrupt and politicized judiciary offered virtually no check on the abuse of power. Because the judiciary has performed poorly as an institution of horizontal accountability, this article examines the performance of a new “accountability agency,” the Human Rights Ombudsman. The article discusses the context in which the office was established and developed in each country, perceptions of its performance, and political responses as the office began to perform its function of holding public officials accountable in their exercise of power. Unfortunately, this new office may fall prey to the same weaknesses that have plagued older institutions in both countries.

Colors and odors are associated; for instance, people typically match the smell of strawberries to the color pink or red. These associations are forms of crossmodal correspondences. Recently, there has been discussion about the extent to which these correspondences arise for structural reasons (i.e., an inherent mapping between color and odor), statistical reasons (i.e., covariance in experience), and/or semantically-mediated reasons (i.e., stemming from language). The present study probed this question by testing color-odor correspondences in 6 different cultural groups (Dutch, Netherlands-residing-Chinese, German, Malay, Malaysian-Chinese, and US residents), using the same set of 14 odors and asking participants to make congruent and incongruent color choices for each odor. We found consistent patterns in color choices for each odor within each culture, showing that participants were making non-random color-odor matches. We used representational dissimilarity analysis to probe for variations in the patterns of color-odor associations across cultures; we found that US and German participants had the most similar patterns of associations, followed by German and Malay participants. The largest group differences were between Malay and Netherlands-resident Chinese participants and between Dutch and Malaysian-Chinese participants. We conclude that culture plays a role in color-odor crossmodal associations, which likely arise, at least in part, through experience.

This article examines the relationship between pact-making and democratic transitions in Nicaragua (1988–1997) and El Salvador (1990–1997). We argue that the process of elite bargaining about regime change affects the prospects for the consolidation of democracy. We emphasise three factors: (1) the choices key actors make as they bargain about bargaining, (2) their willingness to ‘under-utilise’ their power and (3) the influence of historical and structural contingencies upon the key choices made. Essential to our discussion of historical and structural contingencies is the interrelation of domestic and international actors and the importance of demilitarisation and institutional reform. We argue that these three factors favoured El Salvador more than Nicaragua, although neither nation has overcome the political polarisation characteristic of transitional regimes.

The main requirements for a fast igniter laser beam are reviewed and shown to favour short wavelength and ultrahigh brightness. These requirements are met by the new KrF laser system at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory called TITANIA. TITANIA uses two schemes to enhance the laser beam brightness. The first is chirped pulse amplification which is used to enhance brightness by compressing the pulse into the femtosecond region. In this mode TITANIA produces in the region of 250 mJ on target in 700 fs. The second mode of operation uses a Raman technique for beam combining and beam clean-up which is designed to give a single beam of 80 joules on target in a pulselength of 60 ps. In this scheme the KrF wavelength is Raman shifted to 268 nm. The Raman amplifiers will use gaseous rather than solid windows and experiments which demonstrate their feasibility will be described. A concept for a reactor scale fast igniter beam using the Raman technique will be discussed.

Recent transitions from authoritarianism to democracy have been front‐page news. Often attention to such transitions has focused on efforts to create and sustain democratic elections and to guarantee open political competition between parties that are committed to majority rule. However, equally important in such transitions is the implementation of the rule of law. This article examines the efforts of one country, El Salvador, to re‐establish the rule of law as part of its passage to liberal democracy. The efforts to implement the Salvadoran peace accords that were signed in January 1992 provide the focus. The United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) was created to monitor compliance. One important consequence of the accords was the effort to achieve broad reform of the justice system. Salvador's progress here is evaluated both in respect of the degree of compliance with the accords, and, more importantly, in establishing an independent judiciary that will be capable of protecting human ri...

