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This scoping review of shear wave elastography (SWE) articles in musculoskeletal soft tissue and nerve research demonstrates methodological heterogeneity resulting from a lack of standardized data collection and reporting requirements. Seven literature databases were searched for original articles published in English from 2004-2020 that examine human skeletal muscles, tendons, and nerves in vivo. Although 5,868 records were initially identified, only 375 reports met inclusion criteria. Of the 375 articles, 260 examined 89 unique muscles, 94 examined 14 unique tendons, and 43 examined 8 unique nerves. Cohorts were often small (n = 11-20) and young (mean = 20-29 years), and participants were typically tested in the prone position. Regarding equipment, a variety of ultrasound systems (n = 11), ultrasound models (n = 18), and transducers (n = 19) were identified. Only 11% of articles contained information on the use of electromyography to confirm absence of muscle activity, and only 8% reported measurement depth. Since musculoskeletal soft tissue and nerve stiffness can vary significantly based on data collection methods, it is essential to standardize SWE collection and reporting procedures. This will allow SWE to serve as a valid and reproducible tool for assessing tissue pathology, disease progression, and response to intervention within a variety of musculoskeletal and nerve-related disorders.

Back pain is the most common symptom of vertebral osteomyelitis and can be difficult to manage. Pain may persist despite appropriate antibiotic medications and may be refractory to common analgesic treatments. We present a case of a 53-year-old man with acute onset severe low back pain. Clinical evaluation and diagnostic workup were consistent with L1 osteomyelitis. The patient continued to report pain following treatment with intravenous antibiotics and typical analgesic therapy. Opioids were discontinued and low-dose celecoxib was initiated with appreciable improvement in pain and activity tolerance. Celecoxib may be a good option and alternative to opioids in the pain management of this population.

BACKGROUND The effect of physical activity on migraines is unclear, with some studies showing that it triggers episodes and others finding that it is preventative. Google Trends, a tool that gauges population interest in online searches both geographically and longitudinally, has been previously used for disease surveillance, including migraines. However, the recent COVID-19 Mobility Community Reports, in combination with Google Trends data, offers a unique opportunity to explore migraine epidemiology using real-time, geographic trends in physical activity. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to examine the relationship between physical activity and migraine using a novel infodemiological approach by combining data from Google Trends and the COVID-19 Mobility Community Reports. METHODS We collected data from the COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports (CCMR), specifying a time period of March 1st- 15th, 2020. We were specifically interested in the mobility trends scores for 2 variables: 1) parks and 2) residential. To assess the impact of mobility on migraine-related online searches, we collected Google Trends data by entering “Migraine” for the time period between April 1st-15th, 2020, one month after our CCMR collection period. We then calculated the percent change in migraine Search Volume Index (SVI) using the same CCMR March 2020 dates as baseline. RESULTS The 15 states with the highest and lowest park mobility (PM) scores displayed an average percent change of -29% and -12% in migraine-related online searches, respectively (p=0.0209). Residential mobility (RM) scores, which signal stronger adherence to lockdown, was positively correlated with change in migraine SVI (r=+0.32, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we reveal that there is an association between increased visitation of outdoor areas (i.e., PM scores) and reduction in migraine-related online searches one month after. This is in line with the literature findings on the prophylactic impact of physical exercise on migraine attacks. Given that studies have linked time spent indoors to increased sedentary behavior, the association between residential mobility (RM) scores and increased frequency of migraine-related online searches (i.e. SVIs) was also expected. Google Trends and CCMR data may provide additional insights into the impact of physical activity on migraine and other neurological conditions.

Purpose Roflumilast (Daliresp, Daxas) is a FDA-approved phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor for the treatment of moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In mice and in limited human studies, this oral medication can cause weight loss and improve insulin sensitivity. We set out to determine the mechanism of its effect on insulin sensitivity. Patients and methods Eight adults with overweight/obesity and prediabetes received roflumilast for 6 weeks. Before and after roflumilast, subjects underwent tests of insulin sensitivity, mixed meal test, body composition, markers of inflammation, and mitochondria function. Dietary intake and physical activity were also assessed. Our primary outcome was the change in peripheral insulin sensitivity, as assessed by the hyper-insulinemic euglycemic clamp. Results This study was underpowered for the primary outcome. Pre- and post-roflumilast mean peripheral insulin sensitivity were 48.7 and 70.0 mg/g fat free mass/minute, respectively, (P-value=0.18), respectively. Among the mixed meal variables, roflumilast altered glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone the most, although the average effect was not statistically significant (P=0.18). Roflumilast induced a trend toward significance in 1) decreased energy intake (from 11,095 KJ to 8,4555 KJ, P=0.07), 2) decreased fat mass (from 34.53 to 32.97 kg, P=0.06), 3) decreased total and LDL cholesterol (P=0.06 for both variables), and 4) increased plasma free fatty acids (from 0.40 to 0.50 mEq/L, P=0.09) The interval changes in adiposity and free fatty acid were significantly associated with the subject's age (P-value range=

