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Introduction: Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a supplement that can boost nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels in the body, which is crucial for maintaining energy balance and stress response. Declining NAD+ levels with age contribute to aging and related diseases, making NMN supplementation a potential solution. Despite its potential benefits, NMN’s safety and efficacy need further investigation. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to analyze recent research on NMN supplementation regarding its safety and efficacy in improving human health, especially in patients with diabetes and prediabetes, and to suggest potential research directions for this compound. Methods and Materials: Extensive research was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on literature from the past 5 years, primarily on randomized controlled trials. The databases were searched using the term “nicotinamide mononucleotide” to gather articles, and references from selected articles were included. Conclusion: A beneficial direction for NMN research is an in-depth analysis of its effects on skeletal muscles in both healthy individuals and those with diabetes. Studies on larger groups, with higher doses, and over longer periods are crucial to determine the optimal supplementation protocol and assess individual variability in NMN’s metabolic effects.

Background Minoxidil and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are proven treatments for androgenetic alopecia, however their combined therapy is not as researched. Research materials and methods Materials used for our research consist of published papers that pertain to both minoxidil and platelet-rich plasma therapies. More comprehensive papers, such as those including other substances were also included although results about other substances were not included, we simply discarded them. Each of the found and chosen articles were added and processed by various formulas which aim were to calculate efficacy of combined therapy while minimizing the errors and biases that could prop up in the source papers. Overall goal was to consolidate knowledge of the efficacy of combined therapy of minoxidil and platelet-rich plasma with emphasis on effect that could affect the physical performance. Results All trials have shown statistically significant improvement when compared to minoxidil monotherapy. Compared to PRP monotherapy results had been superior although not always in statistically significant manner. No trials have shown additional, adverse interactions, side effects or impacts on physical performance beyond those expected from the monotherapies, proving combined is as safe as monotherapies. Conclusion Combined therapy is proven to yield better results, while remaining a safe and cost-effective method. It doesn’t impact physical performance in any way if taken correctly. Still higher quantity of research is welcome to make those finding more stable and in order to better assess the positive effect of combing titular substances.

Introduction: Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, in which the central clinical characteristics are hyperphagia and obesity. Obesity leads to higher mortality rates in PWS patients and thus, effective and safe treatment of hyperphagia and obesity in PWS individuals is an important aspect of PWS therapy. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to research both the new and the more standard treatment options of hyperphagia and obesity in PWS patients. Methods and Materials: An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed database. Only articles from the past 5 years were taken into consideration. The keywords used during the search were: prader willi syndrome, obesity, treatment. Results: Our research showed that in the treatment of hyperphagia and obesity in PWS patients, health professionals may consider the use of pharmacological treatment options, surgery and neuromodulatory options. Moreover, physical activity and environmental control are beneficial in limiting caloric intake and improving body mass index. Furthermore, early diagnosis and thus starting treatment in early childhood are beneficial in preventing the progression of obesity. However, more research is needed to determine which treatment options are best suited for specific patients.

Introduction: The present study investigated the role of fasting and diet in the development and treatment of cancers, with a focus on non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Dietary components and regimens have an impact on the risk of development of malignances as well as on the treatment of the disease. Cancerous subtypes react differently to various dietary compounds and regimes. Although not widely used- fasting can be valuable help in cancer treatment. In this article we show how diet modifications and restrictions can affect existing therapies. Aim of the study: By analyzing current literature, the study aimed to understand how various dietary components and regimens influence cancer risk and treatment efficacy. Methods: Extensive research was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. References from selected articles were included in the analysis. Results: Consuming high amount of fruits and vegetables, unsaturated fats and supplementing vitamin D can reduce the risk of malignancies, with red meat, dairy products and saturated fats intake increasing it. Fasting affects lipid, glucose, protein and neuroendocrine metabolism in the way that helps the treatment of cancers. It slows down tumor growth, reduces some symptoms and improves the effects of chemotherapy. Exploring this topic further could propagate suitable diets for cancer subtypes as well as popularize fasting, which is not yet a widely known adition to standard anti-cancer treatments.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and progressive joint destruction, significantly impacting quality of life. While conventional treatments focus on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression through pharmacological means, the potential role of complementary therapies like vitamin supplementation or increased physical activity has garnered increasing interest. Aim of the Study: This narrative review explores the existing literature on the efficacy and mechanisms of various vitamins in the management of RA. By synthesizing current research findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of how vitamin supplementation might influence RA outcomes, offering insights into potential integrative approaches to enhance patient care. Methods and Materials: A thorough search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on literature published in the past five years. Vitamins with potential impacts on RA progression were identified and paired with the term "Rheumatoid Arthritis" to collect data on their influence on the disease's incidence and management, as well as the mechanisms involved. Additionally, references from selected articles were reviewed and included in the analysis. This method ensured a comprehensive evaluation of the current evidence regarding vitamin supplementation in RA treatment. Similarly, studies on the impact of physical activity on RA were also reviewed. Results: The influence of physical activity on serum inflammatory markers in RA patients was limited. Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced disease activity, alleviated pain, and mitigated methotrexate-related side effects, especially in patients with baseline vitamin D deficiency or lower serum levels. In contrast, other vitamins have not exhibited the same positive effects. These findings underscore the need for continued research to optimize the role of various vitamins in managing RA effectively.