Diamond's extremely wide transparency, combined with its other exceptional properties including hardness, strength and thermal conductivity make it a desirable material for optical windows. Polycrystalline diamond grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) has become the preferred window material for high power CO2 laser systems since its development in the 1990s. The range and availability of diamond materials is expanding, and in recent years has been extended to include CVD single crystal diamond. This paper reviews the quality of these materials, looking at optical scatter and absorption around 1 and 10 microns, along with their thermal and mechanical properties. We also discuss selection of appropriate grades and how they may best be integrated into demanding optical applications.

Thick free-standing boron-doped diamonds were prepared by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition. Samples with a final thickness close to 5 mm and with lateral dimensions 25 × 25 mm were produced. The thermal shock resistance of the material was tested by exposure in the JUDITH electron gun to reproduce the conditions expected in a fusion reactor during plasma instabilities. Boron-doped diamond is shown to exhibit thermal shock resistance far better than current material of choice for a fusion reactor like tungsten, with no surface damage after exposure to 100 cycles at 2.5 GW m−2 for 5 ms.

Research on religion and politics in Latin America has changed focus dramatically since the second edition of J. Lloyd Mecham's classic Church and State in Latin America appeared in 1966. Originally written in the 1930s, Mecham's book concentrated attention on formal church-state relations throughout Latin America from the conquest to the 20th century. For decades it was the standard work on the subject. However, in the late 1960s the subject itself began to be redefined in the face of growing religious activism and new patterns of social involvement on the part of the Roman Catholic church.' By the end of the 1980s, a substantial body of research offered broad insights into two decades of intense religious activism. This research demonstrated the importance of looking beyond formal issues of church and state to the broader social arenas in which religion and politics interact. It became clear that modernization in Latin America had not led to the irrelevance of the Roman Catholic church or to a decline of religious faith but that, in spite of the reinvigoration of Catholicism, evangelical Protestantism was spreading with astonishing speed.2 Sheer numbers hardly tell the story, but they command attention. In 1968 there were approximately 12 million Protestants in Latin America. In 1980 that figure had doubled to 25 million, and by 1988 it had doubled again to more than 55 million. In Brazil, the largest Catholic country in the world, almost 20 percent of the population was Protestant by the end

(1993). Tradition and change in the Latin American catholic church: A comparison of el Salvador and Nicaragua. Renaissance and Modern Studies: Vol. 36, Catholicism and politics, pp. 122-141.

In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a novel and simple approach that uses off-the-shelf optical elements to enhance the collection efficiency from a single emitter. The key component is a solid immersion lens made of diamond, the host material for single color centers. We improve the excitation and detection of single emitters by one order of magnitude, as predicted by theory.

In this work, nanofibre membranes have been produced from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (PVdF-HFP), and polymer blend of PAN and polyurethane (PEU) using an electrospinning technique, and wound healing performance of the as-spun nanofibre membranes was examined in vivo using female Sprague-Dawley rats. To understand the nutrition effect, a wool protein was coated on PVA and PCL nanofibres and incorporated into PVA nanofibres via coelectrospinning of a PVA solution containing the wool protein. Silver nanoparticles were also applied to PVA nanofibres to improve antibacterial activity. It was found that the wound healing performance is mainly influenced by the porosity, air permeability, and surface wettability of the nanofibre membranes. A nanofibre membrane with good hydrophilicity and high porosity considerably facilitates the healing of wound especially at the early healing stage. However, the fiber diameter and antibacterial activity have little effect on the wound healing efficiency. As pores in nanofibre membranes are typically smaller than that of conventional cotton gauze, the nanofibre membrane should be able to decontaminate and prevent exogenous infections via sieve effect. This work provides basic understanding of material structure-property relationship for further design of efficient nanofibre-based wound dressing materials.

