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[“Quo vadis?” Two sermons by Rev. Sebastian Piskorski on the occasion of ordination, vesture and taking vows of Franciszek Szembek’s children – the structure and main issues] This study is devoted to two sermons by Rev. Sebastian Piskorski delivered during the ceremonies of the first mass of Michał Szembek and taking the veil and religious vows by Teresa Franciszka Szembekówna, Nun of the Visitation – both children of Franciszek Szembek. The paper analyzes the roles of particular elements of the sermons in creating a persuasive message whose aim is to accompany the young in their rites of passage. The preacher shows them what the way they have chosen will look like. He makes them realize the significance of the mission they undertake as well as possible difficulties; he introduces them into the special nature of the clergy, showing them what they give up and what they let themselves in for. Those deliberations, referring to the motifs of mystical meal and mystical way, are supposed to assist them in making a free and conscious decision. What is remarkable is the exceptional skill of the preacher, who has based his discussion on Gospel pericopes devoted to certain days of the liturgical calendar. The invention base for the sermons is the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers. What is also important is estate-related factors: the significance and consequences of the vows taken and the mission Michał and Teresa Franciszka are to undertake once they become part of the clergy. Time showed that it was particularly Teresa Szembekówna that fulfilled her task, as a promoter of the worship of the Heart of Jesus in Poland; her zeal contributed to Pope Clement XIII sanctioning the worship.

The study is dedicated to identifying the ways in which memory works in the funerary sermons by Fabian Birkowski, preached and published with the aim of commemorating the achievements of Jan Zamoyski, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Bartłomiej Nowodworski, Jan Wejher, Stefan Chmielecki, Zygmunt Śrzedziński, Krzysztof Zbaraski and Joachim Ocieski.The aim of the work is to reconstruct the strategies of commemoration in the creative, dispositional and elocutionary dimensions of the sermons themselves, as well as in the elements of front matter and end matter of the pieces: the titles, epigraphs, prefaces and censor’s approvals. The commemoration is achieved through the depiction of the deceased’s accomplishments against the backdrop of biblical and mythological tradition, and of literature, from classical, through to medieval and late-Renaissance. The preacher strives for the inclusion of the deceased’s achievements in the canon of collective memory, in which they are preserved as excellent knights, leaders, chancellors or diplomats, proving their courage, valour, virtue, piety, concern for their fatherland and for the civil liberties of the nobility. The research material is also analysed in the context of the notions of memory related to the field of contemporary humanities (places of memory, collective memory, vehicles of memory, identity and post-memory).

Tekst poświęcony jest obrazowi szlachty-rycerstwa w literaturze okolicznościowej traktującej o sprawach wojennych, a więc publicznych, jak i ekshortacyjnej poezji parenetycznej niezwiązanej z konkretnymi zdarzeniami, ale aktualnej na tle bieżącej sytuacji politycznej. Przeglądem objęto też wybrane przykłady poezji funeralnej należące do kręgu rodzinnego (utwory poświęcano osobom publicznym, zatem ich adresatami nie była tylko rodzina i powinowaci, ale cały stan szlachecki i Rzeczpospolita, którym służyli zmarli, pełniąc funkcje polityczne lub wojskowe, bądź byli oni honorowani z racji samej przynależności do znaczącego rodu). W objętych przeglądem utworach pojęcia „szlachectwo” i „etos rycerski” utożsamia się. Wynika to ze specyficznej tematyki twórczości okolicznościowej, poezji parenetycznej i funeralnej. W przedstawionych tekstach w centrum uwagi autorów stoi wojna prowadzona w obronie granic państwa, co jest tożsame z działaniem mającym na celu zabezpieczenie status quo, identycznego z wolnością rozumianą dosłownie jako przeciwieństwo fizycznej niewoli, jak i zachowanie przywilejów stanowych czy ogólnie porządku ustrojowego, zapewniającego szczególne prawa wybranej grupie społeczeństwa. Zarazem grupa ta jest zobowiązana do określonych działań służebnych na rzecz państwa, religii oraz ludności niemogącej podjąć zobowiązań rycerskich. Wywiązanie się z nich pozwala jej, w założeniu, zachować uprzywilejowaną pozycję. Literaci, posługując się formami wypowiedzi niosącymi silny ładunek perswazyjny czy to przez suassio lub disuassio, w ramach genus deliberativum, bądź laudatio i vituperatio, w ramach genus demonstrativum, starają się nakłaniać odbiorcę do wprowadzania w życie określonych postaw, zaś tych, którzy robią to z powodzeniem w ramach służby ojczyźnie, nagradzają przekonując, że dzięki swej postawie, wyrażającej się ofiarnym męstwem, wykazali się cnotą, a przez to zasłużyli na wieczną pamięć. Jako że są uczestnikami sztafety sławy wyrażonej zwłaszcza przez ród i herb. Swoimi czynami dopisują kolejny rozdział do księgi dziejów rodziny, podtrzymując godne pochwały tradycje, broniąc ojczyzny i stabilności przywilejów stanowych.

