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Introduction Color vision deficiency (CVD) is a disqualifying condition for military special duty occupations. Color vision testing and standards vary slightly among the U.S. military branches. Paper-based pseudoisochromatic plates (PIPs) remain a screening tool. Computer-based color vision tests (CVTs), i.e., the Cone Contrast Test (CCT), the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test, and the Waggoner Computerized Color Vision Test (WCCVT), are now replacing the Farnsworth Lantern Test (FALANT) and its variants to serve as a primary or secondary test in the U.S. Armed Forces. To maintain consistency in recruitment, performance, and safety, the study objectives were to examine military color vision testing, passing criteria, and color discrimination performance. Methods Study participants were 191 (17% female) students, faculty, and staff of the U.S. Air Force Academy and the Naval Aerospace Medical Institute. All subjects performed six CVTs, and 141 participants completed two additional military relevant color discrimination tasks. Friedman non-parametric test and Wilcoxon signed-rank post hoc test with Bonferroni adjusted P values were used to compare CVTs and standards. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni adjusted post hoc test were used to describe effects on color discrimination performance. Results The Heidelberg Multicolor—Moreland and Rayleigh (HMC-MR) anomaloscope diagnosed 58 CVD (30.4%). There were no statistically significant differences in identifying red–green CVD by the HMC-MR, CCT, CAD, WCCVT, and PIP tests (P = .18), or classifying deutan, protan, and normal color vision (CVN) by the HMC-MR and the CVT (P = .25). Classification of tritan CVD was significantly different depending on which CVT was used (P Conclusions CVTs are superior to paper-based PIP in diagnosing, classifying, and grading CVD. Relative to the PIP/FALANT standard in personnel selection, the current U.S. military CVT passing criteria offer comparable passing rates but are more accurate in selecting mild CVD. Nevertheless, military commanders should also consider specific operational requirements in selecting mild CVD for duty as reduced job performance may occur in a complex color critical environment.

The present paper describes a training procedure that can be used to obtain contrast-sensitivity functions in a single session with monkeys (Macaca mulatto). Examples of these functions, obtained early in the testing phase of the procedure, are presented. For comparison, the functions obtained from several human volunteers performing the same procedure are also shown. The resulting methodology is versatile enough to use in a variety of sensory systems with only minor modifications.

Differences in semantic recall and scalp recorded EEG (alpha 8–13 Hz) activity between students hypothesized as having either an analytic or holistic cognitive or processing style were investigated. Styles were determined by the amount of bilateral alpha activity measured from the cerebral cortex of the brain during eyes-open baseline recordings. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that when expository text is tightly structured, both male and female analytics (those producing relatively less bilateral alpha than holistics), recall more of the semantically important “gist” information from text than holistics, particularly when they are asked to concentrate during the reading/recall period. Holistics, on the other hand, recalled more gist information when they were asked to relax during the reading/recall task. Experiment 2 showed that male holistics recalled more metaphors than male analytics after reading highly metaphoric (descriptive) poetry. In contrast, male analytics recalled more metaphors than male holistics after reading logically structured (argumentative) poetry. Female analytics and holistics did not show a differential pattern of recall. In general, although not supportive of hemisphere-based cognitive styles, our alpha data reflected the encoding differences between analytic and holistic processors. Results are discussed in relation to the bimodal theory of conscious processing and several suggestions for future research are provided.

The confocal principle was applied to double pass method to measure the point spread function (PSF) of the human eye and an artificial eye, and to improve the ratio of signal to noise of retinal images. The double-pass PSFs of four human eyes on and off the optical axis of the eyes were measured. The off-axis double pass PSF in the human eye along vertical and horizontal direction is asymmetrical. When the subject looks left on the horizontal off axis, the PSF appears right of the optical axis of the subject eye. When the subject looks right the PSF is located left of the optical axis. The location of the PSF on the vertical off axis appears above the optical axis when the subject looks up. When the subject looks down the double pass PSF is located below the axis. The PSFs of the human eye recorded at varying off-axis angles are presented. Asymmetrical results suggest a more dynamic process in the optical system of the eye perhaps driven by the complicated outer or inner ocular structure.

In the future, aviation aircrews will likely operate in an environment that is saturated with electromagnetic energy emitted from a variety of sources. Lasers serving many applications, such as rangefinding and guidance, will be included in this environment. Eye damage from laser sources is possible, but laser irradiation below levels necessary to produce eye damage may still degrade visually guided human performance. It is important to understand how, and to what extent, visually mediated human performance is affected by low-level laser glare. To this end, we have conducted some initial laboratory studies in which we have systematically varied level of glare and cockpit windscreen characteristics while subjects, who were seated in a cockpit familiarization trainer, performed a visual search task. The search task required subjects to scan a complex visual scene projected on a screen and report the location of one small target disk randomly placed among larger background disks. In a series of studies, we have shown that windscreen characteristics and ambient illumination can interact with laser- induced glare to disrupt visual search performance. We have also shown that lens opacity, an opaqueness of the lens that increases with age, may interact with laser glare and degrade visual search performance more in older individuals. Laser light intensities well below the eye injury threshold may effectively disrupt visually guided performance.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

It has been common in the history of psychology to think of reading as involving two sets of processes, one that makes visual information available (perceptual processes) and the other that makes use of that information in support of the language processes involved in reading (cognitive processes). Interactive theories of reading (Rumelhart, 1977) have questioned the usefulness of such a distinction, suggesting that each processing activity occurs in the environment of, and can be subject to influences from, all other processing taking place. Recent work, however, has suggested the existence of different processing modules that are not directly influenced by the products of some other processing activities (Fodor, 1983; Frazier & Fodor, 1978). In particular, it has been proposed that the visual processes that make information available are not influenced by higher level processes (Forster, 1979; Stanovich, 1980). This chapter presents some data from a study we have conducted that supports the utility of maintaining a distinction in theories of reading between perceptual processes that make visually-provided information available and cognitive processes that use this information for the purposes of the task at hand.

An analysis of over 40,000 eye fixations made by college students during reading indicates that the frequency of immediately refixating a word following an initial eye fixation on it varies with the location of that fixation. The refixation frequency is lowest near the center of the word, positively accelerating with distance from the center. The data are well fit by a parabolic function. Assuming that refixation frequency is related to the frequency of successful word identification, the observed curvilinear relation results naturally from models that postulate a linear decrease in visual information with retinal eccentricity. A single letter difference in fixation location in a word can make a sizeable difference in the likelihood of refixating that word. The effects of word length and cultural frequency on the frequency of refixating are also examined.

Sixty-six college students read two chapters from a contemporary novel while their eye movements were monitored. The eye movement data were analyzed to identify factors that influence the location of a reader's initial eye fixation on a word. When the data were partitioned according to the location of the prior fixation (i.e. launch site), the distribution of fixation locations on the word (i.e. landing site distribution) was highly constrained, normal in shape, and not influenced by word length. The locations of initial fixations on words can be accounted for on the basis of five principles of perceptuo-oculomotor control: a word-object has a specific functional target location, a saccadic range error occurs that produces a systematic deviation of landing sites from the functional target location, the saccadic range error is reduced somewhat for saccades that follow longer eye fixations, there exists perceptuo-oculomotor variability that is a second, nonsystematic source of variation in landing sites, and the perceptuo-oculomotor variability increases with distance of the launch site from the target.