The multiple mini-interview (MMI) overcomes the limitations of the traditional panel interview by multiple sampling to provide improved objectivity and reliability. Reliability of the MMI is affected by number of stations; however, there are few data reporting the influence of interview duration on MMI outcome and reliability. We aimed to determine whether MMI stations can be shortened without affecting applicant rankings or compromising test reliability.A total of 175 applicants were interviewed and assessed at 10 8-minute stations. Applicants were scored once after 8 minutes at five control stations and twice after 5 minutes and 8 minutes at five experimental stations. Scores at 5 and 8 minutes were compared using t-tests and correlation coefficients. Rankings of applicants based on 5- and 8-minute scores were compared using Spearman's rank order coefficient. The reliability of the MMI was examined for 5- and 8-minute scores using generalisability theory.Mean scores at 5 minutes were lower than mean scores at 8 minutes. Cumulative scores at 5 minutes were also lower. There were highly significant correlations between 5- and 8-minute scores at all experimental stations (0.82-0.91; P0.01) and between the cumulative scores at 5 and 8 minutes (0.92; P0.01). There was a strong correlation between applicant rankings based on cumulative 5- and 8-minute scores (Spearman's rank order coefficient 0.92). Reliability was not affected.Reducing the duration of MMI stations from 8 to 5 minutes conserves resources with minimal effect on applicant ranking and test reliability.

Substantial developments have been achieved in the synthesis of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond in recent years, providing engineers and designers with access to a large range of new diamond materials. CVD diamond has a number of outstanding material properties that can enable exceptional performance in applications as diverse as medical diagnostics, water treatment, radiation detection, high power electronics, consumer audio, magnetometry and novel lasers. Often the material is synthesized in planar form, however non-planar geometries are also possible and enable a number of key applications. This article reviews the material properties and characteristics of single crystal and polycrystalline CVD diamond, and how these can be utilized, focusing particularly on optics, electronics and electrochemistry. It also summarizes how CVD diamond can be tailored for specific applications, based on the ability to synthesize a consistent and engineered high performance product., Comment: 51 pages, 16 figures

This chapter examines the efficacy of justice reform in creating effective mechanisms of horizontal accountability in El Salvador and Guatemala. There is little evidence to suggest that reforms have instilled in judges, prosecutors and the police a commitment to horizontal accountability. Moreover, the public remains skeptical about the impact of reform in promoting horizontal accountability.

Strong associations exist between specific odours and colours, and these associations have been found to be both consistent within populations and over time (Gilbert et al., 1996). Experimental manipulations of these associations have shown that both taste and odour perception rely heavily upon visual cues (e.g., Blackwell, 1995; Sakai et al., 2005); participants often make errors in odour judgements when stimuli have been artificially coloured (Morrot et al., 2001), and the presence of a strongly-associated colour can greatly enhance the detection of an odour and the intensity of aromas or flavours (Zellner and Kautz, 1990; Zellner and Whitten, 1999), as well as preference and enjoyment (Herz, 2001; Herz and Beland, 2004). Such associations between colour and odour appear to be based on prior experience (Blackwell, 1995; Morrot et al., 2001; Sakai et al., 2005; Stevenson and Oaten, 2008), and odours are usually perceived alongside visual, taste and tactile sensations, as well as higher order cues such as shape, size and object labelling. As such, an odour maybe perceived quite differently depending upon its current multisensory context, and experiencing an odour without these additional cues is likely to be different from experiencing the odour in a natural multisensory environment. Here we explore if odour-evocative words, rich in semantic connotations, differ in their colour associations compared to those associated with just odour. Twenty individuals were tested in each of four geographical locations; Germany, Malaysia, The Netherlands and the United States of America. Participants chose the three colours they most closely associated with both odours and odour-words from a chart of 36, using Xperiment software (www.xperiment.mobi). Preliminary results indicate that there were differences between odour-evocative words and odour cues in terms of the associated colours, for all populations.