The present study’s main focus is the analysis of three exhortations’ structure along with the topic featured therein, which appear in Piotr Kochanowski’s translation Gofred abo Jeruzalem wyzwolona published in 1618. Those speeches are delivered by Soliman and Emiren, who represent the Saracen side, and the eponymous Goffredo, who represents Christians. The author of the article indicates some arguments (understood as rhetorical devices) referring to the knightly community, which may either be praised (“our” side) or chastised (the opponents), or referencing the leader/warlord, who may deliver a self-praise or berate the enemies’ leader. In addition, a classification of speeches is offered; and so, the following types were distinguished: the call-to-arms type speech to defend a territory, values, and family; the speech calling for outstanding bravery and manly prowess in the face of expected defeat; calling for dedication when faced with an equal opponent; and finally, calling for devotion in the course of attaining a military aim.

The study presents in the first part various forms of work (from physical to mental) done in the countryside and in the city, as well as the motivation accompanying it (satisfying hunger and gaining goods ensuring existence), characterizes the term of ethos, especially the work ethos, provides a review of issues related to work in Polish literature from the time of the Enlightenment to the end of the 20th century. The second part of the study presents a review of the proverbs about work and the genesis of the book presented to the reader, preceded by a scientific conference. The part constituting a review of work depictions in Polish literature treats about the employment of people belonging to different groups and social classes (nobles, burghers, clergy, peasantry), the effort of a farmer, a worker working in a factory or at the building site, a craftsman (weaver, carpenter), a driver, an engineer (builder supervising the production process), a wandering lamplighter, a teacher, an artist or a writer. It also concerns slavish labor of prisoners. The study presents literary images of work created under the influence of organic work, the cult of power stemming from Nietzscheanism and the slogans of the reconstruction of the socialist homeland. Writers are accompanied with the idea of presenting the psyche transformation of a man burdened with work. Proverbs show work as a necessity providing food and maintenance and leading to enrichment while diligence as a virtue, which is opposed by laziness leading to hunger and poverty. Work according to proverbs is associated with effort and prudence.

The purpose of the study is to capture the richness of work forms described in literature from Antiquity to the end of the 17th century. The dominant feature is the presentation of a work image in selected Old Polish works. Significant for the deliberations is the division verbalized by Sebastian Fabian Klonowic, who, following the ancient authorities, defined what activities can the nobility deal with and which of them did not belong to its state ethos. The study was divided into three parts. The first presents selected works constituting the state of researches on the issue. Second part presents chosen examples of descriptions and opinions about the topic of work derived from the Bible, mythology and the Classical Literature (especially works od Hesiod, Virgil and Horace). Third part brings closer the images of work portrayed in Polish literature of the Renaissance and the Baroque. Especially there are works connected with a life of nobleman-landowner (landlord), diplomat, peasant and shepherd, slave, soldier, rafter, sailor, miner, steelworker as well as a writer. The study brings closer also chosen examples of theoretical considerations about the topic of work by mainly Renaissance thinkers. The topic of work is present in the Old Polish writings representing various literary forms, as well as literary genres, were created often under the influence of the authority of the ancient literature. Writers once show strict division of performers and activities motivated by their state affiliation, elsewhere the cooperation of the representatives of various states in a realization of common objective. The study also perceives the work of a slave functioning in the Osman Empire in conjunction with the position and difficulty of the serf peasant.

The aim of this study is to determine the scope of a future monograph, which will be devoted to Old Polish exhortations , and show the key issues concerning this genre, based on the current state of research. The author’s reflections focus on Polish literature of the 16 th and 17 th centuries – heroic epics, occasional poetry and prose, as well as orations. The starting point for the author’s deliberations on the subject is the ancient genesis of exhortation as a form found in the heroic epics and historical works. In the subsequent subsections of this paper, the author brings up the statements of Polish scholars, who explored the subject of exhortations, including Juliusz Nowak - – Dluzewski, Alojzy Sajkowski, Jadwiga Kuczynska, Roman Krzywy and Renata Galaj - – Dempniak. Based on Teresa Michalowska’s conclusions concerning genealogy, the author proposes a hypothesis that exhortation is a separate literary genre, which uses a group of topoi. The future monograph is intended to show the functioning of exhortation in treatises on poetics and rhetoric as a separate literary genre. The author’s objectives are also to showcase the presence of this genre in lyrical and epic works, as well as present oration as a self - – contained and non - – self - – contained expression in terms of polygraphy and content. The additional objective of the new work is to show the changing specificity of topoi in exhortations, which were to be used within parenthesis, for the effective formation of reality.