Introduction: Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent and debilitating ocular condition characterized by discomfort, visual disturbances, and tear film instability. Recent therapeutic developments have introduced perfluorohexyloctane ophthalmic solution (Miebo®) as a potential treatment for DED, particularly in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Aim of the Study: This narrative review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Miebo® in treating DED based on current clinical evidence. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to May 2024 resulting in the identification of 9 studies. The review included randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and systematic reviews that focused on the use of Miebo® for DED. Data on efficacy in improving tear film stability and symptom relief, as well as safety profiles, were extracted and analyzed. Results: The evidence indicates that Miebo® significantly enhances tear film stability and alleviates symptoms of DED, with pronounced benefits observed in patients with MGD. Comparative studies demonstrate that Miebo® is more effective than conventional treatments, such as artificial tears and lipid-based formulations. Safety assessments reveal minimal ocular surface discomfort and no significant systemic adverse events associated with Miebo® use. Conclusion: Miebo® shows substantial efficacy and a favorable safety profile in managing DED, making it a valuable therapeutic option, particularly for patients who do not respond to traditional therapies. However, further research is needed to confirm its long-term effectiveness and safety.

Introduction: The Dark Triad is a construct devised by Paulhus and Williams in 2002. It comprises of three personality disorders: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy, that are believed to be debilitating both to people exhibiting these traits and their social environment. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyse current literature regarding the Dark Triad and the influence of its components on different areas of functioning. Methods and Materials: Extensive research was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, with the primary focus on literature from the past 5 years. These databases were searched using “the Dark Triad” and its components names as entries to gather articles. Additionally, references from selected articles were included in the analysis. Results: Our article showed that the components of the Dark Triad influence many areas of functioning, although this influence is not always negative. Having all the traits of the Dark Triad is more likely to induce immoral behaviour than having the individual traits in isolation. Thus, further research of the Dark Triad is needed, especially regarding different facets of its components. Devising more in-depth questionnaires that would cover all sub-divisions of the Dark Triad components would largely bolster the research in this field.

In recent years, interest in probiotics in publications has been steadily increasing. This is associated with the discovery of the relationship between disruptions in the gut microbiome and dysfunction of the immune system, and consequently, the development of various diseases and allergies. The composition of the natural gut microbiota in newborns can undergo changes, and as a result, we can influence it both prenatally and postnatally. According to available research, factors influencing it include the timing and method of delivery, maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as antibiotic use in newborns after birth, and the method of feeding the child. It is suspected that disturbances in the composition of gut microbiota from the earliest stages of life contribute to the development of disorders such as functional gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome), inflammatory bowel diseases, allergies, atopic dermatitis, neurodevelopmental disorders (autism spectrum disorders), and increased risk of obesity in later years of the child's life. When significant dysbiosis occurs, stimulating the growth of protective and nutritive autochthonous bacteria on the intestinal epithelium is difficult to achieve in any other way than using appropriately selected probiotic strains. However, it is important to remember to choose probiotics with a well-researched quantitative and qualitative composition, and to select them depending on the underlying disease, as well as the age and other conditions of the patient.