PURPOSE: Current reference methods for measuring glucose effectiveness (GE) are the somatostatin pancreatic glucose clamp and minimal model analysis of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT), both of which are laborious and not feasible in large epidemiological studies. Consequently, surrogate indices derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to measure GE (oGE) have been proposed and used in many studies. However, the predictive accuracy of these surrogates has not been formally validated. In this study, we used a calibration model analysis to evaluate the accuracy of surrogate indices to predict GE from the reference FSIVGTT (Sg(MM)). METHODS: Subjects (n=123, mean age 48 ±11 years; BMI 35.9±7.3 kg/m(2)) with varying glucose tolerance (NGT, n=37; IFG/IGT, n=78; and T2DM, n=8) underwent FSIVGTT and OGTT on two separate days. Predictive accuracy was assessed by both root mean squared error (RMSE) of prediction and leave-one-out cross-validation-type RMSE of prediction (CVPE). RESULTS: As expected, insulin sensitivity, Sg(MM), and oGE were reduced in subjects with T2DM and IFG/IGT when compared with NGT. Simple linear regression analyses revealed a modest but significant relationship between oGE and Sg(MM) (r=0.25, p

South Asians (SA) are insulin-resistant (IR) and are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) when compared with Caucasians (CA). However, the changes in pancreatic β-cell responsivity, glucose effectiveness (Sg), and insulin clearance in SA are not well characterized. Healthy SA (n=30) and CA (n=30) matched for age, sex, and BMI and with no history of T2DM were evaluated in the Clinical Center. A frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) and a mixed meal test (MMT) were used for minimal modeling (MM). Insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and glucose effectiveness were calculated. Tissue-specific surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity and post-prandial incretin levels were also measured. SA were less insulin-sensitive (SI: 3.30±2.72 vs. 7.31±4.89, minutes-1/µU/mL, p Disclosure

Pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction because of reduced β‐cell mass and function is a primary determinant in the progression of diabetes. Increase in β‐cell mass and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia is frequently associated with insulin‐resistant states. Although the humoral factors mediating this compensatory response are unknown, serpinB1, a protease inhibitor, has recently been proposed to be one such factor. In this study, we examine the relationships between plasma serpinB1, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β‐cell function in non‐diabetic individuals. 117 subjects (women, n = 50, men, n = 67; age= 37.6 ± 10.8; BMI=31.1 ± 7.7 kg/m2) underwent an insulin‐modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) at the NIH Clinical Research Center. Acute insulin response (AIR) and insulin sensitivity index (SI) were obtained from the FSIVGTT with MINMOD analysis. The Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose values. Plasma serpinB1 levels were measured using an ELISA assay. Simple linear correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between serpinB1 and measures of insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function. Circulating serpinB1 levels were unrelated to age, sex, race, BMI, or percent body fat. SI but not AIR significantly correlated with circulating serpinB1 levels (r = 0.23, P

Pancreatic β ‐cell dysfunction because of reduced β ‐cell mass and function is a primary determinant in the progression of diabetes. Increase in β ‐cell mass and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia is frequently associated with insulin‐resistant states. Although the humoral factors mediating this compensatory response are unknown, serpinB1, a protease inhibitor, has recently been proposed to be one such factor. In this study, we examine the relationships between plasma serpinB1, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β ‐cell function in non‐diabetic individuals. 117 subjects (women, n = 50, men, n = 67; age= 37.6 ± 10.8; BMI=31.1 ± 7.7 kg/m2) underwent an insulin‐modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) at the NIH Clinical Research Center. Acute insulin response (AIR) and insulin sensitivity index (SI) were obtained from the FSIVGTT with MINMOD analysis. The Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose values. Plasma serpinB1 levels were measured using an ELISA assay. Simple linear correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between serpinB1 and measures of insulin sensitivity and β ‐cell function. Circulating serpinB1 levels were unrelated to age, sex, race, BMI, or percent body fat. SI but not AIR significantly correlated with circulating serpinB1 levels ( r = 0.23, P

The “Earn-Your-Way” credit system is an effort to assess the effectiveness of contingent reinforcement techniques in the treatment of heroin addicts. Rehabilitation efforts employing token economies have recently yielded encouraging results with groups of juvenile delinquents (Fineman, 1968; Tyler and Brown, 1968), with mentally retarded children (Lent, 1968) and with chronic psychiatric hospital patients (Atthow and Krasner, 1968; Montgomery and McBurney, 1970). Bernard and Eiesenman (1967) demonstrated the particular effectiveness of contingent reinforcement in conditioning the verbal behavior of a group of sociopaths. For the most part, token economy studies have concentrated on affecting limited areas of behavior. This study represents one of the first applications of the token economy behavioral modification technique to a civilly committed addict population in a milieu treatment program.

Depending on inner versus outer frames of reference in Witkin's sense parallels a subject's tendency to distinguish between internal images and external percepts. A rank-order correlation of .69 ( N = 22) was found between scores on a task designed to test the latter tendency and scores on the rod-and-frame task.