The study presents selected examples of functioning in the literature and culture the category of senility and youth in the idea of Antiquity, as well as examples from the circle of literature of Renaissance and Baroque (in the context especially of Parenetics). The versatility of these categories present also proverbs existing in such works of culture as Erazm of Rotterdam’s Adagia and Ezop’s fables. The examples of meetings, but also confrontations, and well as independent functioning motifs of senility and youth in the art are among others paintings of Teodor Axentowicz and Wlastimil Hofman. The study also pays attention to the transformations, which have occurred in the functioning of senility and youth in the culture of recent years, including changes in defining their borders. Deliberations present afterwards course of conference devoted to the titled issue and also they describe motifs, which have guided to group studies collected in the volume. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

Śmierć jednakowo przeraża i fascynuje literatów oraz twórców kultury. Próbują ją poznać, zbadać, oswoić, opisać, niektórzy może nawet zaprzyjaźnić się. Jedni postrzegają śmierć poprzez doświadczenia, przekazy, objawienie religijne, inni próbują zmierzyć się z nią sami. Rezultatem tych różnorodnych u swej genezy, ale też w swym przebiegu, poszukiwań są dzieła literackie oraz inne wszelkiego rodzaju artefakty. Śmierć, w rzeczywistości nieuchwytna w swej istocie, jawi się w średniowieczu jako szkielet bądź rozkładające się zwłoki. Budząc przerażenie i szacunek zaprasza ludzi różnych stanów do swego tańca – danse macabre – tańca Śmierci. Straszy karą grzeszników, obiecuje rozkosze niebiańskie sprawiedliwym. Jest wpisana w porządek religijny. Pojęcia śmierci wzniosłej lub pełnej makabry nie wyczerpują całej bogatej palety doznań, jakie ze śmiercią kojarzymy. Wzniosłość i makabra stały się jako własne przeciwieństwa punktem wyjścia dla poszukiwań podjętych w obszarze literatury i kultury. W książce znajdujemy studia na temat literackich zmagań ze śmiercią w twórczości m.in.: F. Birkowskiego, F.D. Kniaźnina, J.P. Woronicza, A.A. Jakubowskiego, H. von Kleista, J. Słowackiego, A. Mostowskiej, Ł. Rautenstrauchowej, B. Ostrowskiej, M. Wolskiej, H. Sienkiewicza, L. Rydla, S. Piętaka, A. Świrszczyńskiej, A. Kamieńskiej, J. Kaczmarskiego, E. Ostrowskiej, S. Clarke, S. Kane. Autorzy przyglądają się wzniosłości i makabrze w literackich obrazach śmierci od baroku po współczesność Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

This text presents relations between Horacy’s Carmina III 16 and two short parts The important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski Samuel from Skrzypną Twardowski. Author tries to present the role of the lyric text in the long epic story. Very important is a role of Jan Kochanowski’s Song II 4. He unites mythological and Horatian themes Danae and gold. In the Iwardowski’s text exists myth in the Kochanowski’s version. Twardowski alludes to situation at the Turkey’s court and emperors love of gold, because he describes duke’s visit, presents dangerous situation of legate and behaviour of Turkey ruler. In The important Mission author carries on an intertekstual game with the reader, he directs him to mythological, Horatian and Kochanowski’s texts. He is going to presents behaviour type of ruler. Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

The aim of the article is to present outlook specificity to the topic of epidemics process described in two works Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł’s “Peregrination to the Holy Land” and “Victoria deorum” of Sebastian Fabian Klonowic on the background of Thucydides, Lucretius, Ovid and Boccacio. As the contexts are summoned relations of Homer and Virgil. Elements creating convention are following: description of symptoms, treatment attempts, medics’ hopelessness, mass death of population, consequences of social stratification during the plague, an increase of religious worship or escape into hedonistic use of life, loosening moral principles, population migrations, families’ fall, lack of respect for bodies and mass burials. Radziwiłł describes, from a distant perspective, a several-year dynamics of the epidemic’s development largely omitting conventions, Klonowic focuses on its process among the poorer classes, only partially taking up well known plots. Referring to literary tradition, he introduces new ones.

Draws attention rich and varied occasional output of Chlebowski, who was a professional writer creating in the first half of the 17th century. However, former researchers accused him of plagiarism at the same time regarding him as a talented compiler. Researches on the Chlebowski’s output are going to lead to recognise his writing technique and expand knowledge about compilation and imitation. Furthermore, the article presents the state of researches on the Chlebowski’s creativity starting from the oldest works of a bibliographic nature (end of the 18th and the 19th century) to the detailed studies, which concern the following issues: Zebrzydowski’s rebellion, political relations with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, hagiographic writings, political relations with Persia and the Ottoman Empire, images of natural disasters, the Tatar invasions and funeral writings. Moreover, the following directions for further studies have been indicated: recognising the biography of the poet; organising and enhancing the knowledge of his works; identification of the community, from the patronage of which Chlebowski benefited as a professional writer; redefinition of the relations between compilation, imitation and Chlebowski’s plagiarism; proving whose library resources the poet benefited from.

The article is proving that works arisen from the tradition of wishing carol, in which titles appeared a formula „Carol, The New Year and the Generous Day”, constitute a separate literary genre. What is more, works, which belong to it could exist in two forms: unified and cyclical. The genesis of the genre is regarded to appear in combining into one group the motives and symbols of the Christian holidays (from the Christmas through the Circumcision / the New Year to the Epiphany). These types of lyrics were printed from the very beginning to the half of the 17th century. The article therefore is creating the profile of dozen texts saved to our times.