Introduction The urachal anomaly is a developmental defect, a remnant of fetal life consisting of a patent connection between the dome of the urinary bladder and the umbilicus. It can take various forms. Most commonly it occurs in males, very rarely in adults. The main symptoms associated with this condition are: foul-smelling discharge from the umbilicus, abdominal pain, hematuria, or recurrent urinary tract infections. Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of the persistent urachus. Aim of the study The aim of the study is to sentize doctors’ attention that patent urachus is the rare but possible diagnosis of acute abdomen pain in adults population and bring the proceedings. Materials and methods: An analysis of papers avaliable on Pubmed and Google Scholar was performed. The following key words: urachal anomalies, adults, abdomen pain, urachal remnants, urachal carcinoma were used. Results: Lately, thanks to modern precise imaging diagnostics, more valuable studies have been conducted, allowing to characterize residual ureteral remnants, which are most often asymptomatic in population of adults. However the manifestation of symptoms is mostly associated with infection of the mentioned area or a tumor transformation. There are at least two case reports which report that infection of urachal remnants could manifestate after intensive physical activity. It is worth in-depth interviewing. Studies indicate the necessity of surgical removal of persistent urachal anomalies, as they carry the risk of rapid growth and unfavorable prognosis of cancerous spread.

Introduction In recent years, there has been tremendous development in medicine, including diabetology. A significant portion of these achievements pertains to pharmacological treatment. However, one should not overlook the advancement of devices necessary for monitoring glucose levels, such as glucometers or CGM and FGM systems. In this paper, I want to focus on how the use of glucose monitoring systems affects the course of diabetes. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to determine the impact of glucose monitoring systems (CGM and FGM) on parameters of metabolic control in diabetes. Materials and methods The article was created based on the PubMed and Scholar databases. The literature was analyzed using the following keywords: Continuous glucose monitor, CGM, flash glucose monitoring, FGM, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes mellitus, Metrics of Glycemic. Results Research has confirmed that the use of continuous glucose monitoring systems lowers HbA1c in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes regardless of age and treatment modality. Furthermore, the use of CGM and FGM reduces the number of hypoglycemic episodes and increases time in range (TIR). Conclusions Thanks to the results obtained from numerous studies, it can be assumed that the use of continuous glucose monitoring systems is not only an adjunct to diabetes therapy but also an important component of it. With this technology combined with modern medications, we can achieve better glycemic control and, consequently, improve the quality of life of patients with diabetes.

Introduction Dementia is a syndrome characterized by a gradual deterioration of cognitive functions, including memory, thinking, orientation, attention span, perception, judgment, and language abilities. Obesity influences its development. Materials and methods The following review of studies is based on recent scientific articles available in PubMed and Google Scholar databases.The most searched phrases included: "dementia", "obesity", "midlife",and "the relationship between obesity and the risk of dementia". Results Literature review indicates the existence of a relationship between midlife obesity and later dementia. It has also been pointed out that the forecasts for the onset of obesity and dementia are alarmingly rising world wide.It is estimated that by the year 2050, we can expect a threefold increase in dementia cases. Conclusion The results of the cited studies indicate that further research into the occurrence of obesity and its later association with dementia is necessary. Midlife obesity likely plays a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of dementia.

Introduction: Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. There are two forms of bladder cancer: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle invasive bladder cancer. A common treatment method for non- muscle invasive bladder cancer is intravesical BCG (Mycobaterium bovis) therapy after radical tumor resection. It is estimated that half of patients will have an insufficient response to BCG treatment. Patients using this type of therapy also report side effects more and more often. Aim of the study: The aim of this article is to discuss the latest discoveries in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer when BCG therapy is insufficient. Material and Methods: The paper was created based on the PubMed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the key words: „bladder cancer”; „BCG”; „treatment”; „side effects”; „novel therapies”. Results: The research shows that novel therapies are effective and safe compared to the use of BCG. In such patients, atezolizumab, metformin or intravesical magnesium sulfate infusions may be used as an alternative. An innovative solution is the use of HIVEC - heated chemotherapy administered intravesically. There are also drugs that potentiate the action of BCG, making the therapy more effective. These include: sasanlimab and rapamycin. Due to the side effects experienced by patients, the use of intravesical BCG is often replaced with intravesical infusions of chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: The research shows that novel therapies are effective compared to the use of BCG. Unfortunately, more research is needed to standardize the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, with its prevalence on the rise. The use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), primarily including mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), in MDD is scientifically justified. But will every population subgroup benefit from such an approach? Aim of the study The aim of our study is to analyze, based on the latest scientific findings, the effects of MBIs within specific subgroups of patients suffering from depression, including adolescents, elderly patients, cancer patients, individuals experiencing postnatal and perinatal depression, and patients with chronic pain. Additionally, we sought to summarize the current knowledge regarding the structural and functional effects of MBIs on the human brain. Materials and methods We conducted a comprehensive search of scientific databases including PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant articles focusing on MBIs and their effects on treating depression within various subgroups. Additionally, we performed a review of literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar to summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of MBIs on the human brain. Conclusions Across various subgroups MBIs show promise in reducing depressive symptoms, indicating their potential as adjunctive treatments or preventive measures. While longer intervention durations are associated with larger effects, further research is needed to establish a solid evidence base, particularly in older populations and cancer patients with different cancer types.