In January of 1853, the Lt Governor of the North-Western Provinces, James Thomason, inaugurated a new building in Banaras, situated perhaps halfway between the European cantonment and the ghats which line the sacred river Ganga. Designed in a high Gothic style by Major Kittoe, this was to be the new home of the Benares College, which incorporated one of the largest, and most symbolically important, Sanskrit departments of any British educational institution in north India. The building itself, which is now incorporated into Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, somewhat resembles a Christian church, for it is a long structure with high vaulted ceilings and a large stained glass window in the wall opposite the main entrance doors. Inscribed into the walls are verses in English and Hindi; one counsels that ‘the lips of truth shall be established forever, a lying tongue is but for a moment.’ Under this roof, it was intended that the knowledges of East and West would, in some sense, be united, for the College's Superintendent during the mid-nineteenth century, James Ballantyne, was pursuing a pedagogy which was intended to demonstrate to the learned Hindu elite that the truths of European philosophy and science, while constituting a significant advancement upon Hindu learning, might also be reached by way of the latter's sound, yet undeveloped, premises. As such, Thomason spoke to the audience present that day of the Benares College as a beacon in the midst of a waning brahmanical system, from which enlightenment would spread forth: ‘one instrument in the mighty change.’

In a recent flight experiment to study hypersoniccrossflow transition, boundary layer characteristics weredocumented. A smooth steel glove was mounted on thefirst stage delta wing of Orbital Sciences Corporation'sPegasus ® launch vehicle and was flown at speeds of upAerospace Engineer, Member MAA?Instrumentation Engineer+Instrumentation Engineer§Insmnnentafion Engineer¶Aerospace EngineerFlight Assurance Analyst"_'_Aelos,, • pace Engineel • HH ++Instrumentation Engineer§§Instrumentation Engineer¶¶Engineel_rtg Technician***Software SpecialistCopyright ® 2000 by the American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the United States _mderTitle 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. Government has a royalty flee licenseto exercise all fights under the copyright claimed herein for Governmental purposes. All other fights are reserved by the copyright owner.to Mach 8 and altitudes of up to 250,000 ft. The wing-glove experiment was flown as a secondary payload offthe coast of Florida in October 1998. This paperdescribes the measurement system developed. Samplesof the results obtained for different parts of thetrajectory are included to show the characteristics andquality of the data. Thermocouples and pressure sensors(including Preston tubes, Stanton tubes, and a'probeless' pressure rake showing boundary layerprofiles) measured the time-averaged flow. Surface hot-films and high-frequency pressure transducers measuredflow dynamics. Because the vehicle was notrecoverable, it was necessary to design a system for real-time onboard processing and transmission. Onboardprocessing included spectral averaging. The quality andconsistency of data obtained was good and met theexperiment requirements.

In addition to the aim of mapping and sequencing one human's genome, the Human Genome Project also intends to characterise the genetic diversity of the world's peoples. The Human Genome Diversity Project raises political, economic and ethical issues. These intersect clearly when the genomes under study are those of indigenous peoples who are already subject to serious economic, legal and/or social disadvantage and discrimination. The fact that some individuals associated with the project have made dismissive comments about indigenous peoples has confused rather than illuminated the deeper issues involved, as well as causing much antagonism among indigenous peoples. There are more serious ethical issues raised by the project for all geneticists, including those who are sympathetic to the problems of indigenous peoples. With particular attention to the history and attitudes of Australian indigenous peoples, we argue that the Human Genome Diversity Project can only proceed if those who further its objectives simultaneously: respect the cultural beliefs of indigenous peoples; publicly support the efforts of indigenous peoples to achieve respect and equality; express respect by a rigorous understanding of the meaning of equitable negotiation of consent, and ensure that both immediate and long term economic benefits from the research flow back to the groups taking part.

In the last two years, Australia is said to have been experiencing a significant backlash against the recognition of indigenous rights. Increasingly the press reports public resentment at our alleged ‘special treatment’. Indeed, this is part of a worldwide trend, most recently seen in the United States with the repeal of laws requiring educational institutions to ensure that a certain quota of minority students be admitted.