Introduction Ashwagandha, a traditional Indian plant, is gaining increasive attention from scientists worldwide due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its antibacterial and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of Withania Somnifera on antibacterial effect and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods: The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Google Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywards: ,,Ashwagandha”, ,,Withania Somnifera”, ,,antibacterial ”, ,,anticancer”, ,,side effects”, ,,breats cancer”. Results Studies have confirmed Withania Somnifera, exhibits significant anticacterial and anticancer effects. It inhibits the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Futhermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity, especially in breast cancer, by stimulating apoptosis, induction of cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells and increasing cell sensitivity to radiation. Conclusion Despite promising results, futher research on the benefits of Ashwagandha, particulary in the long term, is essential. There is growing need of more research of the potencial benefits of Ashwagandha in the treatment of various disorders including cancer and bacterial infections and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. The need for large randomized studies comparing long term clinical effectiveness is emphasized

Introduction Creatine, a supplement popular especially among athletes, is gaining increasive attention from scientists worldwide due to its potential health benefits, among other things, in the context of its anti-cancer application. Materials and methods The following review of studies is based on scientific articles from recent years available in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included: "creatine", "creatine supplementation", "creatine in sports", "supplementation in sports", "creatine in cancer”. Results The literature review unequivocally demonstrates the beneficial impact of creatine supplementation on numerous health and athletic aspects. Creatine has been observed to have a positive effect on selected aspects of cancer treatment, such as reducing tumor mass, complementing the action of commonly used anticancer drugs, and slowing down the wasting associated with cancer diseases. Conclusion The promising results of the cited studies indicate that further research into creatine supplementation and its mechanisms of action is necessary. There is a need for further research on the positive impact of creatine supplementation in the treatment of cancer diseases. The significant potential of creatine supplementation may enable its inclusion in clinical practice in the future and the development of an effective therapeutic strategy based on it in the treatment of cancer diseases.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the interplay between lifestyle choices, particularly non-pharmacological methods, and their profound impact on gut health. This burgeoning interest is fuelled by a growing body of research highlighting the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in maintaining overall health and well-being. Aim of the study: The aim of this review is to explore the nexus between an optimal health-related choices and gut microbiota composition, highlighting the latest research findings and insights into how dietary patterns, physical activity, psychological stress and sleep quality influence microbial diversity and functionality. Materials and methods: A comprehensive examination of scientific literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was undertaken. The search strategy incorporated keywords such as "gut”, “gut microbiota”, “exercise”, “diet”, “stress” and “circadian rhythm” to identify relevant articles. Results: The literature review findings unequivocally reveal an increased diversity in the gut microbial community and a favourable balance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria, as well as overall gut health, including integrity and functionality, attributable to adherence to a healthy lifestyle. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between lifestyle factors and colon microbial composition. Conclusions: Although initial findings are encouraging, additional investigation into the potential impact of gut microbiota on health, particularly in the long term, is indispensable. Moreover, the limitations inherent in current research methodologies, such as small sample sizes, variability in study designs, and inconsistencies in findings, underscore the need for robust, well-controlled studies to validate and expand upon existing findings. Robust studies are necessary to develop targeted interventions for optimizing gut health.